Diferencia de edad entre cónyuges por nivel educativo en América Latina. El caso de Bolivia, Ecuador y Uruguay / Diferença de idade entre cônjuges por nível de escolaridade na América Latina. O caso de Bolívia, Equador e Uruguai / Spousal age difference by education in Latin America. The case of Bolivia, Ecuador and Uruguay

Resumen El objetivo del estudio es hacer un análisis descriptivo de la asociación entre la educación y la diferencia de edad entre los cónyuges en uniones de distinto sexo y conocer cómo ha evolucionado esta relación a lo largo de las cohortes en las últimas décadas a la luz del incremento del nivel educativo de la población en América Latina, en particular de las mujeres. Se hizo un análisis descriptivo utilizando muestras de rondas censales desde 1970 hasta 2010 de tres países de la región, Bolivia, Ecuador y Uruguay, seleccionando a hombres y a mujeres de 25 a 29 años de edad. Tanto en hombres como en mujeres, no se observa en general un descenso significativo de la diferencia etaria a lo largo de las cohortes. Mientras en las mujeres se observó una relación negativa entre la diferencia etaria entre cónyuges y nivel educativo, en los hombres se constató mayor heterogeneidad entre los países.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo é realizar uma análise descritiva da associação entre escolaridade e diferença de idade entre cônjuges em uniões de diferente sexo e como essa relação evoluiu ao longo das coortes nas últimas décadas em função do aumento da escolaridade da população da América Latina, especialmente para as mulheres. Foram utilizadas amostras de rodadas dos censos de 1970 a 2010 de três países da região − Bolívia, Equador e Uruguai −, selecionando homens e mulheres de 25 a 29 anos de idade. Para o total da amostra, não foi observada diminuição significativa na diferença de idade ao longo das coortes. Para as mulheres, verificou--se relação negativa entre a diferença de idade entre os cônjuges e a escolaridade. Para os homens, observou-se maior heterogeneidade entre os países.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between education and the age gap between spouses in heterosexual unions. The study also examines how this association has changed over time in different cohorts, especially among women, in the context of educational expansion in Latin America. The research used the data collected from census rounds conducted between 1970 and 2010 in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Uruguay. The sample included men and women aged between 25 to 29. The findings reveal that there was no significant decrease in the age difference throughout the cohorts for both men and women. However, a negative relationship was observed between the spousal age difference and educational level in women. On the other hand, men showed greater heterogeneity between countries.

Positive Correlation Between Women's Status and Intimate Partner Violence Suggests Violence Backlash in Mwanza, Tanzania.

Urbanization in low and middle-income nations is characterized by economic and demographic shifts largely understood to be beneficial to women's empowerment. These changes include increased education and wage-labor opportunities, a disruption of traditional patrilocal residence systems, and reductions in spousal age gap and fertility. However, such changes may drive a "violence backlash," with men increasing intimate partner violence (IPV) in efforts to challenge women's shifting status. To date, tests of this idea primarily relate to women's changing economic status, with less known about the demographic correlates of IPV in urbanizing settings. Addressing this, we conducted a cross-sectional study of IPV behavior and attitudes in an urbanizing community in Mwanza, northern Tanzania (n = 317). Consistent with a violence backlash, IPV was reported more often among women educated at higher levels than their husband, and women earning similar, rather than lower, wages to their husband were more likely to report that he condones IPV. These findings were independent of women's absolute education and income. Furthermore, less frequent paternal kin contact, and relatively small spousal age gaps, generally understood to boost women's empowerment, were associated with an increased risk of experiencing IPV. Less frequent paternal kin contact was also associated with an increased likelihood that a husband condones IPV. Contrary to our predictions, relatively lower fertility, generally linked to higher women's empowerment, did not predict IPV behavior and women with high, rather than low, fertility were more likely to report that their husband condones IPV. Overall, our results support the notion of a violence backlash corresponding to economic changes for women that accompany urbanization. In contrast, demographic changes associated with urbanization have more variable relationships. Drawing on these results, we suggest future research avenues for better understanding the vulnerability of women to IPV in urbanizing settings.