Identification success rates in the post-Spanish Civil War mass graves located in the cemetery of Paterna, Spain: Meta-research on 15 mass graves with 933 subjects.

Spain suffered a Civil War between 1936 and 1939 that ended with the victory of the National Forces led by General Franco. Once the Spanish Civil War ended, 2238 subjects were executed and buried in several mass graves in the Cemetery of Paterna, one of Spain's largest mass grave sites. Efforts to locate and identify all the victims of the mass graves of the Paterna cemetery are ongoing, but the actual data of the percentage of DNA identifications remains uncertain. Following this, we conducted a meta-research study including 15 mass graves and 933 subjects to determine the DNA identification rates in the mass graves of the Paterna cemetery. We found that the total proportion of identified subjects in the mass graves was 15.9 % (95 % CI: 10.0-22.9). Moreover, we found that the model between the identification success rate (ISR) and the number of relatives that donated DNA (NRTDD) in the mass graves of the cemetery of Paterna was ISR = NRTDD-0.424. Results obtained about the proportion of identified subjects and the model between the ISR and the NRTDD imply the need for a scientific reflection between all the research groups involved in the identification tasks to modify deficiencies and update identification protocols to obtain better future results.

Typology of reasons why a person kills in a war context: The case of rebel/nationalist army combatants in the Spanish Civil War.

European historiography on wars has embarked on a study of a matter of crucial significance: the involvement of ordinary individuals as perpetrators of mass casualties. This article aims to provide insights and hypotheses concerning the underlying motives behind such actions, focusing on the unique context of the Spanish Civil War. The data utilized for this study are drawn from a sample of 112 oral interviews conducted with former combatants of the Spanish Civil War, all born between 1905 and 1920. During these interviews, 112 men participated a semi structured discussion. Individual perceptions and variables of interest relevant to acts of violence were subjected to qualitative analysis. Our analysis suggests that instances of aggression often arise because of emotional triggers, alignment with fascist ideological convictions, societal pressures and a sense of duty-driven obedience. Our results refute the notion that ideological factors alone suffice as explanations.

Las mujeres que escribieron en el Manicomio Nacional de Leganés tras la Guerra Civil Española, 1939-1952 / The women who wrote in the Manicomio Nacional de Leganés after the Spanish Civil War, 1939-1952

Resumen El presente trabajo utiliza los historiales clínicos de seis mujeres internadas en el Manicomio Nacional de Leganés, Madrid (España), en los que, además de las anotaciones médicas, existen cartas y otros documentos personales. El control sobre estas cartas no enviadas nos permite escuchar las denuncias sobre la institución, así como recuperar las voces de las internas y sus resistencias a ser tratadas como locas. Este análisis nos lleva a explorar la doble marginación: ser "mujeres" y "enfermas mentales" y nos aproxima a construir una historia desde el punto de vista del paciente. El marco temporal es el franquismo, régimen dictatorial que implantó un modelo hegemónico femenino dictado por una moral nacional-católica.

Abstract This article uses the medical records of six women admitted to the Manicomio Nacional de Leganés, Madrid (Spain), in which, in addition to medical notes, there are letters and other personal documents. These unsent letters allow us to read about their complaints towards the institution, as well as to recover the voices of the inmates and their resistance to being treated like insane people. This analysis leads us to explore the double marginalization: being "women" and being "mentally ill"; it also brings us closer to building a story from the patient's point of view. The time frame is Franco's dictatorship, during which the implementation of a national-Catholic system undoubtedly reinforced the female hegemonic model of the regime.

Lathyrism in Spain: Lessons from 68 publications following the 1936-39 Civil War.

After the end of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), an estimated 1,000 patients presented with lathyrism due to their excessive and prolonged consumption of grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) against the backdrop of poverty, drought, and famine. Based on 68 scientific communications between 1941 and 1962 by qualified medical professionals, the disease emerged in different geographical locations involving selective populations: (1) farmers from extensive areas of central Spain, traditionally producers and consumers of grasspea; (2) immigrants in the industrial belt of Catalonia and in the Basque Country, areas with little or no production of grasspea, which was imported from producing areas; (3) workers in Galicia, an area where the legume is neither produced nor consumed, who were seasonally displaced to high-production areas of grasspea in Castille; and (4) inmates of overcrowded postwar Spanish prisons. Original reports included failed attempts by Carlos Jiménez Díaz (1898-1967) to induce experimental lathyrism, the neuropathology of lathyrism in early stages of the disease in two patients, as reported by Carlos Oliveras de la Riva (1914-2007), and the special susceptibility of children to develop a severe form of lathyrism after relatively brief periods of consumption of the neurotoxic seed of L. sativus. In the Spanish Basque Country, L. cicera L. (aizkol) was cultivated exclusively as animal fodder. Patients who were forced to feed on this plant developed unusual manifestations of lathyrism, such as axial myoclonus and severe neuropsychiatric disorders, unknown in other regions of the country and previously unreported. The postwar epidemic of lathyrism in Spain represents the most extensively studied outbreak of this self-limiting but crippling upper motor neuron disease.

Redescubriendo al paciente M: Justo Gonzalo Rodríguez-Leal y su teoría de la dinámica cerebral / Rediscovering patient M: Justo Gonzalo Rodríguez-Leal and his theory of the brain dynamics

Introducción: En el transcurso de la Guerra Civil española, Justo Gonzalo Rodríguez-Leal visita al paciente M en el Hospital de Sanidad Militar de Godella (Valencia). Este encuentro marca el inicio de una larga relación entre ambos, que brinda a Justo Gonzalo la oportunidad de estudiar la organización funcional cerebral y articular una original concepción de la neurofisiología basada en las leyes de la excitabilidad nerviosa. El objetivo de este trabajo es redescubrir al paciente M y la interpretación fisiológica de la dinámica cerebral de Gonzalo.Desarrollo: Tomando como piedra angular al paciente M, Gonzalo postula que el efecto de una lesión cortical depende de su magnitud y posición: la magnitud condiciona la intensidad del trastorno; la posición, el tipo de trastorno. Entre 1945 y 1950 desarrolla en profundidad estas y otras hipótesis, basadas en observaciones clínicas, en la obra Dinámica cerebral, La actividad cerebral en función de las condiciones dinámicas de la excitabilidad nerviosa (Vol. 1, 1945; Vol. 2, 1950). A partir de 1952 proporciona una versión ampliada de su teoría sobre dinámica cerebral, fundamentándola no sólo en conceptos fisiológicos, sino también en la idea de gradientes cerebrales, e introduciendo los conceptos de similitud y alometría de los sistemas dinámicos.Conclusiones: Durante siglos, el conocimiento sobre la organización funcional del cerebro se ha asentado en el estudio de casos únicos. El paciente M constituye un ejemplo más de esta tradición, ayudando a establecer las bases de la teoría de dinámica cerebral desarrollada por Justo Gonzalo.(AU)

Introduction: During the Spanish Civil War, Justo Gonzalo Rodríguez-Leal visited patient M at the Military Healthcare Hospital in Godella (Valencia). This meeting marked the beginning of a long relationship between the two, which gave Justo Gonzalo the opportunity to study the functional organisation of the brain and to develop an original conception of neurophysiology based on the laws of nervous excitability. The aim of this work is to rediscover patient M and the physiological interpretation of Gonzalo’s brain dynamics.Development: Taking patient M as the cornerstone, Gonzalo postulated that the effect of a cortical lesion depends on its magnitude and position: the magnitude conditions the intensity of the disorder, whereas the position determines the type of disorder. Between 1945 and 1950 he developed these and other hypotheses in depth, based on clinical observations, in his work Dinámica cerebral. La actividad cerebral en función de las condiciones dinámicas de la excitabilidad nerviosa (Vol. 1, 1945; Vol. 2, 1950). From 1952 onwards he provided an expanded version of his theory of brain dynamics, basing it not only on physiological concepts, but also on the idea of brain gradients, and introducing the concepts of similarity and allometry of dynamic systems.Conclusions: For centuries, knowledge about the functional organisation of the brain has been based on single case studies. Patient M is a further example of this tradition that helps to establish the basis of the theory of brain dynamics developed by Justo Gonzalo.(AU)

Virtual anthropology: Forensic applications to cranial skeletal remains from the Spanish Civil War.

Biological and forensic anthropologists face limitations while studying skeletal remains altered by taphonomic alterations and perimortem trauma, such as in remains from the Spanish Civil War. However, virtual anthropology techniques can optimize the information inferred from fragmented and deformed remains by generating and restoring three-dimensional bone models. We applied a low-cost 3D modelling methodology based on photogrammetry to develop novel forensic applications of virtual 3D skull reconstruction, assembly, restoration and ancestry estimation. Crania and mandible fragments from five Spanish Civil War victims were reconstructed with high accuracy, and only one cranium could not be assembled due to extensive bone loss. Virtual mirroring successfully restored reconstructed crania, producing 3D models with reduced deformation and perimortem trauma. High correlation between traditional and virtual craniofacial measurements confirmed that 3D models are suitable for forensic applications. Craniometric databases of world-wide and Spanish populations were used to assess the potential of discriminant analysis to estimate population ancestry. Our protocol correctly estimated the continental origin of 86.7 % of 15 crania of known origin, and despite low morphological differentiation within European populations, correctly identified 54.5 % as Spanish and 27.3 % of them with high posterior probabilities. Two restored crania from the Civil War were estimated as Spanish, and one as a non-Spanish European. Results were not conclusive for one cranium and did not confirm previous archeological hypotheses. Overall, our research shows the potential to assess the presence of foreign volunteers in the Spanish Civil War and highlights the added value of 3D-virtual techniques in forensic anthropology.

Autopsy and its role in Franco's dictatorship: a case of the last Republican mayor of the town Calera y Chozas (Toledo, Spain).

In the town of Calera y Chozas (Spain), five mass graves containing the remains of 28 individuals were discovered during a 2012 excavation. The witnesses and historical evidence indicated that the body of the last Republican mayor of the town, Felipe Fernández Varela, who had died in September 1939, was located in the mass grave designated as no. 1. Within this particular grave, only two bodies were found. Anthropological analysis showed that the first individual was significantly younger than 50 years, being the mayor's age at the time of death, while the age of the second individual was closer to 50. This second individual had a fractured skull, with a depression on the left parietal bone, and there were unmistakable signs of autopsy, which consisted of cut marks on the frontal bone and the sternal extremity of the right clavicle. Further historical research revealed documents concerning the autopsy performed on this individual. Although, according to the report, the cause of death was a stroke - the consequence of atherosclerosis and alcoholism - no reference was made to the forceful impact to the skull or intracranial bleeding. Considering the size of the fracture on the skull and the fact that there were no signs of bone healing, we believe that this impact, and not the stroke, was the direct cause of the death of the last Republican mayor. The mayor's case is a clear example of the role forensic medicine performed at the beginning of Franco's dictatorship. The task was not only to conceal the crime but also to tarnish the victim's name.

Transfusión sanguínea y movilización popular en la retaguardia: la Agrupació de Donadors de Sang de Catalunya (1937-1939) / Blood transfusion and popular mobilization in the rear-guard: the Agrupació de Donadors de Sang de Catalunya (1937-1939)

RESUMEN: Durante la Guerra Civil Española las autoridades de ambos bandos fomentaron la donación de sangre entr e la población civil para remitirla desde la retaguardia a los frentes de batalla. El voluntariado se estimuló por dos vías principales: por un lado, apelan-do a la solidaridad de la población con los combatientes y, por otro, ofreciendo a los donantes ciertas recompensas, además de signos distintivos de reconocimiento social y protección personal como brazaletes e insignias.Fundada en Barcelona a lo larg o del ver ano de 1937, la Agrupació de Donadors de Sang de Catalunya llegó a cont ar con cerc a de 30.000 personas inscritas dispuestas a dar su sangre para cubrir primordialmente las necesidades de los servicios quirúrgicos del Ejército de la República. Est a entidad no respondía a un modelo de organización jerárquico y centralizado, sino que estaba conformada por diver-sos colectivos radicados en Barcelona y otras ciudades catalanas. Pese a ser una organización tan numerosa, no se conservan apenas vestigios en la memoria colectiva. Est e artículo pretende analizar los orígenes y la trayectoria de la Agrupació de Donadors de Sang utilizando como fuente principal las noticias aparecidas en la prensa de Barcelona. También se ha analizado el papel de la Cruz Roja en la gestación de dicha entidad

ABSTRACT: During the Spanish Civil War, the authorities on both sides encouraged civilians to donate blood in order to refer it from the rear-guard to the fron tline. Voluntary work was motivated in two main ways: on the one hand, by appealing to the solidarity of the population with the combatants; and, on the other hand, by offering donors certain rewards, as well as distinctive symbols (bracelets and insignia) of social recognition and personal protection. Founded in Barcelona throughout summer in 1937, the Agrupació de Donadors de Sang de Catalunya(Grouping of Blood Donors of Cat alonia) had nearly 30,000 people registered who wer e disposed to donate their blood to cov er primarily the necessities of the surgical services of the Spanish Republican Army. This organisation did not respond to a hierarchical and centralised organisational model, but was formed by various groups based in Barcelona and other Catalan cities. Despite being such a large organization, hardly any traces remain in the collective memory. This article aims to analyse the origins and trajectory of the Agrupació de Donadors de Sang using as the main source the news that appeared in Barcelona’s press. Moreover, the role of the Red Cross on the development of the aforesaid organisation has also been analysed

Serología y lucha antivenérea en el Instituto de Transfusión Sanguínea de Valencia (1937-1938): María Hervás Moncho / Serology and venereal control at the Blood Transfusion Institute of Valencia (1937-1938): María Hervás Moncho

ABSTRACT: During the Spanish Civil War, military transfusion services appeared for the first time. In Barcelona and Valencia –two of the main strongholds of the Republican rear– blood transfusion institutes were set up during the struggle. The one in Valencia had, as an annex, a serology laboratory run by María Hervás Moncho (1894-1963). Hitherto unknown to historiography, this Valencian doctor had spent a long training period at the Pasteur Institute in Paris during the 1920s under the tutelage of the prestigious immunologist Alex-andre Besredka (1870-1940). The aim of this paper is to rescue the figure of María Hervás Moncho from historiographical oblivion, and to analyze her work as the leader of the laboratory of the Institute of Blood Transfusion in Valencia. Hervás was particularly interested in increasing the sensitivity of serological tests used in the diagnosis of syphilis in order to reduce the incidence of false negatives and, therefore, of possible post-transfusion infections. In order to achieve our purpose several archival, hemerographical and bibliographical sources, both manuscript and printed, have been consulted. These are enumerated in the introduction

RESUMEN: Durante la Guerra Civil Española aparecieron por primera vez los servicios militares de transfusión. En Barcelona y Valencia –dos de los principales bastiones de la retaguardia republicana– se habilitaron durante la contienda sendos institutos de transfusión sanguínea. El de Valencia disponía, anexo, de un laboratorio de serología dirigido por María Hervás Moncho (1894-1963). Desconocida por la historiografía, esta médica valenciana había realizado durante la década de 1920 una prolongada estancia de formación en el Ins-tituto Pasteur de París bajo la tutela del prestigioso inmunólogo Alexandre Besredka (1870-1940). El objetivo de este trabajo es rescatar del olvido historiográfico la figura de María Hervás Moncho, analizando su trabajo al frente del laboratorio del Instituto de TransfusiónSanguínea de Valencia. Hervás estaba especialmente interesada en aumentar la sensibilidad de las pruebas serológicas empleadas en el diagnóstico de la sífilis al objeto de disminuir la incidencia de falsos negativos y, por tanto, de eventuales contagios post-transfusio-nales. Para alcanzar los objetivos planteados se han consultado diversas fuentes archivísticas, hemerográficas y bibliográficas, tanto manuscritas como impresas, que se especifican en la introducción.

El servicio de transfusión del ejército republicano durante la Guerra Civil Española y su influencia en Gran Bretaña en la Segunda Guerra Mundial / The blood transfusion service of the republican army during the Spanish Civil War and its influence in Great Britain in World War II

Al final de la Primera Guerra Mundial, el valor de la transfusión sanguínea era ampliamente reconocido, pero no fue hasta la Guerra Civil Española (1936-1939) cuando se crearon grandes organizaciones civiles de donantes de sangre para proporcionar sangre conservada (citratada) para la transfusión en pacientes civiles y militares en ambos bandos. Se desarrollaron técnicas de transfusión indirecta para administrar esta sangre, con instrumental de fácil manejo, capaz de ser llevado a cabo en cualquier lugar y por cualquiera con experiencia en la administración de inyecciones endovenosas. También se establecieron sistemas eficaces de transporte y distribución, a fin de abastecer adecuadamente las instalaciones sanitarias que prestaban servicio en los frentes de batalla en movimiento. Este trabajo pionero permitió la creación, por primera vez en la historia, de servicios militares de transfusión de sangre. Si bien este fue el caso tanto de las fuerzas insurgentes (nacionalistas) como del Gobierno republicano español, es este último el que constituye el foco de estudio aquí. Esto es posible gracias a las publicaciones del hematólogo catalán Frederic Duran Jordà, creador y director del Servicio Republicano de Transfusión de Sangre, que detallan las técnicas y procedimientos desarrollados durante la guerra para la recogida, análisis, distribución y transfusión de sangre. Esta información se amplía, especialmente con respecto a la aplicación práctica de la transfusión en primera línea, gracias a diferentes publicaciones del Dr. Reginald Saxton, voluntario británico integrado en la Sanidad Militar de la Republica. Es nuestra intención demostrar que las autoridades británicas se beneficiaron de la experiencia española en vísperas del estallido de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en 1939. Les ayudó a desarrollar planes para los servicios de transfusión que resultarían cruciales en el tratamiento de bajas civiles y militares durante la contienda. Frederic Duran Jordà y Reginald Saxton fueron asesores clave, junto con otros que regresaban de España, incluyendo a la reconocida hematóloga británica, Janet Vaughan. Además, los principios desarrollados en España (1936-39) para la práctica militar de transfusiones de sangre siguen respaldando las medidas actuales de reanimación de heridos en el campo de batalla.

By the end of the First World War, the value of blood transfusion was widely recognized, but it was not until the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) that large civilian blood donor organizations were created to provide preserved (citrated) blood for transfusion, for both civilian and military patients. Indirect transfusion techniques were developed to administer this blood, with easy-to-use instruments, capable of being carried out anywhere and by any medical personnel with experience in the administration of intravenous injections. Efficient transportation and distribution systems were also established in order to adequately supply the sanitary facilities that served the moving battle fronts. This pioneering work enabled the creation, for the first time in history, of military blood transfusion services. While this was the case for both the insurgent (Nationalist) forces and those of the Spanish Republican Government, it is the latter that forms the focus of this particular study. This is made possible by the publications of Catalan hematologist Frederic Duran Jordà, creator and director of the Republican Blood Transfusion Service, who details the techniques and procedures developed during the war for the collection, testing, distribution and transfusion of blood. Further insight - especially with regard to the practical application of front-line transfusion - can be gleaned from the various writings of Dr Reginald Saxton, British volunteer with the Republican Sanidad Militar. It is the intention, here, to demonstrate that the British authorities benefitted greatly from the Spanish experience in the development of plans for transfusion services that would prove crucial in treating civilian and military casualties during World War II (1939-1945). Frederic Duran Jordà, and Reginald Saxton were key advisers, together with others returning from Spain, including renowned British hematologist, Janet Vaughan. Moreover, the principles developed in Spain (1936-39) for delivery of military blood transfusion practice still support current measures in battlefield casualty resuscitation.

Medicine, Religion, and the Humanitarian Ethos: Walter B. Cannon, Unitarianism, and the Care of Spanish Republican Refugees in France.

Biographies of Walter B. Cannon (1871-1945) usually present two sides of his life: one, where he was an outstanding man of science in the United States during the so-called "Golden Age of Medicine," and the other, where he was a leading humanitarian activist engaged in myriad causes, notably in the defense of Spanish democracy during the Civil War (1936-1939). However, these biographies fail to take into account that the apparent link between these two sides of his life was his religious conviction. This study summarizes the aims and accomplishments of the American Medical Bureau to Aid the Spanish Democracy (AMBASD) of which Cannon was chair between 1937 and 1939. Then, it examines Cannon's inspirational role on the international relief work with Spanish Republican refugees in France, through the case of the Varsovie Hospital of Toulouse that between 1945 and 1949 was jointly managed by the Unitarian Service Committee (USC) and the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee (JAFRC), and renamed Varsovie Hospital/Walter B. Cannon Memorial in recognition of the Spanish Republicans' debt for his extraordinary contribution during the Spanish Civil War and beyond. Finally, the article investigates the Unitarian roots of Cannon's humanitarian ethos by exploring the historical relations of this religious movement with science and with many major actors at Harvard University as well as the links of Cannon's relatives to Unitarianism. The analysis reveals Unitarianism's influence on Cannon's views about science, democracy, and liberty, as well as on his remarkable involvement in the medical solidarity movement with the Second Spanish Republic and other similar commitments. In sum, it shows how important is to branch out in our studies of medical and scientific practice to include practitioners' broader social and religious communities in order to understand their motivations, achievements, and behavior.

Las enfermeras de la Juventud Femenina de la Acción Católica en la GuerraCivil Española y la Constitución de Salus Infirmorum / As enfermeiras da Juventude Feminina da Ação Católica na Guerra Civil Espanhola e aConstituição da Salus Infirmorum / The nurses of the Feminine Youth of the Catholic Action in the Spanish Civil War and the Constitution of Salus Infirmorum

The health requirements brought about by the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) led to the urgentorganisation of health services. Nurses played a crucial role and generously took care of the civil andmilitary populations. Objetive: we want to highlight the work carried out by nurses of the women’sbranch of the Catholic Action Youth, led by their president María de Madariaga, who was appointedDeputy Inspector of women’s hospital services; and justify the creation of the Sisterhood of Nurses SalusInfirmorum. Method: It is study historical-desccriptive, based on primary and secundary sources from thearchives of Catholic Action Youth and Salus Infirmorum. Results: Over 4,500 nurses of the Women'sCatholic Action Youth provided care and assistance in hospitals, pharmacies, and garment workshops forcombatants, visited hospitals and trained nurses. This work led to the subsequent creation of the SalusInfirmorum Sisterhood in 1942 founded by María de Madariaga as a group of Catholicnurses.Conclusion: The young women of JFAC actively participated in the national camp. Finished thewar, it is created and and developed the Salus Infirmorum Sisterhood as a result leadership by María deMadariaga in the JFAC. (AU)

Las necesidades sanitarias que trajo consigo la Guerra Civil española (1936-1939), provocó laurgente organización de los servicios sanitarios. Las enfermeras participaron de manera decisiva ygenerosa en los cuidados de la población civil y militar, en cada uno de los bandos enfrentados. Objetivo:destacar la labor de las enfermeras de la rama femenina de las jóvenes de Acción Católica (JFAC),lideradas por su presidenta María de Madariaga; y justificar la creación de la Hermandad de EnfermerasSalus Infirmorum. Metodología: estudio histórico descriptivo mediante fuentes primarias y secundariasdel archivo de la Juventud Femenina de la Acción Católica y de Salus Infirmorum. Resultados: Más de4.500 enfermeras de la JFAC prestaron atención y ayuda en hospitales, farmacias, talleres de confecciónde prendas para combatientes, visitando hospitales o realizando cursillos de formación para enfermeras.Esta labor derivó en la posterior creación de la Hermandad de Enfermeras Salus Infirmorum en 1942,fundada por María de Madariaga como una agrupación de enfermeras católicas. Conclusión: Las jóvenesde la JFAC participaron activamente en el bando nacional. Finalizada la guerra, se crea y desarrolla lahermandad de enfermeras Salus Infirmorum, fruto del liderazgo de María de Madariaga en la JFAC. (AU)

As necessidades de saúde decorrente da Guerra Civil Espanhola (1936-1939), levaram à urgenteorganização dos serviços de saúde. Os enfermeiros participaram de forma decisiva e generosa no cuidadoda população civil e militar, em cada um dos lados que se enfrentavam. Objetivo: destacar o trabalho dasjovens enfermeiras da Ação Católica (J, lideradas por sua presidente María de Madariaga; e justificar acriação da Irmandade de Enfermeiras Salus Infirmorum. Método: Estudio histórico descritivo, com fontesprimárias e secundárias, do arquivo da Juventude Feminina da Ação Católica e Salus Infirmorum.Resultados: Mais de 4.500 enfermeiras da Juventude Feminina da Ação Católica prestaram atendimento eajuda em hospitais, farmácias, ateliê de roupas para combatentes, visitando hospitales ou realizandocursos de formação para enfermeiras. Este trabalho levou à criação posterior da Irmandade deEnfermeiras Salus Infirmorum em 1942, fundada por María de Madariaga como um grupo de enfermeirascatólicas. Conclusões: As jovens do JFAC participaram ativamente do acampamento nacional. Após aguerra, a irmandade de enfermeiras Salus Infirmorum foi criada e desenvolvida, como resultado daliderança de María de Madariaga no JFAC. (AU)

La farmacéutica Milagro Almenara Pérez, del olvido a su reconocimiento / The pharmacist Milagro Almenara Pérez, from oblivion to her recognition

Introducción: Milagro Almenara Pérez se licenció en la Facultad de Farmacia de la Universidad de Granada en 1921. Sin embargo, tras la Guerra Civil, parece que ella nunca existió, y no solo su persona, sino también su expediente universitario e incluso la farmacia de Granada en la que trabajó. En este artículo se muestra una breve biografía suya, con el doble objetivo de ponerla como referente ante la sociedad y también de ilustrar las muchas similitudes existentes entre su vida y la del conocido poeta granadino Federico García Lorca. Método: Búsqueda de información sobre Milagro Almenara Pérez en fuentes archivísticas, bibliográficas, digitales e incluso periodísticas, que ha permitido completar con datos nuevos y recientes algunos aspectos biográficos que no se encuentran en los no muy abundantes trabajos de investigación ya publicados sobre ella. Resultados: Como resultado del estudio realizado se han añadido datos originales recientes a la biografía de Milagro Almenara Pérez y se justifica la hipótesis de la existencia de una determinada similitud entre su vida y la del poeta andaluz Federico García Lorca. Conclusiones: Durante la Guerra Civil Española se destruyeron, por parte de ambos bandos, muchos documentos, tanto personales como institucionales, que atañían a aquellas personas a las que cada bando consideraba desafectas. Entre ellas, la farmacéutica Milagro Almenara, cuya vida presenta muchas coincidencias con la del poeta Federico García Lorca. (AU)

Introduction: Milagro Almenara Pérez graduated from the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Granada in 1921. However, after the Civil War, it seems that she never existed, and not only her person, but also her university record and even the Granada pharmacy where she worked. This article shows a biography of her, with the double objective of showing her as a reference to society and also to illustrate the strong parallelism between her life and that of the well-known Granada poet, Federico García Lorca. Method: A search for information on Milagro Almenara Pérez has been carried out in archival, bibliographic, digital and even journalistic sources that has made possible to complete with new and recent data some biographical aspects that are not found in the few research works already published on her. Results: As a result of the study, original data have been added to the biography of Milagro Almenara Pérez and the hypothesis of the existence of a certain similarity between her life and that of the famous Andalusian poet Federico García Lorca is justified. Conclusions: In the Spanish Civil War many documents, both personal and institutional, were destroyed by both sides, which concerned those people whom each side considered disaffected. Among them, the pharmacist Milagro Almenara, whose life had many coincidences with that of the poet Federico García Lorca. (AU)

Timoteo Mendieta Alcalá and the Pact of Forgetting: trauma analysis of execution victims from a Spanish Civil War mass burial site at Guadalajara, Castilla la Mancha.

Fascist dictator Francisco Franco was responsible for the torture, murder and covert burial of 150-200,000 civilians both during and after the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). This comprises one of the largest concentrations of mass graves and victims in the world, yet efforts to exhume them have been strenuously blocked by subsequent governments. This research documents the 2017 exhumation of Timoteo Mendieta Alcalá and 27 other individuals executed between July and November 1939, and interred at the cemetery in Guadalajara, Castilla La Mancha. The analysis includes DNA identifications and an assessment of cultural (possessions) and bioarchaeological variables (age/sex, stature, palaeopathology) in order to contextualise studies of ante/peri-mortem trauma, and thus understand the decedents' lives and the manner in which they were treated before and up to the time of their executions. Of the 24 burials in the main grave, 23 (95.8%) showed gunshot trauma (GSW), 7 (29.2%) showed blunt force trauma (BFT) and 1 (4.2%) showed sharp force trauma (SFT). Five of the main group (20.8%) showed healing lesions indicative of often extensive assault in the weeks leading up to their execution; one individual had sustained 27 fractures. GSW patterns are consistent with an organised firing squad, followed by multiple GSW at close range in the back/side of the head. This research elucidates unrecorded aspects of fascist dominion in 1936-9, adds to extant research on pattern and method in global atrocities, and demonstrates the human cost of the Spanish Civil War to those who aim to trivialise it.

El dictador fascista Francisco Franco fue responsable por la tortura, asesinato y enterramiento encubierto de unos 150­200.000 civiles, tanto durante cómo después de la Guerra Civil Española (1936­1939). Esto comprende uno de los números más grandes de fosas comunes en el mundo, aunado a que los esfuerzos para exhumar a las víctimas han sido enérgicamente bloqueados por gobiernos sucesivos. Esta investigación documenta la exhumación realizada en el año 2017, de Timoteo Mendieta Alcalá y otros 27 individuos que fueron ejecutados entre Julio y Noviembre de 1939, fueron enterrados en el cementerio de Guadalajara, Castilla La Mancha. El análisis incluye la identificación de ADN, una evaluación de la cultura material (posesiones) y variables bioarqueológicas (edad/sexo, estatura, paleopatologías) para contextualizar estudios de trauma ante/peri mortem, para entender la vida de los difuntos y la manera en que fueron tratados antes y al memento de su ejecución. De los 24 enterramientos de la fosa común, 23 (95,8%) mostraron traumas por armas de fuego, 7 (29,2%) mostraron traumas por objetos contundentes y 1 (4,2%) mostró trauma por un objeto afilado. Cinco individuos del grupo principal (20,8%) mostraron lesiones ya curadas, lo que indica asaltos, a menudo extensos, semanas antes de su ejecución; un individuo presentó 27 fracturas. Los patrones de las heridas de balas son consistentes con la formacion de un pelotón de fusilamiento, por lo tanto les dispararon en un rango de corto alcance, en la parte posterior de la cabeza. Está investigación apunta a dilucidar aspectos no registrados del dominio fascista en 1936-9, buscando extender las investigaciones de patrones y métodos de atrocidades globales, demostrando así el verdadero saldo de vidas humanas que tuvo la Guerra Civil Española, en especial para aquellos que buscan trivializarlo.

El trabajo de Antonio Chamorro en el Institut du Radium de París (1938-1952): hormonas y cáncer de mama / The work of antonio chamorro at the institut du radium, paris (1938-52): hormones and breast cancer

El objetivo de este trabajo es visibilizar la relevancia de uno de los personajes que fueron víctimas del exilio científico tras la guerra civil española. Se trata de Antonio Chamorro Daza (Huesa, Jaén, 1903-Banyoles, Girona, 2003), un Profesor Ayudante de Clases prácticas de la Facultad de Medicina de Granada que, sorprendido en Berlín por la sublevación militar, posteriormente fue juzgado por el Tribunal para la Represión de la Masonería y el Comunismo e inhabilitado para el ejercicio profesional en España. Como refugiado político en París, formó parte de una élite de investigadores que volcaron sus esfuerzos en la investigación experimental sobre el origen hormonal del cáncer de mama, basándose en la llamada medicina de laboratorio, con notables hallazgos, reconocidos en el gran número de publicaciones en las que se les tuvo en cuenta. El grupo de trabajo estuvo dirigido por el médico francés Antoine Lacassagne, quien influyó decisivamente en el porvenir de Antonio Chamorro. (AU)

The objective of this work is to make visible the relevance of one of the characters who were victims of scientific exile after the Spanish civil war. This is Antonio Chamorro Daza, an Assistant Professor of Practical Classes of the Faculty of Medicine of Granada, who was surprised in Berlin by the military uprising, was subsequently tried by the Court for the Repression of Freemasonry and Communism and disabled for the professional exercise in Spain. As a political refugee in Paris, he was part of the elite of researchers who turned their efforts into experimental research on the hormonal origin of breast cancer, based on the so-called laboratory medicine, with remarkable findings, recognized in the large number of publications in those that were taken into account. The working group was led by the French doctor Antoine Lacassagne, who decisively influenced the future of Antonio Chamorro.(AU)

Doomed Youth: Antonio Cánovas, a Young Sportsman in Time of War in 1930s Spain.

During the Spanish Civil War (SCW) 1936-1939, many young working-class sportsmen volunteered. They were both physically and politically active and some of them outstanding athletes. The search of these unknown men has just begun. Doomed Youth is a tribute to them and the first step toward a bigger attempt to better comprehend the role of sportsmen volunteers enlisted during the first months of the SCW, a fact that to date has received little scholar attention. Archival research, especially war combatants' family records as well as newspaper archives, oral memories of the protagonists left alive, and historical contextualization were defined as the appropriate methods to conduct the research. This paper is devoted to one of these young volunteers, Antonio Cánovas, recently dead in 2018 at the age of 98, whose life story in the 1930s and 1940s may be taken as the epitome of the young working-class sportsman of the cutting-edge regions of Spain in the first half of the 20th century: youngsters aware of their political and social rights whose dreams of social justice and active life were dashed by the war.

Spanish Civil War: The recovery and identification of combatants.

In the context of exhumations of individuals who died during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), since the year 2000, over 780 mass graves have been excavated using archaeological methodology and following forensic protocols. Most of the recovered more than 9600 bodies have tended to be from the Republican civil population, the majority having been executed extrajudicially. However, a number of exhumations relate to the remains of soldiers who died in combat. In fact, approximately 100 individual or mass graves have been investigated and exhumed, containing the remains of combatants. These burials tend to be in the same location where they fell, usually in the front line, or close to the field hospitals where they went after being wounded initially. During the recovery of the human remains, a number of artefacts related to the uniform as well as personal effects have been found. An interdisciplinary approach from archaeology, anthropology, genetics, history and other disciplines has enabled the identification of some of these combatants. The aim of this paper is to present the data obtained from these combatants and highlight the work undertaken in Spain, and the efforts by scientists to exhume, identify and return the remains to relatives where possible.

La Agrupación Profesional de Médicos Liberales: la respuesta progresista del asociacionismomédico español (1935-1939) / The Professional Association of Liberal Doctors: the progressive response of Spanish medical associations (1935-1939)

Este trabajo es una aportación a la escasa historiografía sobre el asociacionismo profesional médico en España en la primera mitad del siglo XX. La Agrupación Profesional de Médicos Liberales (APML), creada durante la II República Española, no sólo intentó romper con los antecedentes asociativos tradicionales de la profesión médica, sino que participó activa-mente a nivel político y social con el objetivo de obtener una medicina comprometida con la sociedad. Este posicionamiento activo hizo que la APML fuera considerada un enemigo más del régimen de Franco, y sus afiliados víctimas de la represión y el exilio (AU)

"1984": What Orwell could not predict. Proteomic analysis of his scripts.

George Orwell, fighter for the Republican Army during the Spanish Civil War, was shot through the throat by a sniper on 20th May 1937 and nearly killed. After receiving only a summary external treatment, on the 29th, he was cured in a Barcelona hospital where he was infected by the Koch bacillus. After fleeing from Spain on 23rd June 1937, he repaired to his cottage in Wallington, Hertfordshire, wherefrom he wrote a letter to Sergey Dynamov, Editor of Soviet journal "Foreign Literature." This typewritten letter was analyzed by application of five EVA strips (ethylene vinyl acetate studded with strong cation and anion and with C8 and C18 resins; four on the corners and one over his signature), searching for biological traces. Upon elution of the captured biologicals, trypsin digestion and Orbitrap Fusion trihybrid mass spectrometer analyses, three of the five strips yielded clear traces of six unique proteins (via proteotypic peptides) of the tuberculosis bacterium. Additionally, MALDI TOF analysis of saliva of a tuberculosis patient and the EVA strip eluates gave a spectrum of 14 peptide bands (Mr 2700 to 6700 Da range) coincident between the two samples, thus, fully confirming Orwell's pathology. These results are attributed to saliva traces on Orwell's fingertips and to the fact that the letter was written on 2nd July 1937, when Orwell's pathology was at its peak.