Mindfulness and acceptance-based training for elite adolescent athletes: a mixed-method exploratory study.

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a specifically designed mindfulness-acceptance-insight-commitment (MAIC) training program on relevant psychological factors (i.e., mindfulness, acceptance, performance-related satisfaction) as well as sport training performance for elite adolescent athletes from Hong Kong. And it also aimed to explore the athletes' real experiences (i.e., receptiveness and perceptions) of completing the MAIC program. Methods and design: The mixed-method was used in this study, including a randomized controlled trial (RCT) and a qualitative exploration. The RCT employed a 2 (groups) x 3 (data collection points) design involving 40 elite adolescent athletes from the Hong Kong Sports Institute (HKSI). These athletes were randomly assigned to either the MAIC training group (MT; n = 20, Mage = 15.65) or the control group (CG; n = 20, Mage = 15.85) to further test the effectiveness of the MAIC intervention on mindfulness, acceptance, performance-related satisfaction, and sport training performance. Subsequent to the RCT, the qualitative exploration was used to explore the athletes' real experiences towards the MAIC program. In the qualitative exploration, all athletes who participated in the MAIC program were invited to participate in voluntary semi-structured interviews. Of these, 14 athletes chose to take part in the interviews. The RCT employed a 2×3 mixed-design ANOVA, while thematic analysis was applied to the qualitative exploration. Results: The results revealed that the MAIC training program significantly enhanced athletes' mindfulness, acceptance, satisfaction with performance, and sport training performance. However, these effects diminished at the follow-up assessment compared to post-training. Notably, the acceptance level of MT athletes did not significantly differ from CG athletes at the follow-up assessment. Additionally, the qualitative analysis identified four key dimensions: (a) Attitude towards MAIC training, (b) Reflection on the MAIC learning process, (c) Outcomes of MAIC training, and (d) Recommendations for future MAIC training. Overall, the qualitative findings complemented and reinforced the quantitative results, offering deeper insights into athletes' experiences and valuable suggestions for further enhancing the MAIC program. Conclusion: The findings suggested that the specifically designed MAIC training program in this study effectively enhanced sport training performance and various psychological factors among elite adolescent athletes from Hong Kong. Nevertheless, further investigations are still required to comprehensively evaluate and further develop the MAIC training program.

Testing distance characteristics and reference values for ice-hockey straight sprint speed and acceleration. A systematic review and meta-analyses.

Ice-hockey requires high acceleration and speed sprint abilities, but it is unclear what the distance characteristic is for measuring these capabilities. Therefore, this systematic meta-analysis aims to summarize the sprint reference values for different sprint distances and suggest the appropriate use of ice-hockey straight sprint testing protocols. A total of 60 studies with a pooled sample of 2254 males and 398 females aged 11-37 years were included. However, the pooled data for women was not large enough to permit statistical analysis. The sprint distance used for measuring the reported acceleration and speed was between 4-48 m. Increased test distance was positively associated with increased speed (r = 0.70) and negatively with average acceleration (r = -0.87). Forward skating sprint speed increases with the measured distance up to 26 m and do not differ much from longer distance tests, while acceleration decreases with a drop below 3 m/s at distances 15 m and longer. The highest acceleration (5.89 m/s2 peak, 3.31 m/s2 average) was achieved in the shortest distances up to 7 m which significantly differs from 8-14 m tests. The highest speed (8.1 m/s peak, 6.76 m/s average) has been recorded between 26-39 m; therefore, distances over 39 m are not necessary to achieve maximum speed. Considering match demands and most reported test distances, 6.1 m is the recommended distance for peak acceleration and 30 m for peak speed. The sprint time, acceleration, and speed of each individual and the number of skating strides should be reported in future studies.

Factors Influencing the Training Process of Paralympic Women Athletes.

(1) Background: Paralympic women athletes in their training process go through a series of interrelated stages which are parallel to their evolutionary development, during which a wide variety of psychological, social, and biological factors will have an impact. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors influencing the sports training process of Spanish Paralympic women athletes (social, sporting, psychological, technical-tactical factors, physical condition, as well as barriers and facilitators) who had won at least one medal (gold, silver, or bronze) in the 21st century Paralympic Games (from Sydney 2000 to Tokyo 2020). (2) Methods: The research involved 28 Spanish Paralympic women athletes who had won at least one medal at a Paralympic Games in the 21st century. An interview of 54 questions grouped into 6 dimensions (sport context, social context, psychological, technical-tactical, physical fitness, and barriers and facilitators) was used. (3) Results: Coaches, as well as families, were essential in the sport development of Paralympic athletes. In addition, most women athletes recognized that psychological aspects were of vital importance, as well as working on technical-tactical aspects and physical fitness in an integrated way. Finally, the Paralympic women athletes highlighted that they had to face numerous barriers, mainly financial challenges and issues with visibility in the media. (4) Conclusions: Athletes consider it necessary to work with specialists to control emotions, increase motivation and self-confidence, as well as to reduce stress and anxiety and manage pressure. Finally, the training process and sporting performance of Paralympic women athletes are conditioned by several barriers, including economic, social, architectural, and disability barriers. These considerations can be taken into account by the technical teams working with Paralympic women athletes, as well as by the competent bodies, to improve the sports training process of these athletes.

Effect of different sport environments on proactive and reactive motor inhibition: A study on open- and closed-skilled athletes via mouse-tracking procedure.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different sport environments (open-and closed-skill sports) on proactive and reactive inhibitory processes as two distinct components of motor inhibition. A mouse-tracking procedure was employed to compare behavioral performance among three groups of participants (tennis players, swimmers and non-athletes) in non-sport-specific cued Go/No-Go (GNG) and Stop Signal Task (SST), which mainly engage proactive and reactive inhibitory control, respectively. Reaction times (RTs), inhibitory failures, and Stop Signal Reaction Times (SSRTs) were measured. To investigate dynamic aspects of inhibitory control, movement trajectories classified as one-shot (absence of trajectory alteration reflected in a steep slope) or non-one-shot (non-linear/multipeaked trajectory, with one or multiple corrections) were analyzed and compared among groups. Results showed no group differences in RTs in Go/No-Go and Stop conditions. SSRTs were significant shorter for the athletes than non-athletes in SST, but no differences emerged for inhibitory failures in cued GNG. During inhibitory failures athletes showed higher proportion of non-one-shot movements than non-athletes. Higher proportion of non-one-shot profiles was observed in cued GNG compared to SST. Finally, no differences between open-and closed-skilled athletes were found in both tasks. Our findings suggest that both proactive and reactive inhibitory controls do benefit from sport practice, but open-and closed-skill sports do not differ in influencing inhibitory processes. Movement profile analysis could be a promising, complementary behavioral analysis to integrate for more fine-grained evaluation and differentiation of inhibitory motor control in athletes, specifically when using GNG tasks.

Examining the ability to track multiple moving targets as a function of postural stability: a comparison between team sports players and sedentary individuals.

Background: The ability to track multiple objects plays a key role in team ball sports actions. However, there is a lack of research focused on identifying multiple object tracking (MOT) performance under rapid, dynamic and ecologically valid conditions. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effects of manipulating postural stability on MOT performance. Methods: Nineteen team sports players (soccer, basketball, handball) and sixteen sedentary individuals performed the MOT task under three levels of postural stability (high, medium, and low). For the MOT task, participants had to track three out of eight balls for 10 s, and the object speed was adjusted following a staircase procedure. For postural stability manipulation, participants performed three identical protocols (randomized order) of the MOT task while standing on an unstable platform, using the training module of the Biodex Balance System SD at levels 12 (high-stability), eight (medium-stability), and four (low-stability). Results: We found that the ability to track moving targets is dependent on the balance stability conditions (F2,66 = 8.7, p < 0.001, η² = 0.09), with the disturbance of postural stability having a negative effect on MOT performance. Moreover, when compared to sedentary individuals, team sports players showed better MOT scores for the high-stability and the medium-stability conditions (corrected p-value = 0.008, Cohen's d = 0.96 and corrected p-value = 0.009, Cohen's d = 0.94; respectively) whereas no differences were observed for the more unstable conditions (low-stability) between-groups. Conclusions: The ability to track moving targets is sensitive to the level of postural stability, with the disturbance of balance having a negative effect on MOT performance. Our results suggest that expertise in team sports training is transferred to non-specific sport domains, as shown by the better performance exhibited by team sports players in comparison to sedentary individuals. This study provides novel insights into the link between individual's ability to track multiple moving objects and postural control in team sports players and sedentary individuals.

Effects of Warm-Up Training on Psychomotor Vigilance and Repeated-Sprint Ability of Professional Soccer Referees: A Pilot Study.

For this research, we analyzed the immediate effects of warm-up condition (WC) or without warm-up condition (WWC) on amateur referees' physical and cognitive functioning. Eight professional soccer referees from the Balearic Committee of Football Referees were the participants of this study. Body composition characteristics were measured and the scores on three tests were recorded: the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery, repeated-sprint ability, and psychomotor vigilance task. Regarding results, the psychomotor vigilance task was performed better after warm-up training (p = .002, η2 = .79) with faster reaction times following WC (M = 318.2, SD = 27.1 ms) than WWC (M = 334.9, SD = 26.1). Similarly, the referees' performance was better on the repeated-sprint ability test after WC (p = .002, d = 0.53) than WWC, with minimum and average power values higher after WC (M = 626.77, SD = 112.57) than WWC (M = 562.35, SD = 79.63). We conclude that re-warm-up training may mitigate the vigilance performance changes caused by effects of rest on soccer referees.

Biventricular dysfunction and lung congestion in athletes on anabolic androgenic steroids: a speckle tracking and stress lung echocardiography analysis.

AIMS: The real effects of the chronic consumption of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) on cardiovascular structures are subjects of intense debate. The aim of the study was to detect by speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction at rest and during exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) in athletes abusing AAS. METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred and fifteen top-level competitive bodybuilders were selected (70 males), including 65 athletes misusing AAS for at least 5 years (users), 50 anabolic-free bodybuilders (non-users), compared to 50 age- and sex-matched healthy sedentary controls. Standard Doppler echocardiography, STE analysis, and lung ultrasound at rest and at peak supine-bicycle ESE were performed. Athletes showed increased LV mass index, wall thickness, and RV diameters compared with controls, whereas LV ejection fraction was comparable within the groups. left atrial volume index, LV and RV strain, and LV E/Em were significantly higher in AAS users. Users showed more B-lines during stress (median 4.4 vs. 1.25 in controls and 1.3 in non-users, P < 0.01 vs. users). By multivariable analyses, LV E/Ea (beta coefficient = 0.35, P < 0.01), pulmonary artery systolic pressure (beta = 0.43, P < 0.001) at peak effort and number of weeks of AAS use per year (beta = 0.45, P < 0.001) emerged as the only independent determinants of resting RV lateral wall peak systolic two-dimensional strain. In addition, a close association between resting RV myocardial function and VO2 peak during ESE was evidenced (P < 0.001), with a powerful incremental value with respect to clinical and standard echocardiographic data. CONCLUSIONS: In athletes abusing steroids, STE analysis showed an impaired RV systolic deformation, closely associated with reduced functional capacity during physical effort, and-during exercise-more pulmonary congestion.

Content validity of scenes from declarative tactical knowledge test for attack situation in beach volleyball - DTKAT-BV / Validação de conteúdo do teste de conhecimento tático declarativo para a situação de ataque no voleibol de praia ­ TCTDA-VP / Validación de contenido del test de conocimiento táctico declarativo para la situación de ataque en voleibol de playa ­ TCTDA-VP

The aim of the study was to establish the content validity of scenes from the Declarative Tactical Knowledge Attack Test in Beach Volleyball (DTKAT-VB). Four experts evaluated 32 attack scenes in real situations of BV game through were assessed the Content Validity Coefficient (CVC) through criteria of language clarity, practical relevance and item representativeness. The results showed that all scenes assessed obtained CVC values greater than 0.80 for all criteria[image clarity (CVC - 0.98); practical relevance (CVC - 0.97); item representativeness (CVC ­ 0.94)], except for one scene, which was excluded. The 31 scenes validated using the CVC enables the evaluation of the declarative tactical knowledge, assisting in the planning of the teaching-learning-training processes of beach volleyball athletes (AU).

O objetivo do estudo foi estabelecer a validade de conteúdo das cenas do Teste de Conhecimento Tático Declarativo do Ataque no Voleibol de Praia (TCTDA-VP). Quatro especialistas avaliaram 32 cenas de ataque em situações reais de jogo de VP foram avaliadas pelo Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo (CVC) por meio de critérios de clareza de linguagem, relevância prática e representatividade dos itens. Os resultados mostraram que as cenas avaliadas obtiveram valores de CVC maiores que 0,80 para todos os critérios [clareza da imagem (CVC - 0,98); relevância prática (CVC - 0,97); a representatividade do item (CVC - 0,94)], com exceção de uma cena, sendo assim excluída. As 31 cenas validadas por meio do CVC possibilitam a avaliação do conhecimento tático declarativo, auxiliando no planejamento dos processos de ensino-aprendizagem-treinamento de atletas do voleibol de praia (AU).

El objetivo del estudio fue estabelecer la validación de contenido de las escenas del Teste de Conocimiento Táctico Declarativo del Ataque en el Voleibol de Playa ­ TCTDA-VP. Cuatro especialistas evaluaron 32 escenas de ataque en situaciones reales de juego de VP através del Coeficiente de Validez de Contenido (CVC) através de criterios de claridad del idioma, relevancia práctica y representatividad del elemento. Los resultados mostraron que para todos los criterios [claridad de imagen (CVC - 0.98); relevancia práctica (CVC - 0.97); representatividad del elemento (CVC - 0,94)], obtuvieron un CVC superior a 0,80, excepto por una escena, quedando así excluida. Las 31 escenas validadas por el CVC possibilitaron la evaluación del conocimiento táctico declarativo ayudando em la planificación de los processos de enseñanza-aprendizaje-treinamiento de los deportistas de voleibol de playa (AU).

The Effect of Sleep Quality and Quantity on Athlete's Health and Perceived Training Quality.

University athletes are unique because they not only have to cope with the normal psycho-physiological stress of training and playing sport, but they also need to accommodate the stress associated with their academic studies along with considerable stress from their social environment. The ability to manage and adapt to stress ultimately helps improve athletic performance, but when stress becomes too much for the athlete, it can result in maladaptation's including sleep disruption which is associated with performance loss, negative mood changes, and even injury or illness. This research aimed to determine if sleep quantity and quality were associated with maladaptation in university athletes. We examined subjective measures of sleep duration and sleep quality along with measures of mood state, energy levels, academic stress, training quality and quantity, and frequency of illness and injury in 82 young (18-23 years) elite athletes over a 1 year period in 2020. Results indicate sleep duration and quality decreased in the first few weeks of the academic year which coincided with increased training, academic and social stress. Regression analysis indicated increased levels of perceived mood (1.3, 1.1-1.5, Odds Ratio and 95% confidence limits), sleep quality (2.9, 2.5-3.3), energy levels (1.2, 1.0-1.4), training quality (1.3, 1.1-1.5), and improved academic stress (1.1, 1.0-1.3) were associated with ≥8 h sleep. Athletes that slept ≥8 h or had higher sleep quality levels were less likely to suffer injury/illness (0.8, 0.7-0.9, and 0.6, 0.5-0.7 for sleep duration and quality, respectively). In conclusion, university athletes who maintain good sleep habits (sleep duration ≥8 h/night and high sleep quality scores) are less likely to suffer problems associated with elevated stress levels. Educating athletes, coaches, and trainers of the signs and symptoms of excessive stress (including sleep deprivation) may help reduce maladaptation and improve athlete's outcomes.

Estudio de la edad biológica en atletas del sexo masculino de la categoría escolar / Estudo da idade biológica em atletas do sexo masculino da categoria escolar / Study of the biological age in male athletes of the school category

RESUMEN Se realizó un estudio de la edad biológica de los deportistas escolares del sexo masculino. Como objetivo de este trabajo se declaró caracterizar el comportamiento de la edad biológica de los atletas escolares del sexo masculino, de 13 y 14 años de los deportes de tenis, balonmano, atletismo, judo y levantamiento de pesas en la Eide (Escuela de Iniciación Deportiva) "Julio Díaz González" de la provincia Artemisa, Cuba. En este diseño no experimental, se emplearon métodos de investigación, tanto de carácter teórico como del nivel empírico. Entre los empíricos, se encuentran la revisión de documentos, la observación, la entrevista y la medición. Estos permitieron constatar información relacionada con la edad biológica de los atletas y su integración a la planificación del proceso de entrenamiento deportivo que se desarrolla a largo plazo. Fue esencial en este estudio la aplicación del método de Tanner y Whitehouse, ajustado por Jordán, de la radiografía de la mano izquierda (mano total). Como resultado se identifica el comportamiento de la maduración ósea de los atletas escolares participantes en la investigación.

RESUMO Foi realizado um estudo sobre a idade biológica dos atletas da escola masculina. O objectivo deste trabalho era caracterizar o comportamento da idade biológica dos atletas escolares masculinos, de 13 e 14 anos, nos desportos de ténis, handebol, atletismo, judô e halterofilismo, na Eide (Escola de Iniciação ao Desporto) "Julio Díaz González", na província de Artemisa, Cuba. Neste desenho não experimental, foram utilizados métodos de investigação tanto teóricos como empíricos. Entre os empíricos, há a revisão de documentos, observação, entrevista e medição. Estes permitiram apurar informações relacionadas com a idade biológica dos atletas e a sua integração no planeamento do processo de treino desportivo que é desenvolvido a longo prazo. Foi essencial neste estudo a aplicação do método de Tanner e Whitehouse, ajustado por Jordán, da radiografia da mão esquerda (mão total). Como resultado, é identificado o comportamento da maturação óssea dos atletas escolares que participam na investigação.

ABSTRACT A study of the biological age of male school athletes was carried out. It was declared as an objective to characterize the behavior of the biological age of male school athletes, 13-14 years of age in tennis, handball, athletics, judo and weightlifting sports, at the EIDE (Sports Initiation School) Julio Diaz Gonzalez from Artemisa. In this non-experimental design some methods of investigation were used as well Empiric and Theoretical methods. The Empiric ones are: document review, observation, interview and measurement which allowed verifying information related to the biological age of the athletes and their integration to the planning of the sport training process that is developed to long term. The application of the method of Tanner Whitehouse, adjusted by Jordan of the radiograph of the left hand, total hand, was essential in this study. As a result is identified the athletes `bone maturation behavior that participated in this investigation.

Body composition in professional female netball players within and between seasons: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: There is limited information on the physique attributes of female netball players from the highest playing standards and the typical body composition changes that occur with training and competition in these athletes. The purpose of this study was to examine the body composition of professional female netball players and changes that occur within and between national premier netball seasons. METHODS: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) assessments were conducted in 20 female netball players (age = 26.5 [4.7] years, body mass = 77.3 [9.7] kg, stature = 182.7 [9.5] cm) contracted to a Suncorp Super Netball team. Total body lean mass, fat mass, bone mass and bone mineral density were derived for 127 assessments collected over three seasons. Linear mixed effects modelling was used to examine changes in body composition measures within and between seasons. RESULTS: Goal circle players were heavier (12.3 [3.5] kg, p < 0.001, g = 1.51) and taller (15.0 [2.7] cm, p < 0.001, g = 2.30) than midcourt players, and midcourt players had greater lean mass (3.1 [1.6] %, p = 0.07, g = 0.85) and less fat mass (-3.3 [1.7] %, p = 0.06, g = -0.84) than goal circle players when values were normalised to body mass. Players achieved increases in lean mass (2,191 [263] g, p < 0.01, g = 0.45) and decreases in fat mass (-835 [351] g, p = 0.09, g = -0.16) following a preseason preparation period. There were no changes in lean mass (-394 [295] g, p = 0.54, g = 0.07) or fat mass (102 [389] g, p = 0.99, g = 0.04) from the start to the end of the 14-week competition period. CONCLUSIONS: Professional female netball players achieve small changes in lean mass and fat mass during preseason preparation and maintain their physique over the competitive season. The results of this study can inform practitioners on the training content necessary to promote or maintain desired body composition changes in these athletes.

Melatonin supplementation improves psychomotor and physical performance in collegiate student-athletes following a sleep deprivation night.

Several studies report sleep deprivation negatively impacts post-cognitive and physical performance, and other functions. Recent findings indicate ingestion of melatonin prior to exercise enhances tolerance to training and improves competition. We investigated the effects of melatonin supplementation on psychomotor performance and selected physical fitness measures of collegiate student-athletes following 4 h and 24 h of sleep deprivation. The study employed a repeated-measures, double-blind, randomized controlled protocol with posttest control group design with six conditions [3 sleep conditions (without sleep deprivation, 4 h sleep deprivation (4SD) and 24 h sleep deprivation (24SD)) × 2 supplementation conditions (melatonin and placebo)]. Ten trained male collegiate student-athletes (mean ± SD; age: 20 ± 2 y) attended the laboratory on six occasions with 72 h between successive visits. Placebo or 6 mg of melatonin were administered orally in capsules 30 min before the tests of: static and dynamic balance, reaction time, and anaerobic power. Also, blood lactate was measured before and 3 min after the anaerobic power exercise. During the placebo session, the results indicated that 4SD and 24SD had negative effect on the measured parameters, with higher impacts of the 24SD condition. Compared to placebo and during both 4SD and 24SD conditions, melatonin had a positive effect on static and dynamic balance, anaerobic power, blood lactic acid, and reaction time (p < .05). However, 6 mg melatonin ingestion had no significant effect on all dependent variables in collegiate student-athletes after the night without a sleep deprivation (p > .05). In conclusion, 6 mg of melatonin may be used by student-athletes to improve balance and psychomotor and physical performances after 4 h or 24 h of sleep deprivation.

El uso de las TIC en el entrenamiento deportivo: una propuesta operativa ante la COVID-19 / A utilização das TIC no treino desportivo: uma proposta operacional perante a COVID-19 / The TICs usage in the sport training: an operative proposal during COVID-19

RESUMEN Se ha acostumbrado a que la práctica del deporte se haga efectiva en una relación presencial, in situ, pero el distanciamiento social propio del confinamiento producido por la COVID-19 desestimó la presencialidad, generando distancia entre el entrenador y su deportista. El objetivo de este artículo es ofrecer un recurso conceptual y operativo con ejemplificaciones del enfoque de uso de Las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones como alternativa de solución para el entrenamiento deportivo. Se utilizó el método fenomenológico-hermenéutico, aplicando la técnica de la entrevista y la revisión bibliográfica, cuyos instrumentos fueron validados por juicio de expertos. La primera se aplicó a ocho entrenadores de deportes colectivos cuya labor se desarrolla en la provincia de Tungurahua, Ecuador, cuya función fue obtener información empírica que sirviera de complemento a la revisión. Ambas técnicas permitieron realizar un análisis crítico de dos categorías: las implicaciones laborales sobre el distanciamiento presencial y el acercamiento virtual y las necesidades para el entrenamiento deportivo, generadas por la crisis de la COVID-19. Se concluyó que, enfrentar la crisis, pudo ser preocupante inicialmente, pero las ejemplificaciones presentadas ayudarán a direccionar una nueva manera de dirigir y realizar entrenamientos aplicando la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones, a través de una verdadera alternativa de solución.

RESUMO Habituou-se à prática do desporto numa relação cara a cara, in situ, mas o distanciamento social típico do confinamento produzido pela COVID-19 dispensou a presença, gerando distância entre o treinador e o seu atleta. O objetivo deste artigo é oferecer um recurso conceptual e operacional com exemplos da abordagem da utilização das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação como uma solução alternativa para a formação desportiva. Foi utilizado o método fenomenológico-hermenêutico, aplicando a técnica da entrevista e a revisão bibliográfica, cujos instrumentos foram validados pelo julgamento de peritos. O primeiro foi aplicado a oito treinadores de desportos coletivos cujo trabalho é desenvolvido na província de Tungurahua, Equador, cuja função era obter informações empíricas que serviam de complemento à revisão. Ambas as técnicas permitiram uma análise crítica de duas categorias: as implicações laborais da distância presencial e da abordagem virtual e as necessidades de formação desportiva geradas pela crise da COVID-19. Concluiu-se que, face à crise, poderia ser inicialmente preocupante, mas as exemplificações apresentadas ajudarão a orientar uma nova forma de dirigir e a fazer formações aplicando a tecnologia da informação e das comunicações, através de uma verdadeira alternativa de solução.

ABSTRACT It has become accustomed to the practice of sport in a face-to-face, in-situ relationship, but the social distance inherent in the confinement produced by the COVID-19 dismissed face-to-face, generating distance between the coach and his athlete. The objective of this article is to offer a conceptual and operational resource with examples of the approach to the use of ICTs as an alternative solution for sports training. The phenomenological-hermeneutic method was used, applying the interview technique and the bibliographic review, whose instruments were validated by experts' judgment; the first one was applied to eight coaches of collective sports whose sports work is developed in the province of Tungurahua, whose function was to obtain empirical information that serves as a complement to the review, both allowed a critical analysis of two categories: the labor implications on the presential distance and virtual approach and the needs for sports training generated by the crisis of COVID-19. It was concluded that facing the crisis could be worrying initially, but the examples presented will help to direct a new way of managing and conducting training by applying ICTs giving a real alternative solution.

La ratio y su relación con las capacidades motrices en las judocas de Camagüey / A ratio e a sua relação com as capacidades motoras nas jogadoras de judô de Camagüey / The ratio and its relation with the motor capacities in the Judo women athletes of Camagüey

RESUMEN En el entrenamiento deportivo, se realizan valoraciones sobre el rendimiento utilizando los resultados de pruebas en las que se miden la manifestación global del fenotipo de las infantas, sin entrar a discriminar la influencia que tiene cada uno de los elementos que en él intervienen, tal es el caso del judo femenino en Camagüey, ya que se desconoce la relación entre la ratio de los dedos y las capacidades motrices. Es por ello que, se persigue como objetivo determinar la relación de la ratio de los dedos de las manos con las capacidades motrices en las atletas de judo escolares de Camagüey. Se desarrolló una investigación transversal en la que se emplean los métodos teóricos que constituyen los procesos lógicos del pensamiento y empíricos fundamentalmente la medición, así como la estadística descriptiva mediante la medida de tendencia central media: media, desviación típica, máximo y mínimo; así como estadística inferencial, determinando si existe correlación entre la ratio y las capacidades, para lo que se aplica el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Se concluye que en las atletas estudiadas se encontró una relación inversa entre la ratio de la mano derecha y las capacidades motrices fuerza y rapidez, no siendo fuerte. La relación que se encuentra entre las capacidades y la ratio no es lineal.

RESUMO No treino desportivo, as avaliações de desempenho são feitas utilizando os resultados de testes em que é medida a manifestação global do fenótipo das crianças, sem discriminar a influência de cada um dos elementos envolvidos no mesmo, como é o caso do Judô feminino em Camagüey, uma vez que a relação entre a ratio dos dedos e as capacidades motoras é desconhecida. É por isso que o objetivo é perseguido: determinar a relação entre a ratio dos dedos das mãos com as capacidades motoras nos atletas de judô da escola de Camagüey. Foi desenvolvida uma investigação transversal utilizando os métodos teóricos que constituem os processos lógicos do pensamento e métodos empíricos, fundamentalmente a medição, bem como a estatística descritiva através da medida da tendência central média: média, desvio padrão, máximo e mínimo; bem como a estatística inferencial, determinando se existe correlação entre a razão e as capacidades, à qual é aplicado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Concluindo que nas atletas estudadas foi encontrada uma relação inversa entre a relação entre a mão direita e a força e velocidade motora, não sendo forte. A relação encontrada entre as capacidades e a ratio não é linear.

ABSTRACT In sports training, performance evaluations are made using the results of tests in which the global manifestation of the phenotype of the infants is measured, without discriminating the influence that each of the elements that intervene in it has, such is the case of female Judo in Camagüey, since the relationship between the ratio of the fingers and the motor capacities is unknown. That's why the objective is to determine the relationship between the ratio of the fingers with the motor skills in the school Judo women athletes of Camaguey. It was developed a transversal research in which the theoretical methods that constitute the logical processes of thought and empirical fundamentally the measurement are used, as well as the descriptive statistics by means of the measurement of average central tendency: mean, standard deviation, maximum and minimum; as well as inferential statistics, determining if there is correlation between the ratio and the capacities, for which Pearson's correlation coefficient is applied. Concluding that in the studied athletes an inverse relation was found between the ratio of the right hand and the motor capacities strength and speed, not being strong. The relationship found between the capacities and the ratio is not linear.

Content validity of scenes from declarative tactical knowledge test for attack situation in beach volleyball - DTKAT-BV / Validação de conteúdo do teste de conhecimento tático declarativo para a situação de ataque no voleibol de praia ­ TCTDA-VP / Validación de contenido del test de conocimiento táctico declarativo para la situación de ataque en voleibol de playa ­ TCTDA-VP

The aim of the study was to establish the content validity of scenes from the Declarative Tactical Knowledge Attack Test in Beach Volleyball (DTKAT-VB). Four experts evaluated 32 attack scenes in real situations of BV game through were assessed the Content Validity Coefficient (CVC) through criteria of language clarity, practical relevance and item representativeness. The results showed that all scenes assessed obtained CVC values greater than 0.80 for all criteria[image clarity (CVC - 0.98); practical relevance (CVC - 0.97); item representativeness (CVC ­ 0.94)], except for one scene, which was excluded. The 31 scenes validated using the CVC enables the evaluation of the declarative tactical knowledge, assisting in the planning of the teaching-learning-training processes of beach volleyball athletes.

O objetivo do estudo foi estabelecer a validade de conteúdo das cenas do Teste de Conhecimento Tático Declarativo do Ataque no Voleibol de Praia (TCTDA-VP). Quatro especialistas avaliaram 32 cenas de ataque em situações reais de jogo de VP foram avaliadas pelo Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo (CVC) por meio de critérios de clareza de linguagem, relevância prática e representatividade dos itens. Os resultados mostraram que as cenas avaliadas obtiveram valores de CVC maiores que 0,80 para todos os critérios [clareza da imagem (CVC - 0,98); relevância prática (CVC - 0,97); a representatividade do item (CVC - 0,94)], com exceção de uma cena, sendo assim excluída. As 31 cenas validadas por meio do CVC possibilitam a avaliação do conhecimento tático declarativo, auxiliando no planejamento dos processos de ensino-aprendizagem-treinamento de atletas do voleibol de praia.

El objetivo del estudio fue estabelecer la validación de contenido de las escenas del Teste de Conocimiento Táctico Declarativo del Ataque en el Voleibol de Playa ­ TCTDA-VP. Cuatro especialistas evaluaron 32 escenas de ataque en situaciones reales de juego de VP através del Coeficiente de Validez de Contenido (CVC) através de criterios de claridad del idioma, relevancia práctica y representatividad del elemento. Los resultados mostraron que para todos los criterios [claridad de imagen (CVC - 0.98); relevancia práctica (CVC - 0.97); representatividad del elemento (CVC - 0,94)], obtuvieron un CVC superior a 0,80, excepto por una escena, quedando así excluida. Las 31 escenas validadas por el CVC possibilitaron la evaluación del conocimiento táctico declarativo ayudando em la planificación de los processos de enseñanza-aprendizaje-treinamiento de los deportistas de voleibol de playa.

Relationships between Risk Events, Personality Traits, and Risk Perception of Adolescent Athletes in Sports Training.

Personality traits have close relationships with risky behaviors in various domains, including physical education, competition, and athletic training. It is yet little known about how trait personality dimensions associate with risk events and how vital factors, such as risk perception, could affect the happening of risk events in adolescent athletes. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the prediction of risk events by regression analysis with dimensions of personality, risk perception and sports, relations between risk events, risk perception, and the facets of the personality dimensions via data collecting from 664 adolescent athletes aged 13-18 years (male 364, female 300). Secondary intent is to assess school-specific levels of training risks among sports schools, regular schools, and sports and education integrated schools. The results show that psychology events are the strongest predicted by personality traits, risk perception, and sports, followed by injury and nutrition. Emotionality has the most significant positive correlation with risk events, while other traits have a significant negative correlation with risk events, except agreeableness. The integration schools are more conducive to the healthy development of adolescent athletes' personalities. Moreover, the research indicates that sports training can strengthen the development directions of different personality characteristics.

The Effects of Computer-Based and Motor-Imagery Training on Scoring Ability in Lacrosse.

Previous studies have confirmed that the temporal attentional control created by the repetition of stimulus-response compatibility (SRC) tasks was transferred to shooting skills in lacrosse players. In the current study, we investigated whether combining motor imagery training with SRC tasks could enhance the scoring ability of lacrosse players. We grouped 33 male lacrosse players into three groups: an SRC task and motor imagery group (referred as to SRC + Image), an SRC task group, and a control group. Players in the first two groups underwent five sessions of 200 SRC task trials. In addition, the SRC + Image group completed five sessions of motor-imagery training. The control group underwent no training interventions. All three groups performed a lacrosse shooting test and a Simon task before and after training sessions to assess the magnitude of the interference effects of the various types of training they underwent. The results of the Simon task showed that repetition of 1,000 trials was enough to create a short-term representation with the incompatible special mapping being transferred to a dynamic activity like lacrosse shooting. Moreover, a combination of a computer-based Type 2 task and motor-imagery training could effectively increase players' scoring abilities in a field of large spatial conflict.

Does a 4-week training period with hand paddles affect front-crawl swimming performance?

This study investigated the effects of a 4-week training with hand paddles (HPD) on front-crawl swimming performance (SP), clean swimming speed (SPEED), stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL) and tethered force (TF). Twenty swimmers (10 men and 10 women) were paired according to performance and gender, and were randomly assigned to control (CON, 22.4 ± 2.3 years) or HPD (21.8 ± 1.9 years) groups. During 4 weeks both groups performed the same training, except for a sprint training set (3 times/week, 10 × 10 strokes all-out, 1-min rest) completed with (HPD = 320 cm2) and without (CON) paddles. Afterwards, both groups performed the same training over a 2-week taper period. SP, SPEED, SR, SL and TF were assessed before (PRE) and after the 4-week period (POST), after the first (T1) and second taper weeks (T2). Swimmers rated their perceived exertion for the sprint training set (RPETS) and the training session for determining internal training load (ITL). SP, SPEED, SR, SL and TF did not change from PRE to POST, T1 and T2. ITL and RPETS were not different between groups. Training 4 weeks with HPD does not affect swimming performance, so the use of HPD remains unsupported in such period.

Neuro-computational Impact of Physical Training Overload on Economic Decision-Making.

Overtraining syndrome is a form of burnout, defined in endurance athletes by unexplained performance drop associated with intense fatigue sensation. Our working hypothesis is that the form of fatigue resulting from physical training overload might share some neural underpinnings with the form of fatigue observed after prolonged intellectual work, which was previously shown to affect the cognitive control brain system. Indeed, cognitive control may be required to prevent any impulsive behavior, including stopping physical effort when it hurts, despite the long-term goal of improving performance through intense training. To test this hypothesis, we induced a mild form of overtraining in a group of endurance athletes, which we compared to a group of normally trained athletes on behavioral tasks performed during fMRI scanning. At the behavioral level, training overload enhanced impulsivity in economic choice, which was captured by a bias favoring immediate over delayed rewards in our computational model. At the neural level, training overload resulted in diminished activation of the lateral prefrontal cortex, a key region of the cognitive control system, during economic choice. Our results therefore provide causal evidence for a functional link between enduring physical exercise and exerting cognitive control. Besides, the concept of cognitive control fatigue bridges the functional consequences of excessive physical training and intellectual work into a single neuro-computational mechanism, which might contribute to other clinical forms of burnout syndromes.

Intensity of Health Behaviors in People Who Practice Combat Sports and Martial Arts.

Background: Health behaviors are associated with a healthy lifestyle, in which relative possibilities of choice play an important part. Athletes are a group of people who should particularly endeavor to have a health-oriented lifestyle. It is believed that combat sports (CS) and martial arts (MA) have an especially significant educational potential, connected with several desirable values which provide positive patterns of health behaviors. The aim of the work was to assess the intensity of health behaviors in athletes who practiced CS and MA in relation to the length of their training history, their age, sex, place of residence, education level, and financial situation. Methods: The research involved 441 men and women who practiced boxing (B), Brazilian ju-jitsu (BJJ), karate (K), mixed martial arts (MMA) and Muay Thai (MT). The average age of the subjects was 24.68 ± 8.24 years. The standardized Health Behavior Inventory (HBI) questionnaire and another questionnaire for a lifestyle survey were applied. Individual behaviors covered four areas: Correct eating habits (CEH), preventive behaviors (PB), positive mental attitude (PMA), and health practices (HP). The one-way analysis of variance (F-test) for independent groups was used (ANOVA). The effect size was calculated with Hedge's g for Student's t-test, and with Cramér's V for the χ2 test. The value of p ≤ 0.05 was assumed to be statistically significant. Results: CS and MA athletes presented a moderate level of health behaviors. The greater intensity of health behaviors (HBI and its categories) was found among B, K and MMA athletes, and the smaller among those who practiced MT. Correct eating habits (CEH) were characteristic of subjects who practiced every day and whose length of training history was 4-8 years. Greater intensity of preventive behaviors (PB) was observed among individuals aged under-19 years, who still studied. Greater intensity of health practices (HP) was found among those who exercised every day. Influence of financial situation was observed in relations to PMA. Conclusions: It seems that the existing educational potential of CS and MA was not fully realized in the studied population. Determining the place of health in the system of values of CS and MA athletes may be the basis for predicting health behaviors and developing health education programs.