Changing trends and characteristics of one punch deaths in Australia (2012-2018).

One-punch assaults also known as 'coward punches', are characterised by a single severe blow to the head causing the victim to lose consciousness, resulting in a secondary impact between the head and surrounding environment. Such impacts may result in brain injury leading to fatality or permanent neurological impairment. In a previous publication, there were 90 one punch deaths around Australia between 2000 and 2012, mostly involving young men drinking alcohol at a licensed venue at the weekend. This prompted a surge of public education and awareness campaigns around Australia, in addition to regulatory and legislative changes aimed at curbing social violence. This retrospective descriptive study aimed to examine one punch deaths since 2012 in Australia to determine if there has been a decrease in deaths, and whether the demographics and circumstances of these deaths have changed. A search of the National Coronial Information System was undertaken for all closed coronial cases between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2018. Additional information was collected from medicolegal reports including toxicology, pathology and coronial findings. There were 80 one punch fatalities in Australia, almost exclusively involving males. The median age was 43.5 (range 18-71) years and there was a decreasing trend in the number of deaths annually. Most fatal assaults occurred in the state of New South Wales (28.8%) followed by Queensland (23.8%), and in metropolitan locations (64.6%) rather than regional areas (35.4%). Alcohol was the most commonly detected drug, found in 47 cases of the 71 cases where toxicology results were available (66%), with a median concentration of 0.14 and 0.19 g/100 mL in antemortem and postmortem samples, respectively (range 0.005-0.32 g/100 mL). Five deaths reported methylamphetamine, with THC detected in 21.1% of cases. Assaults more commonly occurred on a footpath or roadside (41.3%), followed by a home or dwelling (32.5%). 8.8% of assaults occurred inside hotels, bars or other licenced venues. Most transpired on a weekday, which differed from the pre-2012 period when these assaults occurred mainly on the weekend. While some trends are positive, there has been a shift in the victim demographic as well as the typical environment for fatal one punch assaults, highlighting the importance of public health surveillance in providing a current evidence base to inform policy and practice.

"That's what I'm supposed to do at work": Gendered labor, self-care, and overdose risk among women who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada.

Through rapid ethnography undertaken in Vancouver, Canada's Downtown Eastside - one of Canada's overdose epicenters - this article examines how gendered expectations of labor shape overdose risk for structurally vulnerable women and gender diverse people who use drugs. Drawing on two participant narratives, we explore how structural, symbolic, and everyday violence frame the lives of women and gender diverse people who use drugs in ways that drive their overdose risk as they balance self-care with caretaking, paid work, and basic survival. This article underscores the need for structural reform of peer overdose response work and funding for gender-attentive harm reduction and ancillary supports to better mitigate overdose risk for these populations.

Facial fractures in post-revolution Tunisia as violence indicator: About 476 cases.

INTRODUCTION: On January 2011, Tunisia had known a revolution. To move from dictatorship to democraty project, the country suddenly fell into political instability, which was accompanied by a wave of social violence. Traumatology, and, particularly, maxilla-facial traumatology, is usually a reliable indicator of the degree of violence. AIM: The aim of this study was to establish the epidemiological profile of facial fractures during the various phases of political transition through which Tunisia has passed since revolution (2012-2016). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among all patients with facial fractures admitted to the department of Oral and Maxillo facial Surgery of University Hospital of Sahloul during five years (2012-2016). Fractures diagnosed late at the sequelae stage were excluded. Data of patients were recorded according to medical files, including cause of injury, age and gender, injury mechanisms and type of facial fracture. RESULTS: During the period of the study, a total of 476 patients were identified, with a sex-ratio of 7.2 to 1, patients ranged in age from 1 year to 76-years-old with a mean age of 27 years. Assaults were the most common cause of injury (39.1%). Mandible was fractured in 257 cases (54.2%) followed by zygoma (116 cases, 24.4%), nasal bone (99 cases, 20.8%) and Orbital walls (98 cases, 20.6%). DISCUSSION: The epidemiological profile of facial fractures in Tunisia has been changed since 2011. Facial fractures occur mainly after assaults, which are an indicator of increased social violence accompanying political instability present in our country.

Relationship Between Different Types of Violence and Mental Health in High School Students From Northern Mexico.

Different types of violence have been present in Mexico but there have been few studies that have analyzed their relationship with mental health in adolescents, especially in cities with high rates of social violence. It is important to compare different violence types and their relationship with mental health since not all relationships are the same. It appears that social violence has a stronger relationship with mental health, and for this reason it receives more attention, but other types of violence have a stronger relationship and do not receive as much attention. Chihuahua has been one of the most violent states in Mexico, and Juarez has been the most violent city in the world in 2009 and 2010. The purpose of the study is to compare the relationship of different types of violence (social, cyberbullying, partner violence, and child abuse and neglect) with mental health indicators (depression, anxiety, stress, self-esteem, and paranoid thoughts). There were 526 high school students, from the cities of Juarez (n = 282) and Chihuahua (n = 244). The mean age was 16.5 (SD = 1.4) years and 50.6% reported being males. The relationships among the variables were analyzed using Pearson's correlations and multiple linear regressions. Both cities that have experienced social violence like carjacking, kidnapping, and sexual assault, but they have very small or no relationships with mental health indicators. Other types of violence have stronger correlations. Our findings suggest that interventions should not focus only in preventing and dealing with social violence, but that other types of violence must also be addressed in adolescents.

Prevalencia y factores asociados al trastorno de estrés postraumático en personas desplazadas en Colombia / Prevalence and factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder in displaced persons in Colombia

Resumen Introducción: el trastorno por estrés postraumático (TEPT) es un síndrome que sobreviene después de que una persona experimenta un acontecimiento traumático extremo como la violencia en sus diversas manifestaciones: doméstica, sexual, política o armada. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia del TEPT, los factores demográficos y las condiciones del desplazamiento asociadas en población desplazada por la violencia producto del conflicto armado, en tres ciudades de Colombia: Bogotá, Medellín y Buenaventura. Método: estudio observacional, analítico con diseño cross-sectional, medición transversal, mediante disponibilidad de datos retrospectivos. La población objeto de estudio se compone de 1 026 registros de personas víctimas del conflicto armado, con edades entre 13 y 65 años, participantes del estudio primario "Salud mental en víctimas de desplazamiento forzado por la violencia en Colombia. El caso de Bogotá, Medellín y Buenaventura". Resultados: la prevalencia de vida del TEPT es de 9,9 %, siendo superior en la ciudad de Buenaventura; el trastorno presenta una asociación estadísticamente significativa con variables como la ocupación, el estado civil y la forma como se llevó a cabo el desplazamiento. Conclusiones: resaltan aspectos como la falta de ocupación, las características del desplazamiento y el bajo apoyo social como posibles factores que desencadenan o intensifican el TEPT.

Abstract Introduction: post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a syndrome that occurs after a person experiences an extreme traumatic event such as violence in its various manifestations: domestic, sexual, political, or armed. Objective: to determine the prevalence of PTSD and the demographic factors and associated displacement conditions in the population displaced by the violence resulting from the armed conflict, in three cities of Colombia: Bogotá, Medellín and Buenaventura. Method: observational, analytical study with cross-sectional design, cross-sectional measurement, through availability of retrospective data. The population under study consists of 1,026 records of people who are victims of the armed conflict, aged between 13 and 65 years, participants in the primary study "Mental disorders in displaced population victims of the armed conflict, in three cities of Colombia". Results: the lifetime prevalence of PTSD is 9.9%, higher in the city of Buenaventura; the disorder presents a statistically significant association with variables such as occupation, marital status, and the way in which the displacement occurred. Conclusions: aspects such as lack of job, displacement characteristics and low social support stand out as possible factors that trigger or intensify PTSD.

Perfil dos autores de letalidade violenta no município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (2015) / Profile of Rio de Janeiro's violent lethality perpetrators, Brazil (2015)

Resumo Apresenta-se o perfil dos autores de mortes por agressões intencionais no município do Rio de Janeiro, em 2015, segundo dados de investigação da Polícia Civil do Estado (PCERJ) sobre letalidade violenta. É um estudo quantitativo descritivo e transversal. As informações englobam homicídios dolosos, roubo seguido de morte, lesões corporais seguidas de morte e homicídios provenientes de oposição à intervenção policial. Do total de 1.562 mortes, subtraíram-se as cometidas por intervenção policial. Dos 1.255 crimes estudados, apenas 20% tiveram os autores identificados. Demonstra-se a significância das atividades ilegais de traficantes de drogas e milicianos nas mortes. Mas também a da violência interpessoal nos espaços domésticos e de convivência e vizinhança. Existe grande semelhança entre o perfil dos autores e das vítimas de letalidade violenta no contexto urbano estudado: homens, jovens e adultos jovens entre 19 e 39 anos, negros e pardos, com baixa escolaridade e elevados níveis de desemprego e ocupação informal.

Abstract This study presents the profile of the perpetrators of deaths caused by intentional aggressions in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2015, as per data from the State Civil Police (PCERJ) investigations. This is a quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional study. The information encompasses "premeditated murder", "larceny", "bodily injury followed by death" and "homicide caused by resisting police intervention". The study analyzes the profile of the authors of each category, except homicides committed by police intervention. The crimes committed by police intervention were excluded from the total number of the 1,562 identified deaths. Only about 20% of the perpetrators of the 1,255 crimes investigated were identified. The data recognized show the relevance of drug traffickers and militiamen illegal activities in the deaths and interpersonal violence in domestic and community spaces and neighborhoods. A remarkable similarity is observed between the profile of violent lethality perpetrators and victims in the studied urban contexts: men, young people, and young adults aged 19-39 years, blacks, with low schooling, high levels of unemployment, and informal occupations.

Relationship between Assumed Differential Socialization and Emotional Disorders in Women: A Form of Covert Social Violence.

Women suffer different forms of violence, both explicit and covert, due to gender asymmetry. This study analyzes the relationship between the internalization of norms assigned to the female gender understood as a form of covert social violence and the presence of anxiety and depression. 286 women were evaluated with the Inventory of Concealed Social Violence (IVISEM) to measure the internalization of gender norms, the Inventory of Situations and Responses to Anxiety (ISRA), to measure anxiety, and the Three-Dimensional Depression Questionnaire (CTD) to measure depression. In addition, the possible influence of some variables such as maternity, age and marital status on the internalization of norms and on the presence of emotional alterations is discussed. The findings showed the relationship between IVISEM factors and the seven health indicators measured. Age appeared as a modulating variable in relation to cognitive anxiety and depression and marital status is related to all depression factors. The results show that women's internalization of gender norms can be understood as hidden social violence, since it was associated with high scores in anxiety and depression.

PANDEMIC NECROPOLITICS FOR COVID-19 IN BRAZIL: WHO CAN DIE? WHO IS DYING? WHO WAS BORN TO BE LET TO DIE? / NECROPOLÍTICA DA PANDEMIA PELA COVID-19 NO BRASIL: QUEM PODE MORRER? QUEM ESTÁ MORRENDO? QUEM JÁ NASCEU PARA SER DEIXADO MORRER?

The Covid-19 pandemic announces something that has never been experienced by contemporary people. A virus that chronifies a series of inequalities and processes that affect subjects differently. In view of the statistical data on deaths, we actuate historical processes that are updated in the present, questioning who is dying and who was already marked to die, under the logic of state racism and necro-politics. We seek to reflect on whether the pandemic produces the new infamous and intensifies the production of bodies not subject to mourning, which implies a non-trivialization, a concern about not getting used to death that doesn't reach all in the same way, in the direction of an ethics that focuses on the struggle for life.

A pandemia da Covid-19 anuncia algo nunca vivido na contemporaneidade. Um vírus que cronifica uma série de desigualdades e processos que incidem diferentemente sobre os sujeitos. Diante dos dados estatísticos de mortes, acionamos processos históricos que se atualizam no presente, questionando quem está morrendo e quem já estava marcado para morrer, sob a lógica do racismo de estado e da necropolítica. Buscamos refletir se a pandemia produz os novos infames e intensifica a produção de corpos não passíveis de luto, o que implica em uma não banalização, uma inquietação em não nos acostumarmos com a morte que não atinge a todos de maneira igual, na direção de uma ética que aposte na luta pela vida.

Malignant Narcissism and Large Group Regression.

This paper explores the mutual relationship between large group regression and leadership with the characteristic of the syndrome of malignant narcissism. Regressed large groups intuitively search for such leadership and personalities with these characteristics are prone to aspire to the correspondent role. The underlying dynamics of groups and leaders are complementary and determine a mutually reinforcing psychopathology. This paper will explore these dynamics, their social consequences, and discuss potential preventive and therapeutic interventions that protect society from this psychosocial psychopathology.

Enfrentamento da violência e Atenção Primária à Saúde: a visão dos usuários do SUS/BH / Coping with violence and Primary Health Care: the view of SUS/BH users

A violência se mostra como uma agrura de abrangência mundial, que acomete desde países inteiros a pequenos aglomerados. A fereza desse problema tende a culminar em sérias consequências tanto para a vida privada, quanto para o setor público e, justo por isso, o assunto pode ser destacado como uma importante vertente que demanda atenção e estudo, a fim de possibilitar um novo olhar que permita "novos fazeres", culminando em ações de promoção da saúde e prevenção da violência. As formas para enfrentamento da violência e as visões sobre o próprio ato são bastante numerosas entre os diferentes grupos de uma sociedade. Assim, tomando por palco primeiro o contexto brasileiro e, então, elevando ao cerne o modo como se organiza o município de Belo Horizonte/MG para o enfrentamento da violência, é que se buscou entender esse fenômeno sob a perspectiva dos usuários das unidades básicas de saúde. Para o desenvolvimento desta dissertação foi realizado um estudo exploratório, descritivo com abordagem quantitativa. Os dados analisados foram gerados pela pesquisa intitulada Programa de Promoção da Saúde e Prevenção da Violência na Atenção Básica da Saúde coordenada pelo Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Social da UFMG, aplicada com os usuários das Unidades Básicas de Saúde de Belo Horizonte no ano de 2017, cujo instrumento foi um questionário semiestruturado com 310 questões em que foram definidas como variáveis independentes algumas características pessoais, sociofamiliares e situações de violência na área de abrangência da unidade, e como variável dependente o enfrentamento da violência. Esse estudo trouxe como avanço a proposição do Indicador de Percepção e Enfrentamento da Violência que ajuda a compreender a questão mesmo com as limitações de referencial teórico encontrado na literatura. Os sujeitos do estudo foram 1.125 entrevistados selecionados nas nove regionais de saúde de BH, e os critérios de inclusão foram residir no local há mais de 06 meses, ter 16 anos ou mais e ter sido atendido na unidade de saúde pelo menos uma vez antes da entrevista. Com relação à percepção do enfrentamento da violência desses entrevistados, os resultados apontaram de forma resumida, as seguintes relações: As mulheres que sofreram violência tiveram percepção mais heterogênea e mais alta que os homens na mesma condição, já os indivíduos com renda inferior a um salário mínimo tiveram percepção mais alta que aqueles com maiores salários, os pertencentes à faixa etária de 55 a 64 anos apresentaram percepção mais alta que as demais faixas etárias e indivíduos com baixos níveis de escolaridade dispuseram de uma percepção mais baixa do enfrentamento da violência em relação àqueles com maior escolaridade. A maioria dos entrevistados acredita que a violência pode ser evitada, e reconhece o papel essencial das Unidades Básicas de Saúde e do município na prevenção e enfrentamento da violência, contudo, não reconhecem as práticas do poder público que estão voltadas para esse enfrentamento. Esse estudo permitiu correlacionar as características dos indivíduos estudados e o enfrentamento da violência com as políticas adotadas pelo município e o impacto que exercem sobre eles.

Violence is a worldwide issue, which affects from whole countries to small communities, causing serious consequences for both individuals and the public sector. Given its impact, this subject should be an important aspect for public awareness and research, changing perspectives and allowing "New actions" to be taken, resulting in new public health polices and prevention actions against violence. Views and actions against violence varies for different groups in society. Hence, taking into account how actions against violence are managed in Brazil, and more specific in the city of Belo Horizonte, this study aims to understand violence by the lens of the public cared for the primary care of the Unified Health System. In this dissertation, an exploratory, descriptive study with a quantitative approach was carried out. The data analyzed on the study was based on a field research entitled Program of Health Promotion and Violence Prevention in Primary Health Care, coordinated by the department of Preventive Medicine of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, the research was conducted on to the public cared for the primary care of the Unified Health System in Belo Horizonte in 2017. The field research consists of a semi-structured questionnaire with 310 questions in which some personal, social and family characteristics, as well as situations of violence in the area covered by the primary care unit, were defined as independent variables, and the coping with violence as a dependent variable. The study proposes a new Indicator of the Perception and Copping of violence that helps to understand the issues even after taking into account the theoretical limitations find in the literature. The interviewees were 1,125 people selected from nine different districts of Belo Horizonte. The criteria for the interviewees were: live in the same place for more than 06 months, to be 16 years old or older and to have been seen at the primary care unit at least once before the interview. According to the data analyzed, the interviewees' perception of violence, can be summarized as follows: Women who suffered violence had higher, more heterogeneous perception than men in the same condition, while individuals with income below minimum wage had a higher perception than those with higher earnings. Those belonging to the age group of 55 to 64 years old had a higher perception than other age groups. Individuals with lower degree of education had a lower perception of coping with violence than those with higher education. Most participants believed that violence can be avoided, and recognize the essential role of primary care of the Unified Health System and the public polices in preventing and coping with violence, however, they do not identify the policies of the government that are focused on this issue. This study made it possible to correlate the characteristics of the population and coping with violence with the policies adopted by the city and the impact they have on the sampled population.

Violência social e ética nas instituições de ensino / Social violence and ethics in teaching institutions / Violencia social y ética en las instituciones educativas

O artigo versa sobre o entrelaçamento da violência inerente aos diferentes âmbitos sociais com a violência presente na instituição escolar. É relatada uma situação de violência ocorrida em uma escola pública de Porto Alegre, com base na qual se discutem os vários níveis envolvidos no engendramento do episódio. Destaca-se neste o aspecto ético da violência. Discussões teóricas relacionadas ao tema promovem o embasamento e aprofundamento da visão dos autores sobre as vicissitudes do social na instituição escola (AU)

This paper presents the entanglement of violence concerning different social fields with violence at school. The authors describe a situation of violence occurred in a public school in Porto Alegre and, based on that, the several spheres involved in originating the episode are discussed. The ethical aspect of violence is also underlined. Furthermore, the authors' perspective concerning the social and its vicissitudes in teaching institutions is illustrated and deepened thanks to theoretical discussions related to the topic

El artículo aborda el entrelazamiento de la violencia inherente a las diferentes áreas sociales con la violencia presente en la institución escolar. Relatase una situación de violencia que ocurrió en una escuela pública en Porto Alegre, con base en la cual se discuten los diversos niveles involucrados en la generación del episodio. Resaltase en este el aspecto ético de la violencia. Las discusiones teóricas relacionadas con el tema promueven el embasamiento y la profundización de la opinión de los autores sobre las vicisitudes de lo social en la institución escolar

Childhood exposure to violence is associated with risk for mental disorders and adult's weight status: a community-based study in Tunisia.

BACKGROUND: We sought to investigate the relationship between social violence and adult overweight/obesity and the role of common mental disorders (CMD) in mediating this relationship. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2016 in Tunisia. Participants were selected from randomly selected Primary Health Care Centers. The Arabic version of the Adverse Childhood Experiences-International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) was used. RESULTS: A total of 2120 participants were included. Women exposed to social ACEs had higher rates of overweight/obesity than men (13.5 versus 9.5%; P = 0.004). For women, statistically significant partial mediation effects of CMD were observed for exposure to community violence (% mediated = 17.7%). For men, partial mediation was found for the exposure to peer violence (% mediated = 12.5%). CONCLUSION: Our results provide evidence of the independent increase of overweight/obesity after exposure to social ACEs. Efforts to uncover and address underlying trauma in health care settings may increase the effectiveness of obesity interventions.

Intimidade: o tanque no quarto / Intimacy: the tank in the bedroom / Intimidad: el tanque en el cuarto / L'intimité: le char d'assaut dans la chambre

Este trabalho aborda intimidade desde seu surgimento no desenvolvimento e nos apegos de primeira infância, e na medida em que é parte da forma como identidades, gênero e sexualidade se estabelecem ao longo do desenvolvimento. Na parte final, como uma parte integrante da violência social, a intimidade é explorada em circunstâncias de racismo e da violência, de iniciativa do estado, cometida por meio de tortura. O que liga estes aspectos da intimidade e da vida íntima compartilhada é um compromisso com uma abordagem psicanalítica que considera o intrapsíquico e o intersubjetivo interagindo de modo poderoso e próximo. A intimidade tanto é algo extremamente pessoal e particular, quanto é profundamente impregnada de forças sociais e políticas. A intimidade assim considerada - ou seja, como profundamente individual e, ao mesmo tempo, como regulada e constituída pelo Estado, pela cultura e pela família - aparece em diversas formações políticas, totalitárias, neoliberais e democráticas.

This essay considers intimacy as it arises in early development and attachment, and as it is part of how identities, gender and sexuality are regulated over the course of development. In the final section, intimacy as an integral part of social violence is explored in circumstances of racism and state-initiated violence through torture. What ties these aspects of intimacy and intimate life together is a commitment to a psychoanalytic approach that considered the intrapsychic and the intersubjective as powerfully and closely interacting. Intimacy is both highly personal and private and deeply imbued with social and political forces. This consideration of intimacy, as it is deeply individual and at the same time regulated and constituted by the state and the culture and the family, appears in various political formations, totalitarian, neo liberal and democratic.

Este trabajo aborda la intimidad desde su surgimiento en el desarrollo y en los apegos de la primera infancia, y a medida que es parte de la forma como entidades, género y sexualidad se establecen durante el desarrollo. Al final, como parte integrante de la violencia social, se explora la intimidad en circunstancias de racismo y violencia, iniciativa del estado, a través de la tortura. Lo que conecta estos aspectos de la intimidad y de la vida íntima compartida, es un compromiso con un enfoque psicoanalítico que considera lo intrapsíquico y lo intersubjetivo interactuando de un modo próximo y poderoso. La intimidad es algo extremadamente personal y particular, así como está impregnada profundamente de fuerzas sociales y políticas. La intimidad considerada de esta forma - es decir, como profundamente individual y, al mismo tiempo, como regulada y constituida por el estado, por la cultura y por la familia - aparece en diversas formaciones políticas, totalitarias, neoliberales y democráticas.

Cet essai considère l'intimité telle qu'elle se pose lors du développement et de l'attachement précoce, et comme une partie de la façon dont les identités, le genre et la sexualité sont réglementés au cours du développement. Dans la section finale, l'intimité en tant que partie intégrante de la violence sociale est explorée dans les circonstances du racisme et de la violence initiée par l'État au moyen de la torture. Ce qui relie ces aspects de l'intimité et de la vie intime est un engagement à une approche psychanalytique qui considère l'intrapsychique et l'intersubjectif comme une interaction puissante et étroitement interactive. L'intimité est à la fois très personnelle et privée et profondément imprégnée de forces sociales et politiques. Cette considération de l'intimité, car elle est profondément individuelle et en même temps réglementée et constituée par l'État, la culture et la famille, apparaît dans diverses formations politiques, totalitaires, néo-libérales et démocratiques.

Una mirada a la desigualdad social y la violencia delictiva en Venezuela / A glance at social inequality and criminal violence in Venezuela / Uma olhada sobre a desigualdade social e a violência criminal na Venezuela

Resumen En los últimos años, en Venezuela se ha asistido a una reducción de la desigualdad social, pero los niveles de violencia delictiva se han incrementado en forma significativa. Con el objetivo de estudiar esta relación se propone la presente investigación, en la que, con base en una metodología complementaria, se correlacionaron los niveles de desigualdad social, medida a través del Índice Gini y la tasa de homicidio en una serie cronológica de más de diez años; de igual manera, se trabajó con la historia de vida de dos casos con patrones delictivos diferenciados. Los resultados de la correlación cuantitativa muestran que la reducción de la desigualdad social está relacionada con el incremento de los homicidios, al contrario de lo que indica la experiencia de otros países, mientras que en la exploración cualitativa se encuentra que no es la desigualdad social, estructuralmente hablando, lo que motiva o inhibe la conducta delictiva y violenta en el individuo. Más bien son las percepciones individuales, que se construyen desde dicha situación de igualdad o desigualdad, lo que cataliza tales acciones. Se concluye que la relación entre desigualdad social y violencia tiene un eco muy profundo en las percepciones individuales, que, al final de cuentas, retroalimentan la construcción estructural entre estas dos variables.

Abstract In Venezuela, in the few past years, a reduction in social inequality has been witnessed while, in contrast, criminal violence levels have gone up in a signifi cant manner. With the objective of studying such an ambivalent relations hip, this research is offered as based on a supplementary methodology where a correlation has been established between the levels of social inequality, measured through the Gini index and the homicide rate in chronological series of over more than ten years. Likewise, work was carried out on the life story of two cases with differentiated criminal patterns. The results of the quantitative correlation show that the social inequality reduction seen here is connected with the rising homicide rate. This is contrary to what the experience in other countries has indicated, while in qualitative exploration it was found that, structurally speaking, social inequality is not what either motivates or inhibits the criminal and violent conduct of individuals. but rather the individual perceptions constructed from the equality or inequality situation as catalyzers of these actions. The conclusion is that the relationship between social inequality and violence has a deep echo in these perceptions since, ultimately, they are e latter since they are ultimately what feeds back the structural construction existing between these two variables.

Resumo Nos últimos anos, a Venezuela tem visto uma redução na desigualdade social, mas os níveis de violência criminal têm aumentado significativamente. A fim de estudar esta relação a seguinte investigação é proposta, com base numa metodología complementar, os níveis de desigualdade social medidos pelo índice de Gini e a taxa de homicídio em uma série cronológica de dez anos foram correlacionados; do mesmo modo, nós trabalhamos com a história de vida de dois casos com diferentes padrões de criminalidade. Os resultados da correlação quantitativa mostram que a redução da desigualdade social está relacionada ao aumento no número de homicídios, contrário do que indica a experiencia de outros países, enquanto a exploração qualitativa é que não é a desigualdade social, estruturalmente falando, o que motiva ou inibe o comportamento criminoso e violento no indivíduo. Ao contrário, são percepções individuais, que são construídas a partir dessa situação de igualdade ou desigualdade, que catalisa tais ações. Conclui-se que a relação entre desigualdade social e violência tem um eco profundo nas percepções individuais, que, no final, retroalimentam a construção estrutural entre estas duas variáveis.

La violencia. Cómo la asumen y enfrentan un grupo de jóvenes universitarios mexicanos. Estudio cualitativo / Violence: how a group of young mexican university students face and assume it. A qualitative study

Resumen A raíz de la problemática derivada de la violencia social vivida en México, surge una línea de investigación en la Facultad de Psicología Xalapa (Universidad Veracruzana, México) con la finalidad de examinar los requerimientos de atención psicosocial que demanda la población afectada por este fenómeno social; para ser contemplados en el currículo de los futuros psicólogos. En este artículo, se presentan resultados parciales de la investigación, usando una metodología cualitativa. Donde se privilegió el uso de grupos focales con estudiantes de pregrado de psicología, se coleccionaron sus vivencias respecto de la violencia social que padecieron en su región. La muestra fue intencional, conformada por 16 jóvenes de entre los 19 y 24 años de edad, ocho mujeres y ocho hombres. Se realizó análisis del discurso, creando categorías derivadas de la información colectada. Dentro de los resultados destaca que: el 100 % de los estudiantes tuvo al menos una experiencia de violencia social, la tercera parte de los participantes, vivió dos o tres situaciones que involucran entre otras: intento de secuestro, robo a mano armada, ser testigo de asesinato y/o balaceras e intimidación por parte de cuerpos policiacos. Adicionalmente se identificaron dos formas básicas de reaccionar ante estas circunstancias: la evasión y la organización social. Discusión: Frente a estos hallazgos, se discute la pertinencia de utilizar el concepto de sobreviviente sobre el de víctima, comúnmente utilizado por la literatura; dado que este último, está asociado a la vivencia pasiva de una situación de violencia.

Abstract Due to the multiple problems generated by social violence in Mexico, a new research topic was originated in the Faculty of Psychology in Xalapa (Universidad Veracruzana, Mexico) with the main goal of examining the requirements of psychosocial care wanted and needed by the persons who are affected by this social phenomenon; in order to include these requirements in the curricula of future psychologists. Partial results of the research are presented in this paper, using a qualitative approach. Focus groups with undergraduate psychology students where the applied research method to collect the students experience regarding social violence in Mexico. The sample was intentional, consisting of 16 young people between 19 and 24 years old, eight women and eight men. The discourse analysis of the Focus Groups allowed to classify the collected information. It stands out that 100% of the students had experienced social violence at least once; one third had experienced 2 or 3 events that involved kidnap attempt, armed robbery, witnessing a homicide and/or a shooting and being intimidated by police force. Additionally have been identified two basic ways of response to these violent events: evasion and social organization. Discussion: based on the findings, the pertinence of using the term survivor instead of victim (commonly used in literature) is discussed; since the last one is associated more with a passive response to a violent event.

A Psicanálise pode ajudar a deter a roda-viva da violência social? / Psychoanalisis can help stop the treadmill of sexual violence?

O artigo procura apresentar a mudança ocorrida, nas duas últimas décadas, no perfil sintomatológico da clientela infantil que tem chegado à clínica social do Departamento de Psicologia da UFMG para tratamento psicoterápico de base analítica. O acompanhamento desses casos, em supervisão, permite-nos observar, com nitidez, a infiltração da violência social na infância: um número expressivo de crianças que frequentam esses tratamentos psicoterápicos foi vítima de traumatismos, seja por ter presenciado o assassinato dos pais, seja por ter sofrido violências físicas. Tal realidade traz, em si inevitavelmente, reverberações para os processos identificatórios em construção - consequência que evidencia o risco do crescimento da violência de modo exponencial, uma vez que a identificação com o agressor é, naturalmente, um dos efeitos dos processos de clivagem necessários para que a criança possa continuar dedicando obediência e amor àqueles adultos violentos, porque, afinal, eles são provedores de seu sustento físico e emocional.

The article focuses on presenting the changes occurred in the last two decades concerning the profile of infant clientele that arrive at the Department of Psychology clinic seeking psychotherapy. The monitoring of these cases, during supervision, allows us to clearly observe the impacts of social violence in childhood: a significant number of children attending these psychotherapeutic treatments were victims of trauma, or because they have witnessed their parents' being murdered, or even have suffered physical violence themselves. This reality inevitably brings with it reverberations for the identification processes in construction - a result that reflects the risk of the growth of violence in an exponential manner, since the identification with the aggressor is of course one of the effects of the cleavage processes that is required so that the child can continue obeying and loving those violent adults who are responsible for their physical and emotional sustenance.

Symbolic bones and interethnic violence in a frontier zone, northwest Mexico, ca. 500-900 C.E.

Although extensive deposits of disarticulated, commingled human bones are common in the prehispanic Northern Frontier of Mesoamerica, detailed bioarchaeological analyses of them are not. To our knowledge, this article provides the first such analysis of bone from a full residential-ceremonial complex and evaluates multiple hypotheses about its significance, concluding that the bones actively represented interethnic violence as well as other relationships among persons living and dead. Description of these practices is important to the discussion of multiethnic societies because the frontier was a context where urbanism and complexity were emerging and groups with the potential to form multiethnic societies were interacting, possibly in the same ways that groups did before the formation of larger multiethnic city-states in the core of Mesoamerica.

Overcoming prejudices in emancipatory education: the remaining group / Tentando desfazer preconceitos em uma educação emancipatória: o grupo dos remanescentes

The Remnant Group was one of working parties of the project "Phoenix: Challenge in the rebirth of subjective citizenship". The group consisted of young people who integrated a government educational institution, current called assistant philanthropic institution, in which they could not be members after their 18th birthday. Consequently, they had to return to the streets. Participating research was the methodology employed and interventions with these young people aimed at re-signifying their experiences which had been shaken by self-aggressive identifications. Debates tried to de-mystify biases linked to their social condition of poverty. The young people repeated in their activities the danger labels that society imposed upon them. The mediation of the dangerous social class concepts, accusation category and the internalization of social violence was undertaken. They became aware of the necessity of protecting themselves from society and the State apparatus. In our dialogues it was agreed that the manifestation of detailed intimate feelings was not allowed. Different procedures were used and the repeated themes consisted of social violence in its most diverse nuances. The most important difficulty comprised the management of the intensity of the consolidation of social stigmas internalized by the young people to whom were attributed the connotations of dangerousness and evilness.(AU)

O Grupo dos Remanescentes foi uma das frentes de atuação do projeto "Phenix: a ousadia do renascimento da subjetividade cidadã". Era composto por adolescentes que participaram de uma instituição educacional pública, hoje instituição assistencial filantrópica, na qual os adolescentes não poderiam continuar depois que completassem dezoito anos - estavam, portanto, na rua, antes de ingressarem no nosso projeto. A metodologia utilizada foi a da pesquisa participante e as intervenções junto a esses adolescentes tinham como objetivo a ressignificação de vivências atravessadas por identificações autoagressivas. As reflexões buscavam a desmistificação de preconceitos vinculados à sua condição social de pobreza. Em suas práticas, os jovens reiteravam o rótulo de periculosidade que a sociedade lhes impõe. Trabalhou-se com a mediação dos conceitos de classe perigosa, categoria de acusação e internalização da violência social. Foram alertados sobre o quanto legitimavam a necessidade de vigilância da sociedade e do Estado. Nos diálogos, foi mantido o acordo de não permitir a exposição de suas intimidades. Foram utilizados diferentes procedimentos e a temática reiterada era a da violência social em suas diversificadas nuanças. A maior dificuldade foi lidar com a intensidade de cristalização dos estigmas sociais internalizados por esses adolescentes, afetados pelas conotações de periculosidade e malignidade.(AU)

Overcoming prejudices in emancipatory education: the remaining group / Tentando desfazer preconceitos em uma educação emancipatória: o grupo dos remanescentes

The Remnant Group was one of working parties of the project "Phoenix: Challenge in the rebirth of subjective citizenship". The group consisted of young people who integrated a government educational institution, current called assistant philanthropic institution, in which they could not be members after their 18th birthday. Consequently, they had to return to the streets. Participating research was the methodology employed and interventions with these young people aimed at re-signifying their experiences which had been shaken by self-aggressive identifications. Debates tried to de-mystify biases linked to their social condition of poverty. The young people repeated in their activities the danger labels that society imposed upon them. The mediation of the dangerous social class concepts, accusation category and the internalization of social violence was undertaken. They became aware of the necessity of protecting themselves from society and the State apparatus. In our dialogues it was agreed that the manifestation of detailed intimate feelings was not allowed. Different procedures were used and the repeated themes consisted of social violence in its most diverse nuances. The most important difficulty comprised the management of the intensity of the consolidation of social stigmas internalized by the young people to whom were attributed the connotations of dangerousness and evilness...

O Grupo dos Remanescentes foi uma das frentes de atuação do projeto "Phenix: a ousadia do renascimento da subjetividade cidadã". Era composto por adolescentes que participaram de uma instituição educacional pública, hoje instituição assistencial filantrópica, na qual os adolescentes não poderiam continuar depois que completassem dezoito anos - estavam, portanto, na rua, antes de ingressarem no nosso projeto. A metodologia utilizada foi a da pesquisa participante e as intervenções junto a esses adolescentes tinham como objetivo a ressignificação de vivências atravessadas por identificações autoagressivas. As reflexões buscavam a desmistificação de preconceitos vinculados à sua condição social de pobreza. Em suas práticas, os jovens reiteravam o rótulo de periculosidade que a sociedade lhes impõe. Trabalhou-se com a mediação dos conceitos de classe perigosa, categoria de acusação e internalização da violência social. Foram alertados sobre o quanto legitimavam a necessidade de vigilância da sociedade e do Estado. Nos diálogos, foi mantido o acordo de não permitir a exposição de suas intimidades. Foram utilizados diferentes procedimentos e a temática reiterada era a da violência social em suas diversificadas nuanças. A maior dificuldade foi lidar com a intensidade de cristalização dos estigmas sociais internalizados por esses adolescentes, afetados pelas conotações de periculosidade e malignidade...