Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on SCUBA diving experience in marine protected areas.

Faced with the need for isolation of most people to reduce the transmission of COVID-19, a great concern for the well-being of the population has resurfaced. Considering the numerous benefits of outdoor activities to human health and well-being, we assessed whether the quality of the experience of recreational divers in a marine protected area (MPA) was impacted during the pandemic. We applied a semi-structured questionnaire to divers, collected their socioeconomic profile, preferences, motivations, experiences, and compared the results with those obtained in the previous season. We found that the quality of the recreational diver's experience remained high even during one of the world's biggest health crises. This suggests that the combination of contact with a preserved environment and the adaptation of regulations in favor of visitor safety was enough to stimulate positive experiences. Therefore, we highlight the importance of investing in adaptive management so that MPAs continue to promote ecosystem services such as human health and subjective well-being. Management implications: •Quality of experience for recreational divers remained high and was unaffected after the first major wave of COVID-19 cases.•Through adaptive tourism management, MPAs can promote positive experiences even in challenging contexts.•High impact of environmental attributes on the quality of divers' experience reinforces that threats to ecosystems are social impacts.•Socially unequal access to benefits generated by MPAs may negatively influence population's support for these areas.•Efforts are needed to strengthen the equity of distribution of positive social impacts in MPAs.•Potential to provide positive experiences for users must be seen beyond economic value, but as an investment in the population's subjective well-being.

Ingresos psiquiátricos en un gran hospital de Madrid durante el confinamiento por COVID-19: ¿existió un cambio en el perfil de pacientes? / Psychiatric admissions in a large hospital in Madrid during covid-19 lockdown: was there a change in patient profile?

Introducción. El COVID-19 supuso en Madrid la reorganización de la asistencia sanitaria. El objetivo de este estudio es describir el perfil sociodemográfico y clínico en los pacientes psiquiátricos que ingresaron en el Hospital Gregorio Marañón durante el confinamiento. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio trasversal retrospectivo en el que se recogieron datos de todos los ingresos en nuestra unidad de hospitalización psiquiatría del 15 de marzo al30 de mayo de los años 2019 y 2020. Se elaboró un protocolo que incluía variables clínicas y sociodemográficas, junto a una serie de variables referidas al año previo al ingreso. Además de estadísticos descriptivos, utilizamos la t de Student para comparar variables cuantitativas y χ² para las cualitativas. Resultados. En 2020 la población atendida aumento un312,5%, mientras los ingresos subieron únicamente un 2,5%.El nivel socioeconómico fue significativamente más bajo en 2020 (χ²=18,041; p=0,001). El número de hospitalizaciones previas era significativamente mayor en los pacientes de 2019 (t=2.147; p=0.032), pero las variables que medían únicamente el año previo registraban más tiempo de psicopatología (χ²=7,407; p=0,025) y de hospitalización(χ²=16,765; p=0,000) en 2020, así como relaciones familiares más disfuncionales (χ²=33,819; p=0,000) y menor autonomía(χ²=6,387; p=0,041). La duración del ingreso índice fue significativamente menor en 2020 (t=2.977; p=0.003). Existían también diferencias significativas en el motivo del ingreso, el diagnóstico y el consumo de sustancias. Conclusiones. Observamos una disminución de la asistencia a los servicios de urgencia y de la necesidad de ingreso hospitalario y un aumento en la proporción de ingresos en personas con contexto socio-familiar desfavorable y con trastornos psicóticos y bipolares. (AU)

Introduction. COVID-19 led to a reorganization of healthcare in Madrid. The objective of this study is to describe thesociodemographic and clinical profile of psychiatric patients admitted to Gregorio Marañón Hospital during lockdown. Methods. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted and data were collected from all admissions to ourpsychiatric unit from March 15 to May 30, 2019 and 2020. Aprotocol was developed including clinical and sociodemographic variables and a series of variables referring to theyear prior to admission. In addition to descriptive statistics,we used Student’s t test to compare quantitative variables and χ² for qualitative variables. Results. In 2020, the attended population increased by312.5%, while admissions increased only 2.5%.Socioeconomic status was significantly lower in 2020 (χ²=18.041; p=0.001). The number of previous hospitalizations was significantly higher in 2019patients (t=2,147; p=0.032), but the variables that measured only the previous year reflected more time of psychopathology (χ²=7.407; p=0.025) and hospitalization (χ²=16,765; p = 0.000) in 2020, as well as more dysfunctional family relationships (χ²=33.819; p=0.000) and less autonomy (χ²=6.387; p=0.041). The index admission was significantly shorter in 2020 (t=2.977; p=0.003). There were also significant differences in the reason for admission, diagnosis, and substance use. Conclusions. There was a decrease in attendance to emergency services and the need for hospital admissions and an increase in the proportion of admissions in people with an unfavorable social and family background and with psychotic and bipolar disorders.

Dirty versus clean fuel for cooking in Pakistan: regional mapping and correlates.

Based on the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2017-18 data, the study intends to present the relative status of a particular fuel (type) in terms of its level of use in different regions of Pakistan. At the same time, the study investigates the determinants of the household type of fuel used for cooking in Pakistan. Socioeconomic characteristics of the households and household heads are taken as determinants of the main type of fuel (clean or dirty) used for cooking by the households. Binary logistic regression is applied as an estimation technique. Over the country, wood stands first as the most widely used type of fuel followed by natural gas followed by LPG. Animal dung and charcoal are respectively ranked as the fourth and fifth most commonly used types of fuel for cooking by households in Pakistan. In comparison amongst the four provinces of Pakistan, the use of wood as well as charcoal as the fuel type for cooking (in relative terms) is the most common in Balochistan province. Likewise, Punjab province is the most frequent user of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), crop residues, and animal dung, while Sindh province is the most frequent user of natural gas. Households possessing agricultural land and livestock and with large household sizes had more probability to use dirty sources of fuel for cooking. Households with better wealth status and residing in urban areas were more likely to use clean sources of fuel for cooking. Household head's higher educational status and male-gender had more likelihood to use clean sources of fuel for cooking.

Demographic and clinical profiles of residents in long-term care facilities in South Africa: A cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND:  The demand for long-term care facilities (LTCFs) amongst older people in South Africa (SA) is growing and there is insufficient information on the profile and healthcare needs of this population. AIM:  This study was conducted to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of residents in LTFCs in SA. SETTING:  Three LTCFs in eThekwini district. METHODS:  A cross-sectional design was used to collect data from a purposive sample of 102 (N = 204) residents. A structured questionnaire was used to collect demographic and clinical data. The data were entered into Microsoft Excel and analysed descriptively and inferentially using R version 3.5.1 software. RESULTS:  The majority of the residents (59.8%) were between 65 and 80 years (78.9 ± 8.1 years) and 74.5% were women. The residents were white people (91.1%), SA born (82.4%) and widowed (54.9%). English was the primary language (91.1%), with the majority being christian (52.0%). Some residents had a university education, were previously employed and are financially independent. Ninety-three percent had clinical conditions, each suffering from at least three clinical conditions. Hypertension (63.7%), high cholesterol (53.9%), arthritis (38.2%), depression (37.3%) were the most prevalent clinical conditions recorded amongst the residents. Most residents were assessed to be intermediately frail, at risk of malnutrition and had mild depression as based on the respective mean frailty-, nutrition-, and geriatric depression scores.Conc lusion: Residents in LTCFs in the eThekwini district are more likely to be white people; women, christian, widowed, intermediately frail and at risk of malnutrition.

Reasons for Delayed Presentation for Cataract Surgery in Patients of Lens Induced Glaucoma - A Questionnaire-based Study at a Tertiary Eye Care Centre of Central Rural India.

PURPOSE: To describe the socioeconomic profile, awareness level and reasons for the delay in accessing timely eye care for cataract surgery in patients of lens-induced glaucoma (LIG). METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study included all patients with LIG who presented to a tertiary eye care centre in central rural India between March 2019 to February 2020. Data were collected through a questionnaire. RESULTS: Out of the 731 patients included in the study, the majority were females (69.36%). The mean age of the patients at presentation was 62.66 ± 10.37 years. Only a few participants, 193 (26.40%) were aware of LIG. Lower socioeconomic profile, older age, female gender and illiteracy were found to be strongly associated with awareness about LIG (p < .001). Patients waiting for the winter season (58.27%) to get operated was the major reason for delayed presentation to the hospital. Other reasons for the delayed presentation were - need not felt (feeling that intervention was not necessary) due to good vision in other eye (14.36%), financial issues (11.63%), long travelling distance (7.11%), no caretaker (6.89%), medical illness (1.78%) and fear of surgery (0.55%). CONCLUSION: Delayed reporting for eye healthcare in patients of LIG is found to be multifactorial. Most patients preferred waiting for the winter season to get their eyes operated, which throws light on the mindset and ignorance of the patients in this part of central rural India. We further emphasize on strengthening the education and counseling efforts in the community to enable patients to access services in a timely fashion.

Perfil socioeconômico da pessoa idosa do município de Viçosa- MG e a relação com o uso das tecnologias digitais / Socioeconomic profile of the elderly person in the municipality of Viçosa MG the relationship with the use of digital technonologies

Este artigo se propôs analisar o perfil socioeconômico da pessoa idosa em Viçosa-MG e a existência da relação entre este e o uso de tecnologias digitais (TD's). Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo que empregou a aplicação de questionários semiestruturados a 68 entrevistados. As informações foram analisadas com uso da técnica da estatística descritiva e distribuição de frequências por meio do software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Os resultados indicaram um aumento do número de pessoas idosas nas faixas de idade mais elevada, com 80 anos ou mais, além de constatar um número maior de mulheres vivendo a viuvez com baixo nível de instrução. Os resultados evidenciaram que existe uma correlação inversa entre cor de pele, nível de instrução e gênero. Além de um aumento no número de arranjos familiares unipessoais, percebeu-se, também, um crescente uso de TD's pelas pessoas idosas entrevistadas, com maior frequência de acesso pelas mulheres. Ademais, verificam-se que as variáveis "renda", "nível de instrução" e "idade" têm relação direta com o acesso as tecnologias digitais. Com relação às variáveis "cor ou raça", "religião", "estado civil", "ocupação" e "unidade doméstica" e o "uso das TD's", constatou-se que não há correlação significativa entre as mesmas, considerando a análise de coeficiente de correlação não paramétrico de Spearman.(AU)

This article proposed to analyze the socioeconomic profile of the elderly person in Viçosa-MG and the existence of the relationship between the profile and the use of digital technologies (TD's). This is a quantitative study that used the application of semi-structured questionnaires to 68 interviewees. The information was analyzed using the technique of descriptive statistics and frequency distribution using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The results indicated an increase in the number of elderly people in the older age groups, aged 80 or over, in addition to finding a greater number of women living on widowhood with a low level of education. The results showed that there is an inverse correlation between skin color, education level and gender. In addition to an increase in the number of single-person family arrangements. It was also noticed an increasing use of TD's by the elderly people interviewed, with greater frequency of access by women. In addition, it appears that the variables income, level of education and age have a direct relationship with access to digital technologies. Regarding the variables: color or race, religion, marital status, occupation and domestic unit and the use of TD's, it was found that there is no significant correlation between them, considering Spearman's non- parametric correlation coefficient analysis.(AU)

Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Association with Self-Perception of Diet Sustainability, Anthropometric and Sociodemographic Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study in Italian Adults.

The adoption of sustainable dietary models, such as the Mediterranean Diet (MD), can be a valuable strategy to preserve ecosystems and human health. This study aims to investigate in an Italian adult representative sample the adherence to the MD and to what extent it is associated with the self-perceived adoption of a sustainable diet, the consideration of the MD as a sustainable dietary model, and anthropometric and sociodemographic factors. By applying an online survey (n = 838, 18-65 years, 52% female), an intermediate level of MD adherence (median: 4.0, IR: 3.0-4.0) in a 0-9 range was observed. Only 50% of the total sample confirmed the MD as a sustainable dietary model, and 84% declared no or low perception of adopting a sustainable diet. Being female, having a higher income and education level, considering the MD as a sustainable dietary model, as well as the perception of having a sustainable diet were the most relevant factors influencing the probability of having a high score (≥6) of adherence to the MD. This study suggests a gradual shift away from the MD in Italy and supports the need to address efforts for developing intervention strategies tailored to adults for improving diet quality. Furthermore, a public campaign should stress the link between a diet and its environmental impact to foster nutritionally adequate and eco-friendly dietary behaviors.

Demographic and socioeconomic barriers and treatment seeking behaviors of patients with infectious keratitis requiring therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty.

Purpose: To understand demographic and socioeconomic barriers and treatment-seeking behaviors of patients with infectious keratitis requiring therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty (TPK) in a developing country. Methods: This prospective non-comparative questionnaire- based study included all patients presenting to Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai with infectious keratitis that eventuated to TPK between November 2015 and October 2016. A structured questionnaire was administered on post-operative day 3 to collect data on the demographic details, predisposing factors, prior treatment received, and treatment expenditures. Results: In total, 227 patients underwent TPK between November 2015 and October 2016 for infectious keratitis. The majority of patients were males (n = 132, 58.1%), illiterate (n = 129, 56.8%), and had a family monthly income of less than INR 6000 (n = 142, 62.5%). Most of the patients (n = 163, 71.8%) had prior treatment with an ophthalmologist before presenting to our hospital. The mean distance travelled to reach our centre was 269.2 ± 298.5 km. The mean duration of disease before the presentation was 20.3 ± 21.1 days. Corneal smear was positive for fungus in 163 (88.1%) and Aspergillus was the most commonly isolated fungi in 55 (41.3%) cultures. The mean total cost of treatment was INR 8752.87 ± 7615.39 per patient. There was a positive correlation between the duration of the disease (rho 0.19, P = 0.0034) and the costs of treatment (rho 0.2, P = 0.0024) with the distance travelled by the patient. Conclusion: Patients who travelled a farther distance had a delayed onset of presentation and spent significantly more than their respective counterparts.

Impacto de uma alimentação rica em açúcar e das condições socioeconômicas na experiência da cárie em crianças e adultos jovens / Impact of a high-sugar diet and socioeconomic conditions on caries experience in children and young adults

Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre a prevalência de cárie dentária em relação a frequência de consumo de alimentos ricos em açúcar, condições socioeconômicas e escolaridade dos pais de crianças e adultos jovens. Material e Métodos: Aplicou-se questionários socioeconômicos com pais e/ou responsáveis de 36 crianças e adolescentes na faixa etária entre 7 e 20 anos de um clube do Município de Alegre - ES. A cárie dentária foi avaliada através do Índice de Dentes Cariados, Perdidos e Obturados (CPO-D) e a placa bacteriana por meio do Índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado (IOHS). Posteriormente, realizaram-se palestras e atividades educativas de higiene bucal e de educação nutricional. Reavaliou-se então índice de placa bacteriana duas semanas após a intervenção. Para avaliação estatística usou-se regressão logística para testar associações e teste t pareado para índice de placa bacteriana. Resultados: Do total de crianças avaliadas, 67% apresentou história pregressa e atual de cárie, na qual a mediana do CPO-D encontrado foi de 2. Para a avaliação do índice de placa bacteriana, observou-se que a intervenção apresentou efetividade (p<0,05) uma vez que IHOS inicial foi de 1,98 e o final foi de 1,43. Conclusão: Foi encontrada alta prevalência de COP-D polarizado na amostra avaliada, e também detectado que as ações de educação em saúde foram efetivas na redução de placa bacteriana

Objective: to evaluate the association between the prevalence of dental caries, sugary food intake and socioeconomic conditions of children and young adults. Material and methods: socioeconomic questionnaires were applied to parents and/or guardians of 36 children and adolescents attending a soccer club in the city of Alegre ­ ES, Brazil, aged between 7 and 20 years. To assess food intake, a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was applied. Tooth decay was assessed using the Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth Index (DMFT) and plaque through the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S). Subsequently, lectures and oral hygiene and nutritional education activities were held. The plaque index was then reevaluated two weeks after the intervention. The presence of caries was expressed using relative frequency. In order to evaluate the factors associated with dental caries, a logistic regression model was used (p <0.05), and to evaluate the effect of the intervention, the paired t-test was used to compare the plaque index. Results: 67% out of the assessed children had past and current history of decay, with a median DMFT of 2. Among the variables assessed 'family income', 'parents' educational level' and 'consumption of high-sugar foods' no statistically significant association (p <0.05) with the presence of dental caries was observed. To evaluate the bacterial plaque index, it was observed that the intervention was effective (p <0.05) with an initial OHI-S of 1.98 and final of 1.43. Conclusion: a high prevalence of polarized DMFT was found in the sample. The health education actions were effective in reducing plaque. Almost all of the sample was found to have the habit of consuming sugary food four or more times a week. No significant associations were found between dental caries and the variables analyzed.

Quality of life and associated factors in patients with chronic Chagas disease.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the quality of life (QoL) of patients with Chagas disease (CD) and the association between QoL domains and several clinical, socioeconomic and lifestyle characteristics of this population. METHODS: Cross-sectional observational study conducted from March 2014 to March 2017 including a total of 361 outpatients followed at Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Disease, Brazil. QoL was assessed using the Portuguese shorter version of the original WHO Quality of Life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF). Information about clinical CD presentation, presence of comorbidities, functional class, previous benznidazole treatment, socioeconomic profile and lifestyle was also obtained. RESULTS: Environment and physical domains presented the worst QoL scores, while the social relationship domain presented the highest score. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that variables independently associated with QoL were functional class, sex, clinical presentation of CD, sleep duration, schooling, physical activity level, smoking, income per capita and residents by domicile. CONCLUSIONS: The low socioeconomic status and the physical limitations imposed by the disease presented an important impact on the QoL reduction among CD patients, especially on environment and physical domains. Strategies to improve QoL among CD patients should be tailored and consider many different variables to maximise improvements not only of patients' physical but also of their mental health.

A multinomial model for comorbidity in England of long-standing cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity.

Comorbidity has been found to be significantly related to increased levels of mortality, decreased functional status and quality of life, increasing dependence on health services and an increased risk of mental and social problems. Previous research into comorbidity has mainly focused on identifying the most common groupings of illnesses found among elderly healthcare users. In contrast, this paper pools data from the Health Survey for England from 2008 to 2012 to form a representative sample of individuals in private households in England to explore the risk of comorbidity among the general population; and to take account of not only the demographic but also the socioeconomic and area-level determinants of comorbidity. Using a multinomial logistic model, this research confirms that age and gender are significant predictors of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity, whether examined singly or in any comorbidity combination. Across the seven possible disease combinations, the odds ratios are lowest for those individuals with a high income (6 of 7), home-owning (5 of 7), degree educated (7 of 7) and living in the least deprived area (6 of 7), when controlling for demographic and smoking characteristics. The important influence of socioeconomic factors associated with comorbidity risk indicates that healthcare policy needs to move from a focus on age profiles to take better account of individual and local area socioeconomic circumstances.

Uso popular de plantas medicinais e perfil socioeconômico dos usuários: um estudo em área urbana em Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil / Popular use of medicinal plants and the socioeconomic profile of the users: a study in the urban area of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Este trabalho teve por objetivo identificar as plantas medicinais de uso popular e o perfil socioeconômico de seus usuários em área urbana de Ouro Preto, MG. O levantamento utilizou entrevistas semiestruturadas e amostragem aleatória, perfazendo 10% das residências. O grau de conhecimento sobre plantas medicinais foi medido pelo número de espécies citadas. Analisou-se a relação entre o saber popular sobre as plantas medicinais e características socioeconômicas dos entrevistados (renda, escolaridade, sexo, idade e forma de aquisição do conhecimento). Foram questionadas 6.713 pessoas, onde mais de 90% usam plantas medicinais para se tratarem. Identificou-se 342 espécies, reunidas em 94 famílias. Para cada espécie foram referidos os nomes populares, hábito, procedência, uso medicinal, parte usada, e forma de preparo. As principais moléstias tratadas com plantas foram: diarreia, insônia, gripe, hidropisia, distúrbios hepáticos, renais e do trato respiratório. Há um grande número de espécies nativas utilizadas. Dentre as exóticas, a maioria é de origem europeia. O uso místico de espécies, embora presente na cultura popular do município, foi pouco citado. Algumas espécies identificadas figuram na lista das espécies ameaçadas de extinção. O grau de conhecimento sobre plantas medicinais pela população de Ouro Preto independe, tanto do nível econômico, como da escolaridade ou do sexo. A idade e a forma de aquisição do conhecimento influenciam no saber popular das ervas medicinais. As pessoas com maior saber popular sobre as plantas adquiriram esses conhecimentos principalmente pelo costume familiar, por livros, ou por outras pessoas. Pessoas mais jovens conhecem menos espécies medicinais que as mais idosas, sugerindo risco de perda desse conhecimento tradicional. A grande riqueza de plantas citadas neste trabalho denota a importância de estudos etnobotânicos no resgate do conhecimento tradicional em áreas urbanas, tanto pelo seu valor histórico-cultural, como pela importância científica.

This work aimed to identify the medicinal plants of popular use and the socioeconomic profile of the users in the urban area of Ouro Preto, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The survey was carried out with random sampling and semi-structured interviews, amounting to 10% of households. The degree of knowledge about medicinal plants was measured by the number of species mentioned. The relationship between the popular knowledge about medicinal plants and the socioeconomic characteristics of the users (income, education, gender, age and type of knowledge acquisition) was also studied. In this survey, 6,713 inhabitants were questioned, of whom more than 90% use medicinal plants. A total of 342 species grouped in 94 families were identified. The popular names, growth habit, habitat, medicinal uses, part used and method of preparation are listed for each identified species. The main ailments treated with plants were diarrhea, insomnia, flu, dropsy and liver, renal and respiratory tract disorders. There is a large number of native species. Among the exotic ones, most are of European origin. The spiritual use of species, although present in the popular culture of the city, was negligible. Some species figure on the Brazilian red lists. It was noted that knowledge of medicinal plants by the population of Ouro Preto, in species richness, is not related to income, class, educational level and gender. The age and manner of acquisition of empirical knowledge about medicinal plants are associated with the number of species listed. Persons with greater popular knowledge about medicinal plants acquired information through family tradition, books and from other persons. Younger persons know fewer medicinal plants than the older ones, what suggests a loss of this traditional knowledge. The richness of the plants mentioned in this paper demonstrates the importance of ethnobotanical studies in the rescue of traditional knowledge in urban areas, for its scientific, historical and cultural values.

Mulheres portadoras de lesões precursoras do câncer do colo do útero e HPV: descrição do perfil socioeconômico e demográfico / Women with lesions precursor of uterine cervical cancer and HPV: description socio-economic and demographic profile

Introdução: o câncer cervical vem sendo identificado como um dos mais frequentes entre as mulheres brasileiras. Torna-se relevante identificar precocemente as lesões precursoras do câncer do colo do útero (LPCCU), já que o papilomavírus humano (HPV) é o principal agente etiológico para este tipo de câncer, sendo um grave problema de saúde pública. É importante ainda que se conheça o perfil socioeconômico e demográfico das mulheres,contribuindo para a redução do número de casos da doença. Objetivo: conhecer e analisar o perfil socioeconômico e demográfico de mulheres portadorasde LPCCU e HPV. Métodos: composto por 120 mulheres com diagnóstico de LPCCU classificadas em Grupo de Idade Reprodutiva (GIR) e Grupo de Idade não Reprodutiva (GINR), que foram atendidas em um Serviço de Patologia Cervical em um ambulatório de ginecologia de uma Universidade Pública Federal do Rio de Janeiro. O período do estudo foi de fevereiro a junho do ano de 2008. Utilizou-se abordagem quantitativa, tipo descritiva, em que os dados foram destacados em variáveis, divididos em características econômicas, demográficas e gineco-obstétricas. Os dados foram levantados e analisados mediante estatística descritiva realizada por meio de frequência simples (%). Resultados: quanto aos resultados obtidos, o diagnóstico das LPCCU variou entre a faixa etária de 16 e 95 anos. No entanto, o GINR apresentou maior percentual de mulheres com LPCCU na faixa etária entre 46 e 55 anos. A renda familiar destacada nos dois grupos foi de até dois salários mínimos. O nível de escolaridade baixo teve destaque entre os sujeitos do estudo. A doença sexualmente transmissível que predominou foi a infecção pelo HPV. Conclusão: diante do perfil socioeconômico e demográfico das mulheres do presente estudo, deve-se enfatizar o enfoque em ações educacionais, além de estratégias preventivas quanto à infecção pelo HPV, o que poderá favorecer uma menor incidência das LPCCU e câncer cervical.

Introduction: uterine cervix cancer has been identified as very frequent among Brazilian women that justifies the importance in identifying previously cervical cancer precursor lesions (LPCCU). The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main agent for this type of cancer, being a serious problem in publichealth. It is important to know the socio-economic and demographic origins of women, which helps to reduce the number of cases of the disease. Objective:know and analyze women's socio-economic and demographic profile with HPV and LPCCU. Methods: composed by 120 women diagnosed with LPCCU classified in Reproductive Age Group (IRG) and Group of Reproductive Age (GINR) in Service Cervical Pathology in a gynecology out patient clinic of a Public University Federal of Rio de Janeiro in the Southeast. The study period was from February to June of 2008. A quantitative, descriptive research waused. The data were highlighted in variables divided into economic characteristics, demographic and gynecologic obstetrics. The data were collected and analyzed by descriptive statistics by using single frequency (%). Results: the diagnosis of LPCCU ranged between the ages of 16 and 95 years old. GINR presented the highest percentage of women with LPCCU aged between 46 and 55. Family income in the two groups was highlighted by two minimumw ages. The low level of education ranked high among the study subjects. Sexually transmitted disease was prevalent HPV infection. Conclusion: given the women's socio-economic and demographic profile in the study, should emphasize the focus on educational activities and preventive strategies to infectionby HPV, which will favor lower incidence of cervical cancer and LPCCU.

Perfil demográfico e socioeconômico dos portadores de HIV/AIDS do Ambulatório de Controle de DST/AIDS de São José, SC / Socioeconomic and demographic profile of patients With HIV/ AIDS of Ambulatório de DST/AIDS of São José, SC

Introdução: A ampla disseminação e o rápido avanço demonstram que a epidemia de HIV/AIDS atinge indivíduos de diferentes faixas etárias e níveis socioeconômicos. Objetivo: Conhecer o perfil socioeconômico,demográfico e de contágio dos pacientes portadores HIV/AIDS acompanhados em Ambulatório de Controle de DST/AIDS de São José, SC. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal envolvendo uma amostra de 102 pacientes do Ambulatório, selecionados aleatoriamente.Os dados foram coletados pela aplicação de questionários estruturados contendo questões relacionadas ao perfil sociodemográfico, tempo de tratamento, tempo de infecção pelo HIV, satisfação com a saúde e com a qualidade de vida. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente. Resultados: Responderam ao questionário 85 pacientes, proporcionando uma taxa de resposta de 83,3%. Os resultados mostraram distribuição homogênea entre os sexos; idade média foi de 43 anos (DP ± 11 anos); maioria dos pacientes com 1º grau completo de escolaridade e solteiro.A principal via de transmissão foi a sexual. Os pacientes majoritariamente não se consideravam doentes, referiam sua saúde como boa e estavam satisfeitos com a qualidade de vida. Conclusão: O perfil sociodemográfico da população estudada não diferenciou de outros estudos em situações semelhantes, mesmo levando em consideração as diferenças regionais e as várias faces da epidemia no Brasil.

Background: The wide spread of the HIV/AIDS and its rapid progress demonstrates that the disease affects individuals of many age groups and different socioeconomic status. Objective: To find out the socioeconomicand demographic status and infection conditions of patients with HIV/AIDS from the Ambulatório de DST/AIDS of São José, SC. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 102 patients of Ambulatório de DST/ AIDS, randomly selected. Data were collected through structured questionnaires containing questions related to sociodemographic profile, treatment time, duration of HIV infection, satisfaction with health and quality of life. Data were descriptively analyzed. Results: 85 patientsanswered the questionnaire, resulting in a response rate of 83.3%. The results showed a homogeneous distribution between the sexes; mean age was 43 years (SD ± 11 years); most patients had at least the first degree of schooling. The major transmission route was through sexual intercourse. The patients mostly did not consider themselves as sick, reported their health as good and were satisfied with their quality of life. Conclusion: The sociodemographic profile of the population studied didnot differ from other studies in similar situations, even taking into account regional differences and the many faces of the epidemic in Brazil.

Motivos para consulta e perfl socioeconômico de usuários de uma clínica infantil / Reasons for dental visit and social profile of the patients treated in a clinic for children

Objetivo: Verificar a relação dos motivos para a procura, a origem e o perfil socioeconômico dos usuários de uma clínica infantil. Material e método: A partir do banco de dados da Clínica de Cariologia da Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), realizou-se censo com 564 fichas de crianças, identificando-se aspectos socioeconômicos, motivo para procura do serviço e origem desses usuários. Resultado: A escolaridade dos pais (58,6%) e das mães (59,7%) foi acima de oito anos; 57,3% apresentaram renda média mensal de mais de um salário mínimo. O motivo para a consulta foi prevenção/rotina em 27% dos casos, seguido de 23,9% para tratamento de cárie. Quando se relacionaram as variáveis idade, renda, escolaridade paterna e materna, não foi verificada diferença estatística significativa em relação aos motivos de procura da Clínica: prevenção e tratamento (p >0,05). Observou-se que 33,8% das crianças na faixa etária de 0-6 anos relataram que a procura pelo serviço foi por motivo de tratamento, enquanto 16,2%, por motivo de prevenção (p > 0,05). Conclusão: A busca por tratamento dos dentes foi o principal motivo de procura do serviço e esta variável não foi associada com o perfil do usuário definido por idade, renda, escolaridade materna ou paterna.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between reasons for dental visits and the socioeconomic profiles of users of a children?s clinic. Material and method: Data was collected from records of the database for the cariology clinic. The records of 564 children provided the socioeconomic profiles, reasons for dental visits and the users´ background. Result: The majority of fathers (58.6%) and mothers (59.7%) had an educational level of over eight years. 57.3% received more than the minimum wage. The reason for dental visits was mainly preventive/routine for 27.0%, followed by caries treatment at 23.9%. The variables age, income, maternal and paternal education were not related to prevention and treatment (p > 0.05). 33.8% of the children from 0-6 years of age reported that treatment was the main reason for the dental visit, whereas 16.2% reported prevention as their reason for visiting (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Treatment was the main reason for the dental visit and this variable was not related to patients? profiles including age, income, maternal and paternal education.

Motivos para consulta e perfl socioeconômico de usuários de uma clínica infantil / Reasons for dental visit and social profile of the patients treated in a clinic for children

Objetivo: Verificar a relação dos motivos para a procura, a origem e o perfil socioeconômico dos usuários de uma clínica infantil. Material e método: A partir do banco de dados da Clínica de Cariologia da Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), realizou-se censo com 564 fichas de crianças, identificando-se aspectos socioeconômicos, motivo para procura do serviço e origem desses usuários. Resultado: A escolaridade dos pais (58,6%) e das mães (59,7%) foi acima de oito anos; 57,3% apresentaram renda média mensal de mais de um salário mínimo. O motivo para a consulta foi prevenção/rotina em 27% dos casos, seguido de 23,9% para tratamento de cárie. Quando se relacionaram as variáveis idade, renda, escolaridade paterna e materna, não foi verificada diferença estatística significativa em relação aos motivos de procura da Clínica: prevenção e tratamento (p > 0,05). Observou-se que 33,8% das crianças na faixa etária de 0-6 anos relataram que a procura pelo serviço foi por motivo de tratamento, enquanto 16,2%, por motivo de prevenção (p > 0,05). Conclusão: A busca por tratamento dos dentes foi o principal motivo de procura do serviço e esta variável não foi associada com o perfil do usuário definido por idade, renda, escolaridade materna ou paterna.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between reasons for dental visits and the socioeconomic profiles of users of a children?s clinic. Material and method: Data was collected from records of the database for the cariology clinic. The records of 564 children provided the socioeconomic profiles, reasons for dental visits and the users´ background. Result: The majority of fathers (58.6%) and mothers (59.7%) had an educational level of over eight years. 57.3% received more than the minimum wage. The reason for dental visits was mainly preventive/routine for 27.0%, followed by caries treatment at 23.9%. The variables age, income, maternal and paternal education were not related to prevention and treatment (p > 0.05). 33.8% of the children from 0-6 years of age reported that treatment was the main reason for the dental visit, whereas 16.2% reported prevention as their reason for visiting (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Treatment was the main reason for the dental visit and this variable was not related to patients? profiles including age, income, maternal and paternal education.

Epidemiologia e impacto econômico do câncer de colo de útero no Estado de Roraima: a perspectiva do SUS / Epidemiology and economic impact of cervical cancer in Roraima, a Northern state of Brazil: the public health system perspective

OBJETIVO: avaliar a incidência e o impacto econômico direto do câncer de colo de útero (CCU) em Roraima, no ano de 2009, e analisar o perfil epidemiológico e socioeconômico das pacientes portadoras dessa doença. MÉTODOS: os laudos histopatológicos emitidos em Roraima em 2009 foram revisados, assim como os prontuários de pacientes femininas em tratamento oncológico. Foram registrados dados clínicos e procedimentos médicos (terapêuticos e diagnósticos) realizados em pacientes portadoras de CCU no único centro de tratamento oncológico do Estado de Roraima. Portadoras de CCU tratadas no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) de Roraima foram submetidas a entrevista abordando temas socioeconômicos e fatores de risco. RESULTADOS: registramos 90 casos de CCU e lesões pré-malignas de alto grau. Roraima possui a maior incidência de CCU do Brasil (46,21 casos/100.000 mulheres), sendo 3 vezes mais incidente que o de mama e comparável a países subdesenvolvidos de baixa renda. O perfil epidemiológico revela pacientes com privação econômica, socialmente desfavorecidas, baixa escolaridade, sexarca precoce (média de 13,8 anos), multiparidade (média de 5,5 gestações). Das pacientes estudadas, 71,7 por cento nunca haviam realizado o teste de Papanicolaou, e o desconhecimento foi o motivo mais relatado (47,4 por cento). Como problema de saúde pública, o manejo do CCU gera gastos anuais diretos de mais de R$ 600 mil, com custo médio por paciente de R$ 8.711,00. CONCLUSÕES: o CCU é o câncer mais incidente em mulheres roraimenses e um grave problema de saúde pública no Estado. Seu elevado impacto econômico favorece a implantação de medidas preventivas do ponto de vista de custo-efetividade. O perfil da pacientes revela a ineficiência dos serviços preventivos em alcançar pacientes com perfil de exclusão socioeconômico e alto risco para o câncer de colo uterino.

PURPOSE: to evaluate the incidence and direct economic impact of cervical cancer (CC) in Roraima, in 2009, and to analyze the epidemiological profile of patients with this disease. METHODS: the histopathologic reports issued in Roraima in 2009 were reviewed, as were hospital records of female patients under treatment for cancer. Clinical data and medical procedures related to CC were recorded. CC carriers were treated under expenses of the public Brazilian health system (SUS) in Roraima underwent an interview dealing with socio-economic topics. RESULTS: we registered 90 cases of CC and high grade pre-invasive lesions. Roraima has the highest incidence of CC of Brazil (46.21 cases/100,000 women), which is 3 times higher than that of breast cancer, comparable to low-income developing countries. The epidemiological profile shows patients with economic deprivation, social disadvantage, low education, early first intercourse (mean age is 13.8 years), and high parity (medium of 5.5 gestations). Among the patients included in this report, 71.7 percent had never been submited to a Pap smear, and ignorance about it was the main reported reason (47.4 percent). As a public health problem, the management of CC generates direct annual expenditures of more than R$ 600,000, with an average cost per patient of R$ 8,711. CONCLUSIONS: CC is the most common cancer among women from Roraima, and represents a serious public health problem in Roraima. Its high economic impact favors the implementation of preventive strategies from the standpoint of cost-effectiveness. The profile of patients reveals the ineffectiveness of preventive services in reaching patients with a socio-economic exclusion profile at high risk for cervical cancer.

Sport fishing in Cachoeira de Emas in Mogi-Guaçu River, State of São Paulo, Brazil / A pesca esportiva na Cachoeira de Emas, Rio Mogi-Guaçu, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Sport fishing is an important leisure activity in many countries. It directly and indirectly generates income and jobs for millions of people. In some places, its landing outstrips production from professional fishing but this fact is not always taken into account in the establishment of management actions. In the area of Cachoeira (Waterfall) de Emas there are reports of intense fishing since the 20's. The objective of this paper is to identify the profile of the sporting fishers who frequent this place and to characterise this fishing. From February to October of 2006, we interviewed 107 sporting fishers that visited Cachoeira. We describe the fishing and the socio-economic status of the sport fishers. Most of the fishers are men, coming from the state of São Paulo, with a mean family income of US$ 1,212.3 (R$ 2,558.10, US$ 1 = R$ 2.11, July/2007), being aged 50.2 years old on average. A large amount of them (49.5 percent) only have incomplete first grade education. The main captured species are curimba Prochilodus lineatus, mandi Pimelodus maculatus, P. heraldoi, Pimelodella spp., lambari Astyanax fasciatus, A. schubarti, A. altiparanae, Roeboides paranensis and piava Leporinus lacustris, L. friderici, L. octofasciatus. Fishers have had a strong connection with this place for many years and even with low captures (2.8 kg/day), they are quite satisfied.

A pesca esportiva é uma atividade importante de lazer em muitos países. Ela gera direta e indiretamente renda e emprego para milhões de pessoas. Em alguns locais seu desembarque supera a produção da pesca profissional, mas esse fato nem sempre é levado em conta no estabelecimento de políticas de manejo. Na região da Cachoeira de Emas, há relatos da sua ocorrência desde a década de 40. O objetivo deste artigo é identificar o perfil dos pescadores esportivos que frequentam esse local e caracterizar essa pesca. De fevereiro a outubro de 2006 foram entrevistados 107 pescadores esportivos que frequentaram esse local. A maioria dos pescadores são homens, procedentes do Estado de São Paulo, com renda média familiar de US$ 1.212.37 (R$ 2.558,10, US$ 1 = R$ 2,11, Julho/2007), com idade média de 50,2 anos e grande parte deles (49,5 por cento) tem apenas o primeiro grau incompleto. As principais espécies capturadas são o curimba Prochilodus lineatus, mandi Pimelodus maculatus, P. heraldoi, P. spp., lambari Astyanax fasciatus, A. schubarti, A. altiparanae, Roeboides paranensis, e piava Leporinus lacustris, L. friderici, L. octofasciatus. Os pescadores têm ligação com esse local há muitos anos e, mesmo com seu baixo rendimento (2,8 kg/dia), a maioria acredita ter sucesso na pescaria.

Perfil socioeconómico y estilo de vida del niño trabajador, distrito de Chota 2006-2007 / Socioeconomic profile and life style of the hard-working child, district of Chota 2006-2007

Esta investigación se realizó en la provincia de Chota del departamento de Cajamarca, Perú, con el fin de hacer visible el problema del niño trabajador de esta zona y así contribuir al inicio de un trabajo en beneficio de esta población. Objetivo: describir y analizar el perfil socioeconómico y estilo de vida del niño trabajador chotano. Material y métodos: estudio de tipo descriptivo û transversal donde se aplicó una encuesta a una muestra de 40 niños trabajadores. Resultados: la edad de los niños participantes fue de 11 a 16 años, 52,5% de ellos fueron de sexo masculino y 47,5% de sexo femenino, con una escolaridad de 2 a 6 años (90%). El 57,5% refirió tener familiares consumidores de alcohol, siendo el padre el principal consumidor. El salario promedio es 122.5 nuevos soles mensuales para varones y 91,20 para mujeres. El trabajo doméstico y el de venta ambulatoria son las principales formas de trabajo con una jornada de 9 a 12 horas diarias (77,5%). Las principales razones por las que estos niños trabajan son: para comprar su vestimenta, pagar sus estudios y ayudar en los gastos de la casa. Su dieta es en base a carbohidratos y ciertas proteínas, sin frutas y verduras. La mayoría (70%) juega en horas de la tarde o de la noche y duerme de 5 a 7 horas diarias (70%); el 87,5% refiere ser feliz a pesar de las dificultades que le ha tocado vivir. Conclusiones: el perfil socioeconómico del niño trabajador se caracteriza por la baja renumeración, siendo la actividad principal el trabajo doméstico, con una jornada promedio de 9 a 12 horas; además, practican un estilo de vida inadecuado para su edad.

This investigation was accomplished in province of Chota of the deparment of Cajamarca, Peru, and to try to do evident the problematic of the child working of this zone for contribute to the beginning of a work for the benefit of the town. Objective: To describe and analyze the socioeconomic profile and life style of the Chotano child laborer. Material and method: The survey was descriptive/transversal way and was applied a survey to a pattern among forty children laborers. Results: The age of the participant children were from 11 -16 years old 52.5% were male and 47.5% females, with a school age from 2-6 years old (90%). 57.5% said they have members of the family to have consumed alcohol, being the main consumer the father. Monthly their wages in on an average of 122.5 new soles for males and 91.20 new soles for female. Household chores and street vendors, are the main way of work, with a time of 9 - 12 hours (77.5%). The main reasons by the children work are: To pay their garments, studies and to cover expenses of their house child's. Diet based carbohydrates and some proteins, without fruits and vegetables. The majority of them (70%) played in the afternoons or evening hours and sleep for 5 - 7 hours daily (70%); 87.5% said to be happy, in spite of the difficulties that nowadays they are living. Conclusion: The socioeconomic profile of the child laborer is characterized by the low remuneration, being the main activity the household chores, with a time between 9 - 12 hours; also, practice a life style inappropriate to their age.

Serviço social e transplante hepático pediátrico: o perfil sociocultural das famílias avaliadas e a intervenção do assistente social nas contra-indicações sociais para o transplante / Social service and pediatric hepatic transplant: the sociocultural profile of the evaluated families and the intervention of the social worker on the social contraindications for transplant

Introdução: Trabalhar os aspectos sociais que podem comprometer a adesão ao tratamento pós-transplante é um dos cuidados da equipe do Programa de Transplante Hepático Infantil (PTHI) do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. O serviço social possui um protocolo de avaliação e trabalha em parceria com a rede de apoio do paciente pediátrico, otimizando a sua entrada em lista de espera para transplante hepático após o equacionamento dos principais problemas sociais. Objetivo: Traçar o perfil sociocultural dos pacientes atendidos e mostrar a intervenção do serviço social nas principais contra-indicações sociais para o transplante. Método: Foi realizada pesquisa documental nos protocolos de avaliação utilizados para avaliar 22 famílias de crianças candidatas ao transplante, encaminhadas ao serviço social no período de janeiro de 2006 a janeiro de 2007. Resultados: Os resultados mostram que 81,8% das famílias apresentam baixa renda. Contudo, o trabalho desenvolvido pela assistente social junto a essas famílias viabilizou que 90,9% das crianças tivessem seus nomes incluídos nas listas para transplante hepático. Conclusão: A partir dos resultados, torna-se evidente a necessidade do olhar social sobre a questão dos transplantes de órgãos, considerando a complexidade do procedimento e o perfil das famílias atendidas. Trabalhar em parceria com a rede social de apoio do paciente é fundamental para o trabalho social junto a famílias de baixa renda, que somam a essa condição a ausência de saúde e a indicação de transplante.

Background: To find solutions for the social problems that could hinder compliance with posttransplant treatment is one of the concerns of the Program of Pediatric Hepatic Transplant (PTHI) from Hospital de Clínicas of Porto Alegre. The social service team uses an evaluation protocol and works along with a support network for pediatric patients, optimizing their inclusion on the waiting list for hepatic transplant after evaluation of the main social problems. Objective: To provide information on the sociocultural profile of the families and to present the intervention of the social service team on the main social contraindication for transplant. Methods: The protocols used to evaluate 22 families of young candidates for transplant who were referred to social service between January 2006 and January 2007 were reviewed. Results: The results showed that despite the low income of 81.8% of the families, the work done by the social service team enabled 90.0% of the children to be included on the waiting list for hepatic transplant. Conclusion: Based on the results, the need of a social intervention on the aspects related to organ transplantation becomes evident, considering the complexity of the procedure and the profile of the families. Working in partnership with a social support network is vital for the social work involving low-income families who, in addition to the economic difficulties, have to deal with poor health and transplant indication.