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1.
Am J Primatol ; : e23685, 2024 Oct 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39364791

RESUMO

Filariae are parasitic nematodes of high veterinary and medical importance, responsible for some acute tropical diseases. They are transmitted through the bite of hematophagous vectors such as biting midges and blackflies. Filariae are among the most prevalent vector-borne parasitoses in Neotropical primates in which severe infections can cause inflammatory reactions and tissue damage. Given the location inside the host (peritoneal cavity, bloodstream, and lymphatics), the detection of filariid nematodes is challenging and is mostly postmortem; hence the scarcity of studies on the prevalence of filariae in wild primate populations. Here, we report the prevalence of filariid infections in free-ranging populations of Geoffroy's spider (Ateles geoffroyi) and black howler (Alouatta pigra) monkeys across southern Mexico, using a combination of noninvasive sampling and molecular diagnostic techniques. Fecal samples were screened for filariid DNA by qPCR protocols. A total of 88 samples were examined with an overall prevalence of 26%. Filariae were slightly more common in spider monkeys compared to howler monkeys. This study constitutes the first report of the prevalence of infection of filariid nematodes in populations of wild spider monkey across southern Mexico, and the first reporting of filariae in black howler monkeys, as part of a new era of primate parasitology and the diagnostics of parasite infections in light of the everyday more affordable molecular tools.

2.
G3 (Bethesda) ; 14(3)2024 03 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38244218

RESUMO

The Ecuadorian brown-headed spider monkey (Ateles fusciceps fusciceps) is currently considered one of the most endangered primates in the world and is classified as critically endangered [International union for conservation of nature (IUCN)]. It faces multiple threats, the most significant one being habitat loss due to deforestation in western Ecuador. Genomic tools are keys for the management of endangered species, but this requires a reference genome, which until now was unavailable for A. f. fusciceps. The present study reports the first whole-genome sequence and assembly of A. f. fusciceps generated using Oxford Nanopore long reads. DNA was extracted from a subadult male, and libraries were prepared for sequencing following the Ligation Sequencing Kit SQK-LSK112 workflow. Sequencing was performed using a MinION Mk1C sequencer. The sequencing reads were processed to generate a genome assembly. Two different assemblers were used to obtain draft genomes using raw reads, of which the Flye assembly was found to be superior. The final assembly has a total length of 2.63 Gb and contains 3,861 contigs, with an N50 of 7,560,531 bp. The assembly was analyzed for annotation completeness based on primate ortholog prediction using a high-resolution database, and was found to be 84.3% complete, with a low number of duplicated genes indicating a precise assembly. The annotation of the assembly predicted 31,417 protein-coding genes, comparable with other mammal assemblies. A reference genome for this critically endangered species will allow researchers to gain insight into the genetics of its populations and thus aid conservation and management efforts of this vulnerable species.


Assuntos
Atelinae , Nanoporos , Masculino , Animais , Equador , Espécies em Perigo de Extinção , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Mamíferos
3.
Primates ; 62(6): 1031-1036, 2021 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34519949

RESUMO

Establishing reintroduced primates in a suitable predetermined area has proven to be a challenge. Establishment is the first major step that has to be taken in the long process of reintroduction. When this first goal is not achieved, the chances of success decline drastically. Understanding the main determinants of establishment is therefore crucial for reintroduction success. This study examined the influence of three independent factors on the establishment success of reintroduced spider monkeys. We analysed data from the releases of eight groups of black-faced spider monkeys (Ateles chamek), which are part of the official reintroduction program of spider monkeys in the South Eastern Peruvian Amazon. Establishment success was measured by the proportion of individuals within groups that were found in the target area 6 months after release. The hours research assistants and volunteers spent with the group within the first 3 months after release-in the context of post-release monitoring-was shown to have a positive effect on the establishment success of the released group in the target area. The presence of an already established group in the area was also found to have a significant positive effect on establishment success. The influence of the days of post-release food provisioning had no effect. Our findings emphasize the importance of long-term monitoring programs to help increase the efficiency of primate reintroductions.


Assuntos
Atelinae , Animais
4.
Rev. peru. biol. (Impr.) ; 25(3): 241-248, jul.-set. 2018. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1094322

RESUMO

Este trabajo evalúa el efecto que tienen ciertas variables paisajísticas (ríos, tierras agropecuarias, áreas antrópicas y bosque nativo) en los patrones de presencia del mono araña, Ateles fusciceps, en el noroccidente ecuatoriano. Se utilizaron registros geográficos de Ateles fusciceps tomados en campo y de estudios previos. Se evaluó el efecto de la proximidad de cada variable por medio de la prueba T de Student. Posteriormente mediante regresiones logísticas y por medio del Criterio de Información de Akaike (AIC) se seleccionaron los mejores modelos y se identificaron las variables más importantes. Se observó que tierras agropecuarias y zonas antrópicas tienen un efecto negativo para este primate, pues los puntos de presencia se encontraron alejados de éstas. Se evidencia también que Ateles fusciceps prefiere sitios cercanos a bosque, resultado que corrobora investigaciones previas, sin embargo también se encuentra una asociación con ríos, resultado que no ha sido reportado en estudios anteriores. Se encontraron dos modelos importantes para predecir patrones de presencia de este primate, el primero compuesto por: bosque nativo, ríos y zonas antrópicas (AICw=0.48), mientras que el segundo abarca: bosque nativo, ríos, zonas antrópicas y tierras agropecuarias (AICw=0.34). Estos resultados servirán de base para futuros análisis, dirigidos a la conservación de A. fusciceps.


In this work, I investigate the effect of some landscape variables (rivers, agricultural lands, anthropic areas and native forest) on the presence patterns of spider monkey, Ateles fusciceps, in the northwestern Ecuador. Geographical records collected in field and others from previous studies were used to conduct this study. Effects of proximity of each variable to presence of A. fusciceps were assessed with Student T tests. The best model and the most important variables were identified using logistic regressions and the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The results showed that agricultural lands and anthropic zones were from the primate presence points, suggesting a negative effect on A. fusciceps. I also found that A. fusciceps prefers sites near rivers, this observation has not been reported in previous studies. Two important models were found to predict the presence of A. fusciceps, the first one was composed by three variables: native forest, rivers and anthropic areas (AICw= 0.48) and the second model was composed by the four variables: native forest, rivers, anthropic areas and agricultural lands (AICw= 0.34). The results of this work will contribute a basis for future studies aimed on A. fusciceps conservation.

5.
Primates ; 58(3): 441-448, 2017 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28213677

RESUMO

Historical records of Ateles chamek (black-faced black spider monkey) suggest that the species range extends further south of the known species distribution, within an ecotonal region between the Amazonia, Cerrado and Pantanal biomes in Brazil. Ecotones are zones of habitat transition with high species richness that remain undersampled as conservationists often prioritize biodiversity hotspots. Thus, distribution ranges may be inaccurately measured when species occur in ecotonal zones. We report the first precise records of A. chamek in 24 new localities surveyed in the ecotonal zone of the Upper Paraguay River Basin, and we present subgroup encounter rates in the 11 largest patches (>70 ha) along 207 km of the line transects surveyed. The new records represent an expansion of the distribution of A. chamek approximately 200 km to the south, increasing the known extent of its occurrence by 10.8%. Local tributaries may not be barriers for spider monkeys, which are able to swim and cross slow-moving rivers. However, the dry forests of the Cerrado and the flooded areas of the Pantanal, formed by grassland and scarce trees, may be habitat barriers for A. chamek. The populations living in this ecotonal zone are relatively abundant (1.1-6.67 subgroup sightings/10 km) compared to the heavily hunted continuous forests of northern Amazonia. Furthermore, these values are similar to those for other Ateles spp. inhabiting forests with low or no hunting pressure. We highlight the need for specific conservation action to protect the spider monkeys living in these landscapes, which are threatened by agriculture expansion.


Assuntos
Atelinae , Ecossistema , Animais , Brasil , Paraguai , Rios
6.
Am J Primatol ; 77(12): 1253-62, 2015 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26339782

RESUMO

Decades of research on the hand use patterns of nonhuman primates can be aptly summarized by the following phrase: measurement matters. There is a general consensus that simple reaching is a poor indicator of handedness in most species, while tasks that constrain how the hands are used elicit individual, and in some cases, population-level biases. The TUBE task has become a popular measure of handedness, although there is variability in its administration across studies. The goal of this study was to investigate whether TUBE performance is affected by tube diameter, with the hypothesis that decreasing tube diameter would increase task complexity, and therefore the expression of handedness. We predicted that hand preference strength, but not direction, would be affected by tube diameter. We administered the TUBE task using a 1.3 cm tube to Colombian spider monkeys, and compared their performance to a previous study using a larger 2.5 cm diameter tube. Hand preference strength increased significantly on the smaller diameter tube. Hand preference direction was not affected. Notably, spider monkeys performed the TUBE task using a single digit, despite the longstanding view that this species has poor dexterity. We encourage investigators who use the TUBE task to carefully consider the diameter of the tube used in testing, and to report digit use consistently across studies. In addition, we recommend that researchers who cannot use the TUBE task try to incorporate the key features from this task into their own species appropriate measures: bimanual coordination and precise digit use.


Assuntos
Atelinae/fisiologia , Lateralidade Funcional/fisiologia , Animais , Comportamento Animal , Feminino , Dedos/fisiologia , Mãos/fisiologia , Masculino , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologia
7.
Primates ; 55(2): 167-71, 2014 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24510072

RESUMO

The black-faced black spider monkey (Ateles chamek) is endangered because of hunting and habitat loss. There are many gaps in our understanding of its geographic distribution. The Ucayali-Solimões-Amazon fluvial complex is currently recognized as the northern boundary of the species' range, although published reports have indicated that it occurs north of the Rio Solimões. In this study we investigate published records, generate new field records, and assess the current information concerning the northern boundary of this species' range. We conducted the study at the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve in the central Brazilian Amazon, an area of 1,124,000 ha that consists entirely of Amazonian flooded forest (várzea). We collected data on the occurrence of the species from museum specimens and through field surveys, including interviews with local residents, direct observations, and the collection of new museum specimens. We confirmed the presence of A. chamek at 17 locations in the reserve, one of which was an island formed by a river bend cut-off that would have effectively taken any resident spider to the (new) north bank of the Solimões. We therefore conclude that fluvial dynamics were involved in creating the conditions for the dispersal and colonization of the species on the northern bank of the Rio Solimões. The data we present extends the known distribution of the species and increases its representation in protected areas.


Assuntos
Distribuição Animal , Atelinae , Comportamento Animal , Rios , Animais
8.
Arq. ciênc. vet. zool. UNIPAR ; 11(2): 97-102, jul.-dez. 2008. tab, ilus
Artigo em Português | LILACS | ID: lil-536961

RESUMO

O ambiente de cativeiro influencia o repertório comportamental dos animais, podendo causar prejuízos à saúde dos indivíduos. Com o objetivo de proporcionar um ambiente adequado para a manutenção e bem-estar em cativeiro, diferentes técnicas de enriquecimento ambiental foram aplicadas a treze macacos-aranha (Ateles spp.) em três diferentes ambientes de cativeiro, os quais apresentavam composição vegetal e animal distintas. Foram observados comportamentos individuais e sociais por um período de 309 horas, entre 13 de fevereiro e 10 de agosto de 2006, no Zoológico e Passeio Público de Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. As observações foram organizadas em três fases: controle, experimental (aplicação das atividades de enriquecimento) e resposta ao enriquecimento, sendo posteriormente analisadas. Diferentes respostas ao enriquecimento indicaram que animais deste gênero, quando mantidos em grupo, em um recinto com área proporcional ao número de indivíduos e composto por vegetação arbórea, têm maior oportunidade de expressar comportamentos típicos da espécie.


Captive environment influences animal behavior and may cause damage to the health of the individuals. This study had the objective of proposing one suitable environment which could maintain the captivity welfare. Different techniques of environmental enrichment were applied to thirteen spider-monkeys (Ateles spp.) in three different captiveenvironments, with different vegetation and animal composition. Individuals and social behaviors were observed for 309 hours, from February 13th to August 10th, 2006 at Passeio Público and the Zoological Garden, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. The observations were organized in three phases: control, experimental (application of the environmental enrichment activities) and the response to enrichment. Different responses to enrichment show that animals from this genus, when maintained in group in an areaa proportional to the number of individuals, whose vegetation is composed of trees, have better opportunity to express their species behaviors.


El ambiente de cautiverio influencia el repertorio de comportamiento de los animales, pudiendo causar dañosa la salud de los individuos. Con el objetivo de proporcionar un ambiente adecuado para la manutención y bienestar en cautiverio, técnicas distintas de enriquecimiento ambiental fueron aplicadas a trece monos araña (Ateles spp.), en tres ambientes distintos de cautiverio, los cuales presentaban composición vegetal y animal distintas. Fueron observados comportamientos individuales y sociales por un período de 309 horas, entre 13 de Febrero y 10 de Agosto de 2006, en el Zoológico y Paseo Público de Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. Las observaciones fueron organizadas en tres fases: control, experimental (aplicación delas actividades de enriquecimiento) y respuesta al enriquecimiento, siendo posteriormente analizadas. Respuestas distintas al enriquecimiento indicaron que animales de este género, cuando mantenidos en grupo, en un recinto con área proporcional al número de individuos y compuesto por vegetación arbórea, tiene mayor oportunidad de expresar comportamientos típicos de la especie.


Assuntos
Animais , Comportamento Animal , Meio Ambiente/análise , Meio Ambiente/efeitos adversos , Primatas
9.
Am J Primatol ; 15(1): 45-67, 1988.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31968907

RESUMO

Results of a long-term field study on the ecology and social organization of two groups of black spider monkeys (Ateles paniscus chamek) in Peru are reported. Demography, ranging patterns, and activity budgets provide insight into some of the proximate determinants of fission-fusion social organization in this species and illustrate the different strategies used by males and females to gain access to critical resources. Longitudinal data on known individuals provide evidence for male natal philopatry and female emigration at sexual maturity in this population. Interbirth intervals are long (mean = 34.5 months) in comparison with most other primate species, and 5 of 15 infants seen within a few days of birth died or disappeared before they were a year old. Home ranges are large (150-250 ha) and fairly discrete; overlap with neighboring groups is on the order of 10-15%. Males and females differed substantially in their ranging patterns; females, particularly those with infants, restricted much of their ranging to a "core area" 20-33% the size of the total group range, whereas males ranged more evenly over the entire area occupied by the group. Daily path length varied over almost an order of magnitude from 465 m to 4,070 m, with a mean of 1977 m. Males spent more time traveling and less time feeding than most females. These results are compared with those obtained in previous studies of Ateles and with similar data from other primate species to assess their implications for the evolution of fission-fusion sociality in spider monkeys. The ecological factors responsible for the evolution of very similar social organizations in spider monkeys and chimpanzees are discussed.

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