Proteases inhibitors-insensitive cysteine proteases allow Nezara viridula to feed on growing seeds of field-grown soybean.

The southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula is one of the primary soybean pests and causes significant economic losses around the world. In spite of the high proteases inhibitor (PI) levels, N. viridula can feed on developing seeds of field-grown soybean and reduce crop yields. Although the PI-induced responses have been extensively investigated in many pest insects, there is lack of knowledge about the mechanisms that stink bugs employ to withstand cysteine PIs of soybean seeds. This study demonstrated that feeding on developing seeds of field-grown soybean inhibited total proteases activity of N. viridula, as result of inhibition of cathepsin B-like activity in the gut. In addition, from the 30 digestive cathepsins recognized in this study, 6 were identified as cathepsin B-like. Stink bugs that fed on growing seeds of field-grown soybean had similar gut pH to those reared in the laboratory, and both cathepsin B- and L-like had an optima pH of 6.5. Therefore, using specific proteases inhibitors we found that the main proteolytic activity in the gut is from cysteine proteases when N. viridula feeds on soybean crops. Since cathepsin L-like activity was not inhibited by soybean PIs, our results suggested that N. viridula relays on cathepsin L-like to feed on soybean. To our knowledge no study before has shown the impact of seed PIs of field-grown soybean on digestive proteases (cathepsin B- and L-like) of N. viridula. This study suggests that the activity of PI-insensitive cathepsins L-like in the gut would be part of an adaptive strategy to feed on developing soybean seeds. In agreement, the expansions of cathepsin L-like complement observed in pentatomids could confer to the insects a higher versatility to counteract the effects of different PIs.

Diversity of Stink Bugs (Pentatomidae) Associated with Canola: Looking for Potential Pests.

Canola (Brassicaceae: Brassica spp.) is an important feedstock for biodiesel production and a potential ingredient for use in the food industry. In different continents, various arthropod pests damage canola plants. Stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) are present in all zoogeographical regions, and many species are recognized by their economic importance as crop pests. Our aim was to describe the composition, structure, and diversity of the assemblage of stink bugs sampled on canola in southern Brazil. A total of 878 pentatomids were captured, belonging to 27 species. The dominant species were Euschistus heros (F.) (n = 439), Dichelops furcatus (F.) (n = 160), and Nezara viridula L. (n = 79). The species richness estimators indicated the samples correspond from 79.7 to 93.1% of the richness estimated. Comparing canola to other monocultures, the richness of Pentatomidae was much superior. Otherwise, when compared to studies conducted in native vegetation and urban fragments, the richness is similar, and sometimes higher. This relatively high number of associations brings out the vulnerability of the canola fields according to the expansion of its cultivated area. Nine species of Pentatomidae are recorded on canola for the first time in Brazil. The most abundant species reported here are often stressed as stink bugs of economic importance in agro-ecosystems. The economic importance of each species varies greatly depending on the plant attacked. Detailed studies are needed to evaluate the damage caused to canola by stink bugs.

What Happened to Nezara viridula (L.) in the Americas? Possible Reasons to Explain Populations Decline.

Once abundant in the Americas, the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula (L.) has gradually declined in numbers. Until the 1990s, it was considered the main pest of major crops such as soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, particularly in southern Brazil and southern USA, as well as Argentina, Uruguay, and other countries. In the past 15+ years, a dramatic population decrease was observed to the point of now being considered a secondary pest in these referred countries. In this article, we list and discuss possible reasons which explain the decline in N. viridula population in the Americas. These factors include the following: (1) the steady increase of herbicides used in no-tillage/multiple cropping systems affecting potential hosts such as weeds in crop fields and nearby natural vegetation; (2) the change in cultivation systems, mostly in the Neotropics, favoring other species more adapted to exploit crops in modern day agriculture; (3) competition among several species of stink bugs that colonize major crops; (4) the growing impact of several species of egg parasitoids, some of them laboratory reared and released in crop fields, and other natural enemies (parasitoids and predators); and (5) the impact of global climate change affecting its distribution and biology.

Nymphal and Adult Performance of Euschistus heros (Fabr. ) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), as a Potential Alternative Host for Egg Parasitoids Multiplication / Desempenho de Ninfas e Adultos de Euschistus heros (Fabr. ) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Como Hospedeiro Alternativo Potencial na Multiplicação de Parasitóides de Ovos

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de Euschistus heros (Fabr.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) como hospedeiro na multiplicação de parasitóides de ovos, através da determinação do desempenho de ninfas e de adultos, de laboratório e campo, de E. heros, comparativamente a Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), em condições massais. A partir de 100 ovos colocados entre as folhas de uma planta de soja contida em gaiola (50x50x70 cm), determinou-se o número de ninfas que atingiram a fase adulta e o tempo de desenvolvimento ninfal. As ninfas foram alimentadas com vagens verdes de soja e grão secos de soja e amendoim. Para estudar a sobrevivência e o desempenho reprodutivo, 100 casais de E. heros e N. viridula, provenientes do campo e laboratório, foram alocados em gaiolas contendo a mesma dieta das ninfas e observados durante 13 semanas (fevereiro a maio - 1999). Verificou-se que o tempo de desenvolvimento das ninfas de E. heros e N. viridula foi 33,0 e 34,0 dias e que 65,0 por cento e 71,3 por cento das ninfas atingiram a fase adulta, respectivamente. Adultos de E. heros criados em laboratório produziram 2,5 vezes mais ovos (5547,0 ovos/gaiola) do que aqueles provenientes do campo (2262,7 ovos/gaiola). Os adultos de E. heros provenientes do campo apresentaram redução na sobrevivência e no número de ovos produzidos devido ao elevado índice de parasitismo por Hexacladia smithii Ash. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Os adultos de N. viridula provenientes do campo apresentaram produção de ovos 1,7 vezes maior (6304,9 ovos/gaiola) do que a dos percevejos criados em laboratório (3609,2 ovos/gaiola). E. heros criado em laboratório é um promissor hospedeiro na multiplicação de parasitóides de ovos, quando comparado com N. viridula coletado no campo.

This research aimed to evaluate the potential of Euschistus heros (Fabr.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) as host for multiplication of egg parasitoids, by determining the nymphal and adult performance of E. heros from laboratory and the field, comparing with Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), under mass conditions. One hundred eggs of E. heros and N. viridula were placed among the leaves of soybean plants contained in cages (50x50x70 cm) and observation were made until adult emergence. The nymphs fed on soybean pods, dry soybean and peanuts seeds. The number of nymphs that reached adulthood and the development time were calculated. The survivorship and reproduction performance of laboratory and field populations of E. heros and N. viridula were evaluated during 13 weeks in February-May 1999. The number of eggs produced by 100 pairs of stink bugs per cage containing the same diet was recorded. Nymphal development time of E. heros and N. viridula was 33.0 and 34.0 days and 65.0 percent and 71.3 percent of nymphs reached adulthood, respectively. Adults of E. heros reared under laboratory conditions produced 2.5 times more eggs (5547.0 eggs/cage) than those collected in the field (2262.7 eggs/cage). The adult field population of E. heros had reduced reproduction and longevity due to parasitism by Hexacladia smithii Ash. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). The N. viridula adults collected in the field produced 1.7 times more eggs (6304.9 eggs/cage) than those reared in the laboratory (3609.2 eggs/cage). E. heros laboratory reared is a promising host for egg parasitoids multiplication when compared with N. viridula collected in the field.