Development of New Open-Set Speech Material for Use in Clinical Audiology with Speakers of British English.

BACKGROUND: The Chear open-set performance test (COPT), which uses a carrier phrase followed by a monosyllabic test word, is intended for clinical assessment of speech recognition, evaluation of hearing-device performance, and the fine-tuning of hearing devices for speakers of British English. This paper assesses practice effects, test-retest reliability, and the variability across lists of the COPT. METHOD: In experiment 1, 16 normal-hearing participants were tested using an initial version of the COPT, at three speech-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Experiment 2 used revised COPT lists, with items swapped between lists to reduce differences in difficulty across lists. In experiment 3, test-retest repeatability was assessed for stimuli presented in quiet, using 15 participants with sensorineural hearing loss. RESULTS: After administration of a single practice list, no practice effects were evident. The critical difference between scores for two lists was about 2 words (out of 15) or 5 phonemes (out of 50). The mean estimated SNR required for 74% words correct was -0.56 dB, with a standard deviation across lists of 0.16 dB. For the participants with hearing loss tested in quiet, the critical difference between scores for two lists was about 3 words (out of 15) or 6 phonemes (out of 50).

Validade de conteúdo do Profiles of Early Expressive Phonological Skills-Brazilian Portuguese (PEEPS-BP) - Lista Expandida / Content validity of the Profiles of Early Expressive Phonological Skills-Brazilian Portuguese (PEEPS-BP) - Expanded List

RESUMO Objetivo Realizar a adaptação transcultural do Instrumento Profiles of Early Expressive Phonological Skills- Brazilian Portuguese (PEEPS-BP) - Lista expandida, realizando a validação de conteúdo. Método Estudo de adaptação transcultural, quantitativo e transversal, considerando critérios psicométricos. Realizou-se o estudo da lista de 423 palavras do Inventário de Desenvolvimento Comunicativo- MacArthur- Palavras e Sentenças, adaptado para o Português Brasileiro. O método foi dividido em quatro Etapas. A lista foi julgada por juízes especialistas (JE) e juízes não especialistas (JNE), considerando como critério a familiaridade da palavra para uma criança entre 24 e 36 meses, e a representatividade da palavra com brinquedo/objeto, contemplando as Etapas 1 e 2. Os juízes crianças analisaram, em situação de coleta de dados, a familiaridade e a representatividade das palavras-estímulos, apresentado na Etapa 3. Após, realizou-se o estudo piloto- Etapa 4, com as palavras-estímulo selecionadas. Na análise estatística dos juízes especialistas e não especialistas utilizou-se o índice de Concordância do Kappa Fleiss e Gwet. Na análise das respostas dos juízes crianças e no estudo piloto, a análise foi feita em relação ao tipo de resposta da criança, especificamente pontuando a nomeação espontânea do brinquedo/objeto, pontuando de forma qualitativa. Resultados O resultado da Etapa 1 e 2, e a concordância dos testes estatísticos para os critérios de Familiaridade e Representatividade foi de 45,7% para JE e 76,4% para JNE, e resultado de 100% para a concordância da Representatividade. Foram analisadas 122 palavras, resultantes dos critérios previamente estabelecidos, totalizando 34 palavras (exclusão de uma palavra por parte das pesquisadoras), totalizando 33 palavras-estímulos. Na Etapa 3, das 33 palavras-estímulos aplicadas, nove apresentaram pontuação de nomeação espontânea abaixo do esperado, sendo retestadas para a Etapa 4, Estudo Piloto. O resultado do Estudo Piloto evidenciou que das nove palavras-estímulos retestadas, quatro delas ainda apresentaram pontuação abaixo, sendo excluídas do estudo. Portanto com a aplicação do estudo piloto a lista expandida do PEEPS-BP, resultou em 29 palavras. Conclusão O PEEPS-BP - Lista Expandida apresentou evidências de validade de conteúdo satisfatórias para a adaptação transcultural do teste.

ABSTRACT Purpose To carry out the cross-cultural adaptation of the Instrument Profiles of Early Expressive Phonological Skills- Brazilian Portuguese (PEEPS-BP) - Expanded list, performing content validation. Methods Cross-cultural, quantitative and cross- sectional adaptation study, considering psychometric criteria. A study was carried out on the list of 423 words from the Communicative Development Inventory - MacArthur - Words and Sentences, adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. The method was divided into four steps. The list was judged by expert judges (JE) and non-specialist judges (JNE), considering as a criterion the familiarity of the word for a child aged between 24 and 36 months, and the representativeness of the word with toy/object, contemplating Steps 1 and 2. The child judges analyzed, in a data collection situation, the familiarity and representativeness of the stimulus-words, presented in Step 3. Afterwards, the pilot study - Step 4, was carried out with the selected stimulus-words. In the statistical analysis by expert and non-specialist judges, the Fleiss' Kappa and Gwet Concordance index was used. In the analysis of the responses of the child judges and in the Pilot Study, the analysis was made in relation to the type of response of the child, specifically scoring the spontaneous naming of the toy/object, scoring qualitatively. Results The result of Steps 1 and 2, and the agreement of the statistical tests for the Familiarity and Representativeness criteria was 45.7% for JE and 76.4% for JNE, and a result of 100% for the agreement of Representativeness. A total of 122 words were analyzed, resulting from previously established criteria, totaling 34 words (exclusion of one word by the researchers), totaling 33 stimulus-words. In Stage 3, of the 33 stimulus-words applied, nine presented spontaneous naming scores below expectations, being retested for Step 4, the Pilot Study. The result of the Pilot Study showed that of the nine retested stimulus-words, four of them still had a score below, being excluded from the study. Therefore, with the application of the Pilot Study, the expanded list of PEEPS-BP resulted in 29 words. Conclusion The PEEPS-BP - Expanded List showed satisfactory evidence of content validity for the cross-cultural adaptation of the test.

Neuroendocrine response to a psychosocial stress test is not related to schizotypy but cortisol elevation predicts inflexibility of semantic memory retrieval.

An altered stress response can contribute to the transition from preclinical psychotic symptoms to the clinical manifestation of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. The present study was aimed at testing the hypotheses that (i) the autonomic and neuroendocrine responses under psychosocial stress are dysregulated in individuals with high psychosis proneness (schizotypy); (ii) the magnitude of post-stress autonomic activation and cortisol release predicts alterations in semantic memory retrieval. The study was performed in 73 healthy individuals of both sexes with either high or low schizotypal traits preselected out of 609 individuals using the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. A psychosocial stress procedure based on public speech was used as a stress model. We found that individuals with high schizotypy engaged in less adaptive emotional stress-coping strategies than low schizotypy individuals. Yet, the neuroendocrine, immune, and sympathetic activation in response to the stress test was not different between the groups. Irrespective of the exposure to the stressor, individuals with high schizotypy were less fluent when retrieving associations from semantic memory. In addition, we demonstrated that acute psychosocial stress reduced the flexibility of semantic memory retrieval. The post-stress mental inflexibility was reliably predicted by the concomitant elevation of cortisol concentrations in saliva. The present study thus brings novel evidence indicating that the acute psychosocial challenge impairs retrieval flexibility in the semantic domain, which may be due to neuroendocrine activation.

The German hearing in noise test with a female talker: development and comparison with German male speech test.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to develop the German Hearing in Noise Test (HINT) with female speaker by fulfilling the recommendations by International Collegium of Rehabilitative Audiology (ICRA) for using a female speaker to create new multilingual speech tests and to determine norms and to compare these norms with German male speech tests-the male speakers HINT and the Oldenburg Sentence Test (OLSA). METHODS: The HINT with a female speaker consists of the same speech material as the male speaking HINT. After recording the speech material, 10 normal hearing subjects were included to determine the performance-intensity function (PI function). 24 subjects were part of the measurements to determine the norms and compare them with the norms of male HINT and OLSA. Comparably, adaptive, open-set methods under headphones (HINT) and sound field (OLSA) were used. RESULTS: Acoustic phonetic analysis demonstrated significant difference in mean fundamental frequency, its range and mean speaking rate between both HINT speakers. The calculated norms by three of the tested four conditions of the HINT with a female speaker are not significantly different from the norms with a male speaker. No significant effect of the speaker's gender of the first HINT measurement and no significant correlation between the threshold results of the HINT and the OLSA were determined. CONCLUSIONS: The Norms for German HINT with a female speaker are comparable to the norms of the HINT with a male speaker. The speech intelligibility score of the HINT does not depend on the speakers' gender despite significant difference of acoustic-phonetic parameters between the female and male HINT speaker's voice. Instead, the speech intelligibility rating must be seen as a function of the used speech material.

Masked Speech Recognition by Normal-Hearing 6-13-Year-Olds in Conditions With and Without Interaural Difference Cues.

Using the Danish 'børneDAT' corpus, the current study aimed to (1) collect normative masked speech recognition data for 6-13-year-olds in conditions with and without interaural difference cues, (2) evaluate the test-retest reliability of these measurements, and (3) compare two widely used measures of binaural/spatial benefit in terms of the obtained scores. Seventy-four children and 17 young adults with normal hearing participated. Using headphone presentation, speech recognition thresholds (SRTs) were measured twice at two separate visits in four conditions. In the first two conditions, børneDAT sentences were presented in diotic stationary speech-shaped noise, with the sentences either interaurally in-phase ('N0S0') or interaurally out-of-phase ('N0S180'). In the other two conditions, børneDAT sentences were simulated to come from 0° azimuth and two running speech maskers from either 0° azimuth ('co-located') or ±90° azimuth ('spatially separated'). In relative terms, the children achieved lower SRTs in stationary noise than in competing speech, whereas the adults showed the opposite pattern. 12-13-year-old children achieved adult-like performance in all but the co-located condition. Younger children showed generally immature speech recognition abilities. Test-retest reliability was highest for the SRTs in stationary noise and lowest for the spatial benefit scores. Mean benefit was comparable for the two measures and participant groups, and the two sets of scores were not correlated with each other. Developmental effects were most pronounced in the conditions with interaural difference cues. In conclusion, reference data for the børneDAT corpus obtained under different acoustic conditions are available that can guide future research and potential clinical applications.

Validation of the Maltese Adaptive Auditory Speech Test (AAST).

The Adaptive Auditory Speech Test (AAST) was developed to record the Speech Recognition Threshold (SRT) in children in quiet or with background noise. AAST is an interlingually valid and reliable standardised tool with speech material developed in several languages. The Maltese version of the Adaptive Auditory Speech Test (AAST) was developed to examine the speech recognition skills of 208 children and 40 Maltese-speaking adults in quiet, noise and high frequency. The aims were to determine the norms in these three settings in adults and children aged 4 years and older. The Maltese version of AAST confirms an age dependent norm threshold with a significant improvement in threshold being observed as children grow older, similar to other AAST versions. This was evident across the three test settings. An approximate difference of 10 dB was also noted between 4-year-old and 10-year-old children in AAST in quiet. Thresholds of 10-year-olds and adults were similar in both the quiet and high frequency versions. Implications for post Universal Newborn Hearing Screening using these tools are addressed.

[Effectiveness of hearing aid provision for severe hearing loss]. / Wirksamkeit der Hörgeräteversorgung bei hochgradigem Hörverlust.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In practice, the unilateral monosyllabic speech recognition score with hearing aid (WRS65(HA)) is often below the maximum word recognition score with headphones (WRSmax), in particular for subjects with severe hearing loss. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency factor Q of hearing aid provision, the ratio WRS65(HA)/WRSmax, in patients with severe to profound hearing loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from real-ear measurements (REM), pure tone and speech audiogram, and speech recognition with and without hearing aid of 93 ears in 64 patients were examined. The patients visited the authors' hearing center for hearing aid evaluation in 2019. Deviations of the real-ear measured frequency-dependent output level values from the prescription targets NAL-NL2 and DSL v5.0 were analyzed. Spearman correlation coefficients for the speech intelligibility index (SII) were calculated for the parameters WRS65(HA) and Q. RESULTS: In more than 67% of the hearing aid fittings, output level values matched the target curves of NAL-NL2 or DSL v5.0 in the range of ±5 dB for frequencies from 0.5 to 4 kHz at 65 dB SPL. Nevertheless, WRSmax was not achieved with hearing aid at conversational speech levels of 65 dB SPL (mean deviations: 34.4%). However, WRS65(HA) and Q were best when target values for DSL v5.0 were achieved at 65 dB SPL, which is associated with a higher SII. CONCLUSION: For patients with severe to profound hearing loss, the prescription targets of NAL-NL2 and DSL v5.0 do not provide sufficient amplification for WRSmax to be achieved at a normal speech level of 65 dB SPL. It remains to be investigated whether alternative prescriptions with better audibility for input levels of 50 and 65 dB SPL might improve the effectiveness of hearing aid provision.

A Digital Filter-Based Method for Diagnosing Speech Comprehension Deficits.

OBJECTIVE: To improve the diagnostic efficiency of current tests for auditory processing disorders (APDs) by creating new test signals using digital filtering methods. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study from August 1, 2014, to August 31, 2019, using 3 low speech redundancy tests with novel test signals that we created with specially designed digital filters: the binaural resynthesis test and the low pass and high pass filtered speech tests. We validated and optimized these new tests, then applied them to healthy individuals across different age groups to examine how age affected performance and to children with APD before and after acoustically controlled auditory training (ACAT) to assess clinical improvement after treatment. RESULTS: We found a progressive increase in performance accuracy with less restrictive filters (P<.001) and with increasing age for all tests (P<.001). Our results suggest that binaural resynthesis and auditory closure mature at similar rates. We also demonstrate that the new tests can be used for the diagnosis of APD and for the monitoring of ACAT effects. Interestingly, we found that patients having the most severe deficits also benefited the most from ACAT (P<.001). CONCLUSION: We introduce a method that substantially improves current diagnostic tools for APD. In addition, we provide information on auditory processing maturation in normal development and validate that our method can detect APD-related deficits and ACAT-induced improvements in auditory processing.

The Development of a Paediatric Phoneme Discrimination Test for Arabic Phonemic Contrasts.

Objective: The aim of this project was to develop the Arabic CAPT (A-CAPT), a Standard Arabic version of the CHEAR auditory perception test (CAPT) that assesses consonant perception ability in children. Method: This closed-set test was evaluated with normal-hearing children aged 5 to 11 years. Development and validation of the speech materials were accomplished in two experimental phases. Twenty-six children participated in phase I, where the test materials were piloted to ensure that the selected words were age appropriate and that the form of Arabic used was familiar to the children. Sixteen children participated in phase II where test-retest reliability, age effects, and critical differences were measured. A computerized implementation was used to present stimuli and collect responses. Children selected one of four response options displayed on a screen for each trial. Results: Two lists of 32 words were developed with two levels of difficulty, easy and hard. Assessment of test-retest reliability for the final version of the lists showed a strong agreement. A within-subject ANOVA showed no significant difference between test and retest sessions. Performance improved with increasing age. Critical difference values were similar to the British English version of the CAPT. Conclusions: The A-CAPT is an appropriate speech perception test for assessing Arabic-speaking children as young as 5 years old. This test can reliably assess consonant perception ability and monitor changes over time or after an intervention.

Comparison of speech recognition in cochlear implant patients with and without residual hearing: A review of indications.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated existing guidelines for cochlear implantation (CI) according to the residual hearing of the patient. Speech recognition performance of adults implanted according to their degree of residual hearing was retrospectively evaluated. METHODS: Speech recognition results of 174 adult cochlear implant recipients were analyzed. All participants had pure tone thresholds of >75 dB at 2 and 4 kHz and were divided into three groups based on differing levels of low-frequency residual hearing. RESULTS: Findings indicate that CI was of benefit for all patients with bilateral severe hearing loss and patients with nonfunctional residual hearing both in quiet and noisy conditions. Patients with residual low-frequency hearing could benefit from combined electro-acoustic stimulation compared to CI alone or to hearing aids alone preoperatively. The speech recognition performance of all CI recipients with different levels of residual hearing in the low frequencies was similar except that superior performance was observed in the group using electro-acoustic stimulation compared to electrical stimulation alone. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Study results demonstrate the success of CI in accordance with current guidelines and also support expanding implantation guidelines to include patients who have severe-to-profound high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss and usable residual low frequency hearing.

The German hearing in noise test.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to develop a German Hearing In Noise Test (HINT) using the same methodology as with previous HINT tests; to develop sentence lists for measuring speech reception thresholds (SRTs); and to determine test-retest reliability and norms for measures obtained under headphones. DESIGN: The following steps were followed: develop and record sentences, synthesise masking noise, determine the performance-intensity (PI) function, equalise sentence difficulty in the masking noise. Form sentence lists of equal difficulty. Measure SRTs for normal hearing individuals to determine practice/learning effects, test-retest reliability, and norms. STUDY SAMPLE: Three groups of adults (median age = 25 years) with average better ear pure-tone averages (PTAs) ≤ 5 dB HL participated. RESULTS: The 12 20-sentence lists were well-matched phonemically and did not differ significantly in difficulty. Test-retest reliability 95% confidence intervals ranged from 1.3 to 2.5 dB. Norms in quiet and in noise exhibited the same pattern as those for other HINT languages. German norms were approximately 2 dB lower than other languages in the noise conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The German HINT materials are comparable to those for other languages and are partially consistent with recommendations for construction of multilingual speech tests. They can be used for comparing and pooling research results from the international research community.

Comparison of real-ear insertion gains in Japanese-speaking individuals wearing hearing aids with DSLv5 and NAL-NL2.

OBJECTIVE: We used real-ear insertion gain (REIG), with the international speech test signal (ISTS), to evaluate the amplifying characteristics of hearing aids, set for patients who have been wearing such aids for a long time in a stable manner. We further compared this to the target values of the DSLv5 and NAL-NL2 methods. METHODS: The subjects were adults with moderate sensorineural hearing loss. We examined 40 ears in 25 individuals (15 people wearing hearing aids in both ears and ten people wearing aid in only one ear). Fit assessments were performed based on the speech performance-intensity functions and tolerance of environmental noise, and the ears studied were categorized as either ears with sufficient benefit or ears with insufficient benefit. Additionally, we evaluated the REIG for international speech test signals at 65-dB and 80-dB sound pressure level (SPL). We compared the REIG and target values for voice input at 65-dB and 80-dB SPL, calculated from the DSLv5 and NAL-NL2 methods. RESULTS: Among the 40 ears, 34 received sufficient benefit and six received an insufficient benefit from hearing aids. The REIG for ISTS at 65-dB in the sufficient benefit ears, at frequencies of 1,000 Hz and 2,000 Hz, were similar to the target values of NAL-NL2 and DSLv5 but were significantly lower at 250 Hz, 500 Hz, and 4,000 Hz frequencies. The compression ratio of REIG for sufficient benefit ears was similar to that of DSLv5. The REIG for ISTS at 65-dB in the insufficient benefit ears was smaller than that in the sufficient benefit ears at frequencies of 2,000 Hz and 4,000 Hz. CONCLUSION: This study suggested that the target values of NAL-NL2 and DSLv5 are appropriate, even for Japanese-speaking individuals, at mid-pitch sounds. Although it is necessary to investigate the necessity for low-pitch and high-pitch gains further in the future, this study provides meaningful data regarding the amplifying characteristics in Japanese-speaking individuals who have been wearing hearing aids in a stable manner.

A Danish Sentence Corpus for Assessing Speech Recognition in Noise in School-Age Children.

For the audiological assessment of the speech-in-noise abilities of children with normal or impaired hearing, appropriate test materials are required. However, in Denmark, no standardized materials exist. The purpose of this study was to develop a Danish sentence corpus suitable for testing school-age children. Based on the 600 validated test sentences from the Danish DAT (Dagmar, Asta, or Tine) corpus, 11 test lists comprising 20 sentences each were carefully constructed. These lists were evaluated in terms of their perceptual similarity and reliability with a group of 20 typically developing, normal-hearing children aged 6 to 12 years. Using stationary speech-shaped noise and diotic stimulus presentation, speech recognition thresholds (SRTs) were measured twice per list and participant at two separate visits. The analyses showed that six test lists were perceptually equivalent. These lists are characterized by a grand average SRT of -2.6 dB signal-to-noise ratio, a test-retest improvement of 0.6 dB, and a within-subject standard deviation of 1.1 dB signal-to-noise ratio. The other lists were characterized by slightly higher SRTs, slightly larger training effects, and slightly larger measurement uncertainty, but were otherwise also usable. Overall, it is therefore concluded that the developed corpus is suited for assessing speech recognition in noise in Danish 6- to 12-year olds. The corpus is publicly available.

Gradient boosting for Parkinson's disease diagnosis from voice recordings.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a clinically diagnosed neurodegenerative disorder that affects both motor and non-motor neural circuits. Speech deterioration (hypokinetic dysarthria) is a common symptom, which often presents early in the disease course. Machine learning can help movement disorders specialists improve their diagnostic accuracy using non-invasive and inexpensive voice recordings. METHOD: We used "Parkinson Dataset with Replicated Acoustic Features Data Set" from the UCI-Machine Learning repository. The dataset included 44 speech-test based acoustic features from patients with PD and controls. We analyzed the data using various machine learning algorithms including Light and Extreme Gradient Boosting, Random Forest, Support Vector Machines, K-nearest neighborhood, Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator Regression, as well as logistic regression. We also implemented a variable importance analysis to identify important variables classifying patients with PD. RESULTS: The cohort included a total of 80 subjects: 40 patients with PD (55% men) and 40 controls (67.5% men). Disease duration was 5 years or less for all subjects, with a mean Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) score of 19.6 (SD 8.1), and none were taking PD medication. The mean age for PD subjects and controls was 69.6 (SD 7.8) and 66.4 (SD 8.4), respectively. Our best-performing model used Light Gradient Boosting to provide an AUC of 0.951 with 95% confidence interval 0.946-0.955 in 4-fold cross validation using only seven acoustic features. CONCLUSIONS: Machine learning can accurately detect Parkinson's disease using an inexpensive and non-invasive voice recording. Light Gradient Boosting outperformed other machine learning algorithms. Such approaches could be used to inexpensively screen large patient populations for Parkinson's disease.

The new Mainz speech test for children 3-7 years old (MATCH) : Design, standardization, and validation.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a new, German, age-appropriate speech audiometry test for children, by using 26 nouns that are most likely part of the lexicon of 2-year-olds. The test is a picture-pointing task with a four-option non-forced choice method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 179 children aged 2;11 to 6;9 y were included for standardizing and validating the speech test. Of these, 51 had a hearing impairment in both ears ranging up to 90 dB hearing level (HL). The normal-hearing collective was divided into three groups according to age. For each group, the speech reception threshold (SRT) and the slope of the psychometric function of intelligibility were determined. For validation, the test-retest reliability was measured in 85 ears, and the correlation between the pure tone average (PTA) at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz and the SRT was measured in 86 ears. RESULTS: The sound spectrum of the 26 items was in good accordance with the international long-term speech spectrum, and the relative frequency of phonemes matched the distribution of the 50 more frequent German phonemes. The SRTs ranged from 24.6 ± 0.6 dB sound pressure level (SPL) for the oldest group (> 5.5 y) to 29.3 ± 1.3 dB SPL for the youngest group (< 4.25 y). The slopes of the psychometric function ranged from 4.3 ± 0.5%/dB for the oldest group to 2.6 ± 0.4%/dB for the youngest. The test and retest showed good correlation (r  = 0.89, p < 0.0001) as did the PTA and SRT (r = 0.84, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The newly developed Mainz speech-test effectively measures age-related speech perception from the age of three years.

Clinical feasibility of auditory processing tests in Japanese older adults: a pilot study.

Background: Difficulty in listening comprehension is a major audiological complaint of older adults. Behavioural auditory processing tests (APTs) may evaluate it. Aims/Objectives: The aim was to assess the feasibility of administering Japanese APTs to older adults at otolaryngology clinics. Material and Methods: Using computer programs interfaced with an audiometer, APTs (dichotic listening test; fast speech test, FST; gap detection test, GDT; speech in noise test; rapidly alternating speech perception test) were administered to 20 older adults (65-84 years old; mean 75.3 years) and 20 young adults at the 40 dB sensation level. Monosyllable speech perception (MSP) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were evaluated. Results: APT results except for GDT were significantly correlated with MSP. The performance on each APT was worse in older adults than in young adults (p < .01). The older adults with good MSP ≥ 80% (n = 13) or excellent cognitive function (MMSE ≥ 28; n = 11) also did worse on APTs (p < .05). A ceiling effect was noted in the APT data, with FST showing a minimum ceiling effect and reflecting interindividual variations of data. Conclusions and Significance: It is feasible to administer APTs to older adults who visit otolaryngology clinics. Among our Japanese APTs, FST may be suitable for further large-scale clinical studies.

A Competing Voices Test for Hearing-Impaired Listeners Applied to Spatial Separation and Ideal Time-Frequency Masks.

People with hearing impairment find competing voices scenarios to be challenging, both with respect to switching attention from one talker to the other, as well as maintaining attention. With the Danish competing voices test (CVT) presented here, the dual-attention skills can be assessed. The CVT provides sentences spoken by three male and three female talkers, played in sentence pairs. The task of the listener is to repeat the target sentence from the sentence pair based on cueing either before or after playback. One potential way of assisting segregation of two talkers is to take advantage of spatial unmasking by presenting one talker per ear after application of time-frequency masks for separating the mixture. Using the CVT, this study evaluated four spatial conditions in 14 moderate-to-severely hearing-impaired listeners to establish benchmark results for this type of algorithm applied to hearing-impaired listeners. The four spatial conditions were as follows: summed (diotic), separate, the ideal ratio mask, and the ideal binary mask. The results show that the test is sensitive to the change in spatial condition. The temporal position of the cue has a large impact, as cueing the target talker before playback focuses the attention toward the target, whereas cueing after playback requires equal attention to the two talkers, which is more difficult. Furthermore, both applied ideal masks show test scores very close to the ideal separate spatial condition, suggesting that this technique is useful for future separation algorithms using estimated rather than ideal masks.

Introducing real-life listening features into the clinical test environment: Part II: Measuring the hearing performance and evaluating the listening effort of individuals with a hearing implant.

Objectives: The controlled clinical test environment is very different from real-life listening situations, where the presence of additional speakers and variations in background noise signals can affect listening performances. The primary objective of this study is to reduce the gap between clinical results and real-life performances that are reported for many hearing implant users. Methods: Similar to Part I of this study, hearing performance and sound perception are evaluated using the following tests: (i) the Roving Level Test, (ii) the Just Understanding Speech Test, (iii) the Performance Perceptual Test, (iv) the Visual Analogue Scale to evaluate the perceived listening effort required for a range of background noise levels, and (v) the Hearing Implant Sound Quality questionnaire. All subjects recruited for this study used MED-EL hearing implant systems. Results: Results show that, similar to normal hearing listeners, hearing implant users tend to accurately estimate their hearing abilities, and both listening effort and speech recognition thresholds tend to increase with increasing noise. Discussion: The proposed test battery for evaluating speech understanding and listening effort were suitable for use in this study as all of the implant users were able to complete the tests. This test battery can be used to provide audiologists with further information relating to real-life listening performances. Conclusion: Evaluating the self-estimated and verified performance measurements of hearing implant users in real-life listening situations are essential for providing information regarding the discrepancies observed between the objective and subjective reports of hearing difficulties.

Introducing real-life listening features into the clinical test environment: Part I: Measuring the hearing performance and evaluating the listening effort of individuals with normal hearing.

OBJECTIVE: Controlled clinical test environments are very different from real-life listening situations in which speaker and background noise level variations can hinder a person's ability to hear and follow conversations. This study was performed to evaluate the ability of people with normal hearing to follow a single speaker in the presence of background noise, and to explore relations between those measures and the listeners' subjective assessments, listening effort, and sound quality judgements. METHODS: A group of adults with normal hearing were evaluated using the following battery of tests: (i) Roving Level Test, (ii) the Just Understanding Speech Test, (iii) Performance Perceptual Test, (iv) the Visual Analogue Scale to evaluate listening effort, and (iv) with a sound quality questionnaire. RESULTS: The results show that people with normal hearing tend to accurately estimate their hearing abilities, and both the listening effort required and speech recognition thresholds tend to increase with increasing background noise. DISCUSSION: Implementing a battery of tests that evaluate speech-in-noise listening abilities, listening effort, and subjective hearing perception might provide greater insight into hearing performance than traditional measures. Additionally, the data generated in this study can be used for comparison with measures obtained from hearing impaired and hearing device listeners, and as such, has the potential to guide counselling and rehabilitation to a range of clinical populations. CONCLUSION: The examination of both the self-estimated and verified performance measurements in simulated real-life listening situations can provide audiologists with a comprehensive and realistic profile of a person's hearing performance.

[The adaptive Freiburg monosyllabic test in noise : Development of a procedure and comparison of the results with the Oldenburg sentence test]. / Die adaptive Messung des Freiburger Einsilbertests im Störschall : Entwicklung einer Messmethode und Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit dem Oldenburger Satztest.

BACKGROUND: Whereas sentence tests are commonly performed using an adaptive procedure, this method has not yet been transferred to the Freiburg monosyllabic speech test, the most important word test. When using different procedures, a comparison of results between sentence and word tests is not possible. Therefore, an adaptive procedure which has proven itself in sentence tests was transferred to the Freiburg monosyllabic test in noise. The results of the new procedure were compared to the standard of sentence tests, i.e., the Oldenburg sentence test. METHODS: The adaptive Freiburg monosyllabic speech test and the Oldenburg sentence test were applied in 40 otologically normal subjects in a randomized order. Results were analyzed with respect to time requirements, possible gender differences, the influence of test order, and correlation of test results. RESULTS: The time required for the adaptive Freiburg monosyllabic speech test was significantly higher than for the Oldenburg sentence test. No significant impact of gender or test order could be shown. The mean signal-to-noise ratio for 50% speech discrimination of the Oldenburg sentence test was significantly smaller than for the adaptive Freiburg monosyllabic speech test. No correlation could be shown between the results of the two tests CONCLUSION: The Freiburg monosyllabic test can not only be used for quantifying discrimination loss in percentage terms, but also to measure the 50% speech recognition threshold with an adaptive algorithm. However, the procedure of the adaptive Freiburg monosyllabic test is more time consuming than that of the Oldenburg sentence test. Concerning a possible missing correlation between the results for 50% speech discrimination, further studies with hearing-impaired persons are needed.