Evaluation of Intimate Partner Violence and Its Association With Depression Among Women in Chengalpattu District, India: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Intimate partner violence is one of the major problems experienced by women all over the world. Almost one in three women have experienced one or more forms of violence at least once in their lifetime. These estimates confirm that physical and sexual intimate partner violence remains pervasive in the lives of women across the globe. Intimate partner violence has been found to have a severe impact on mental health such as depression symptoms. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of intimate partner violence in terms of controlling behavior, sexual, and physical violence, and its association with depression in women of Chengalpattu district, India. Methods It is a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in 12 villages under the field practicing area of the rural health training center of Chettinad Health and Research Institute in Kelambakkam, India, by simple random sampling among 190 women participants ever married or partnered of age ≥18 years. A pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire was used which included the WHO Violence Against Women Instrument (VAWI) in the English language and Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ 9). The collected data was entered in Microsoft Office Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, United States) and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21 (Released 2012; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). A probability value (p-value) of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The mean (SD) age of the study participants was 34 (±8) years. Among the 190 participants, 57.4% reported controlling behavior, 31.1% reported physical violence and 7.4% reported sexual violence by the intimate partner at least once in the past 12 months. About 34.7% were found to have mild depression and 21.6% with moderate depression. There was a significant association between intimate partner violence and depression in women (p < 0.001) Conclusion The present study found that there is a huge impact of intimate partner violence on the mental health of women whether it is psychological, physical, or sexual. There is a need for awareness and effective management of violence against women, especially in rural areas. Strategies focusing on women's education, leadership, empowerment, decision-making, and financial independence are very much needed.

"I Am Not Taking Sides as a Female At All": Co-Facilitation and Gendered Positioning in a Domestic Abuse Perpetrator Program.

The facilitation of domestic abuse perpetrator programs (DAPPs) by mixed gender co-facilitation pairs brings different facilitator perspectives and enables the modeling of egalitarian and respectful male-female relationships. This study analyzed 22 video and audio recordings of community-based DAPP groups featuring male participants, and male and female facilitators. Using thematic analysis, we aimed to understand how facilitators engaged participants and whether the facilitator's gender affected this. We found an asymmetry in the positioning of the facilitators. Group participants challenged both facilitators, but especially the female facilitators. Facilitator strategies toward behavior change included softening direct challenges (female facilitators) and mobilizing the shared category of men (male facilitators). Implications from this study are for reflective practice in facilitator management and supervision specifically focused on gendered power dynamics. Skilled facilitation is key to behavior change and the gendered interplay within groups may be a crucial element in the reduction of interpersonal violence and abuse.

Association between domestic violence and unintended, terminated pregnancy and complications during pregnancy among Indian women: Findings from nationally representative survey.

Background: Women experiencing domestic violence might have restrictions in the pregnancy-related decision-making and care-seeking process leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes. We explored the association between domestic violence and undesirable pregnancy events. Methods: 63,796 women aged 18-49 years covered under the domestic violence module of National Family Health Survey-5, 2019-21. Stratification and clustering in the complex sampling design of the survey were accounted in analysis. Using Poisson regression, prevalence ratio (PR) was reported to provide association of domestic violence with undesirable pregnancy events. Results: Prevalence of undesirable pregnancy events was 25.0% (95%CI: 24.4%-25.7%) amongst women aged 18-49 years. Prevalence of unintended, terminated pregnancy and complications during pregnancy was 3.2%, 5.1% and 20.9%, respectively. Women aged ≥35 years, educated, unemployed, primi or multi parity, intimate partner/husband being uneducated, facing problem with access to healthcare, belonging to large number of household members (≥4) and poorest or poorer quintile had significantly higher chance of having undesirable pregnancy events. Sexual violence (aPR: 1.11, p = 0.02) had higher chance of having undesirable pregnancy events. Conclusion: One-fourth of reproductive-age group women had undesirable pregnancy events. Sexual violence was significantly associated with these events. Effective policy should protect women from domestic violence to promote maternal well-being.

substance use and recidivism of intimate partner violence in Peru: A cross-sectional study.

Background: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) carries significant global burden, with approximately 27% of women who have ever had a partner experiencing IPV. Additionally, substance use (alcohol and drugs) is often associated with aggressive attitudes and serves as a risk factor for IPV. Objective: Determine the association between substance use and the recurrence of IPV in the Peruvian population in 2022. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using public data from the Ministry of Women, employing regression based on generalized linear models to calculate crude and adjusted Odds Ratios. Results: A total of 65,290 cases of IPV were analyzed, the results revealed that 93.70% of the reports were cases of recidivism. A relationship was identified between substance use and IPV, with an Odds Ratio of 2.24 for the perpetrator's alcohol consumption and an Odds Ratio of 2.33 for drug use. Conclusion: Based on these findings, it can be concluded that a relationship exists between substance use and IPV, and national strategies should incorporate proper monitoring after the initial report of violence, as well as effective control of substance use among perpetrators.

Lived Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence and Help-seeking among Wives of Persons with Alcohol Dependence: A Thematic Analysis.

Background: Worldwide, intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health problem. Most of the wives of persons with alcohol dependence (PwAD) experience IPV in their lifetime. The study examined lived experiences of IPV among wives of PwAD. Methods: Qualitative research study design was used. Twenty participants were recruited using the consecutive sampling method. The researcher used an in-depth interview guide to collect the data. ATLAS.ti.9 software was used to analyse the qualitative data. Thematic analysis was used for coding and emerging themes. The thematic analysis yielded four themes generated from the in-depth interview: (1) reasons for the IPV, (2) help-seeking, (3) barriers in help-seeking and (4) coping with IPV. Conclusion: Survivors of IPV do not seek help due to self-stigma, unavailable resources, and lack of awareness about treatment for alcohol dependence. Clinicians should routinely screen for IPV among female spouses of persons with alcohol-dependent syndrome and provide psychosocial interventions for the survivors of IPV.

Burden, trend and determinants of various forms of domestic violence among reproductive age-group women in India: findings from nationally representative surveys.

BACKGROUND: Violence, a notable human rights concern, has a public health impact across the globe. The study aimed to determine the prevalence and determinants of domestic violence among ever-married women aged 18-49 years in India. METHODS: Secondary data analysis with National Family Health Survey 5, 2019-21 data (NFHS-5) was conducted. The complex sampling design of the survey was accounted-for during analysis. The primary outcome was domestic violence. Prevalence was reported with 95% confidence interval (CI). Prevalence ratio was reported to provide the factors associated with domestic violence using Poisson regression. RESULTS: About 63 796 ever-married women aged 18-49 years covered under domestic violence module of NFHS-5 survey were included. Prevalence of domestic violence (12 months preceding the survey) was 31.9% (95% CI: 30.9-32.9%). Physical violence (28.3%) was the most common form followed by emotional (14.1%) and sexual violence (6.1%). Women with low education, being employed, husband being uneducated or with coercive behavior had significantly higher prevalence of domestic violence. CONCLUSIONS: One-third of the reproductive age-group women were facing some form of domestic violence. Target group interventions like violence awareness campaigns, women supportive services and stringent law enforcement should be implemented to eliminate domestic violence by year 2030.

Knowledge and attitudes of rural healthcare providers regarding domestic violence against women: a systematic review

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Specific types of violence such as intimate partner sexual violence and intimate partner homicide occur more frequently in rural areas. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to systematically review the literature on the knowledge and attitudes of rural healthcare providers regarding cases of domestic violence against women. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review developed at Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. METHODS: We conducted an electronic search of six databases, which only included observational studies, regardless of the year, language, or country of publication, except for studies that used secondary data and were exclusively qualitative. Two reviewers performed the selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment using a specific Joanna Briggs Institute tool. RESULTS: Six studies met the inclusion criteria. All the studies had a low risk of bias. Approximately 38% of these professionals identified injuries caused by violence in patients. When asked about knowing the correct attitude to take in cases of confirmed violence, between 12% and 64% of rural healthcare providers answered positively; most of them would refer to specialized institutions and promote victim empowerment and counseling. The number of professionals with an educational background in the field ranged from 16% to 98%. CONCLUSIONS: The evident disparity across studies shows that some professionals have suboptimal knowledge and require training to adopt the correct attitude when identifying female victims of domestic violence in clinical practice. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: This systematic review was registered in the Open Science Framework Database under the registration http://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/B7Q6S.

Intimate partner violence in women with breast and gynaecologic cancers: A systematic review.

AIM: The current study aimed to systematically review the data obtained from studies on women with breast and gynaecologic cancers subjected to Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). DESIGN: Systematic review without meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, ProQuest, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science; databases were searched without time limit. REVIEW METHOD: The PRISMA model was guided the systematic literature search using Boolean keywords and operators. PICO statement was used to develop a question of this review. Studies examining women with breast and gynaecologic cancers subjected to IPV were included in the study after the quality of the articles was reviewed. RESULTS: Eight studies that met the inclusion criteria and were conducted between 2000 and 2021 were included in the study. CONCLUSIONS: Studies confirm the effect of IPV on the severity and consequences of breast and gynaecologic cancers. Having a history of IPV can indirectly lead to breast and gynaecologic cancers. On the other hand, women suffering from IPV are more likely than other women to delay screening or not perform screening for cancer. IMPACT: The dimensions and nature of violence and the disclosure or non-disclosure of violence in vulnerable women are strongly affected by society's culture. Therefore, researchers need to have sufficient knowledge of the culture and social factors governing the community to achieve reliable findings related to IPV in qualitative, quantitative, and psychometric studies and the design of IPV assessment tools. It is recommended that IPV screening teams, that is, multidisciplinary teams of trained physicians, nurses and social workers, participate in two-way screening programmes: IPV screening for women with gynaecological cancer and screening for gynaecological cancer in women with IPV.

Violência por parceiro íntimo na gestação: um enfoque sobre características do parceiro / Intimate partner violence during pregnancy: a focus on partner characteristics

Resumo Este estudo analisa a associação das violências contra a mulher durante a gestação segundo as características socioeconômicas e comportamentais do parceiro íntimo. Trata-se de um estudo transversal analítico em uma maternidade de um município do Espírito Santo com 327 puérperas, onde foram coletados dados sobre as características do parceiro íntimo. O instrumento da Organização Mundial da Saúde foi utilizado para rastrear a violência por parceiro íntimo na gestação. Foram obtidas as associações pela regressão de Poisson bruta e ajustada. Puérperas cujos parceiros consumiam bebida alcoólica, não eram os pais biológicos da criança e se recusavam a usar preservativo tiveram maior prevalência de violência psicológica na gestação. A violência física se associou às puérperas cujos parceiros não trabalhavam e se recusavam a usar preservativo. Puérperas com parceiros que se recusavam a usar preservativo tiveram prevalência nove vezes maior de sofrer violência sexual na gestação. Desse modo, o pré-natal se apresenta como um momento oportuno para abordar os parceiros quanto ao cuidado em saúde e enfrentamento à violência. É necessário ampliar o acolhimento dos homens pelos serviços de saúde para intervir nos fatores que favorecem a violência na gestação.

Abstract This study analyzes the association between violence against women during pregnancy and intimate partner socioeconomic and behavioral characteristics. We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study with 327 postpartum women admitted to a maternity hospital in a city in Espírito Santo, Brazil using a questionnaire to collect data on intimate partner socioeconomic and behavioral characteristics. Intimate partner violence was assessed using questions based on the World Health Organisation instrument "Violence against Women (WHO VAW STUDY)". Associations were tested using crude and adjusted Poisson regression. The prevalence of psychological violence during pregnancy was higher among women whose partners consumed alcohol, refused to use condoms, and were not the infant's biological father. Physical violence was associated with women whose partners did not work and refused to use condoms. The prevalence of sexual violence during pregnancy was more than nine times higher among women with partners who refused to use condoms. The findings demonstrate that antenatal care is an opportune time to approach partners about health care and address violence. It is necessary to promote the utilization of health services by men in order to address risk factors for violence during pregnancy.

Exposición a la violencia de pareja: comprensiones desde su naturalización en hombres y mujeres colombianos / Exposure to partner violence: understanding its naturalization in Colombian men and women

ABSTRACT Objetivo Evaluar si las representaciones sociales sobre violencia de pareja se relacionan con su naturalización. Material y Métodos Estudio exploratorio, mediante cuestionario, con participación de 731 hombres y mujeres en unión marital vigente. Resultados El 82% reporta haber sufrido violencia de su pareja. De este grupo el 51% se reconoce como víctima. El grupo que no reporta haber sufrido episodios violentos muestra una puntuación media inferior en la aceptación de los mitos en comparación con los grupos que reportan haber padecido violencia, se reconozcan o no como víctimas. Al relacionar el grado de acuerdo de los mitos con variables sociodemográficas, se obtiene una correlación significativa con el nivel de educación (r=-0,283; p<0.000). Este puntaje tiene una correlación significativa con violencia psicológica (r=0.194; p<0.001) y física. Conclusiones Los resultados no son concluyentes puesto que no todos los mitos incluidos en esta investigación se relacionan directamente con procesos de naturalización de la violencia. No obstante, se constituye en un avance de conocimiento por las trazas de naturalización de la violencia encontradas respecto a los factores culturales, sociales y familiares que facilitan la reproducción de las relaciones asimétricas entre hombres y mujeres. Asimismo, el nivel de desacuerdo con los mitos se reconoce como factor protector.

ABSTRACT Objective To assess if social representations of couples' violence are related to its naturalization. Material and Methods Exploratory study through a questionnaire with the participation of 731 men and women in a valid marital union. Results 82% report having suffered violence from their partner. Of this group, 51% are recognized as a victim. The group that does not report having suffered violent episodes, shows a lower average score in the acceptance of the myths compared to the group that report having suffered violence, whether they are or not recognized as victims. By relating the degree of agreement of the myths with sociodemographic variables, a significant correlation is obtained with the level of education (r=-0.283, p<0.000). This score has a significant correlation with psychological (r=0.194; p<0.001) and physical violence. Conclusion The results are not conclusive because not all the myths included in this research are directly related to processes of naturalisation of violence. However, it constitutes an advance in knowledge due to the traces of naturalisation of violence found with respect to cultural, social and family factors that facilítate the reproduction of asymmetric relationships between men and women. Likewise, the level of disagreement with the myths is recognised as a protective factor.

Associação entre a violência e as características socioeconômicas e reprodutivas da mulher / Association between violence and women's socioeconomic and reproductive characteristics

Resumo Introdução A violência contra a mulher consiste em um importante agravo de saúde pública, com elevada magnitude e impacto na saúde. Objetivo Verificar a associação entre a violência perpetrada por parceiro íntimo ao longo da vida e as características socioeconômicas e reprodutivas da mulher. Método Estudo transversal, realizado em 2014, em 26 unidades de saúde, no município de Vitória, Espírito Santo. Amostra com 991 mulheres, de faixa etária entre 20 e 59 anos, com parceiro íntimo nos 12 meses anteriores à entrevista. Os dados socioeconômicos, as características reprodutivas e os três tipos de violência contra a mulher (psicológica, sexual ou física) foram coletados. Na análise dos dados, foram empregados o teste qui-quadrado, com nível de significância de 5%, e a regressão de Poisson, para obter as razões de prevalência bruta e ajustada para fatores de confusão. Resultados O modelo final ajustado mostrou que a violência física, psicológica e sexual se associou à escolaridade, situação conjugal, recusa do parceiro a usar preservativo nas relações sexuais, número de parceiros sexuais no último ano e número de filhos. A primeira relação sexual forçada permaneceu associada à violência sexual, assim como a idade da coitarca com a violência física e psicológica. Conclusão Prevalências de violência contra a mulher estão associadas a fatores socioeconômicos e reprodutivos.

Abstract Background Violence against women is an important public health issue that has high magnitude and an impact on health. Objective To verify the association between intimate partner violence throughout life and women's socioeconomic and reproductive characteristics. Method Cross-sectional study carried out in 26 health units in the municipality of Vitória, state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, in 2014. Sample composed of 991 women, aged 20-59 years, having an intimate partner in the 12 months prior to the interview. Data on socioeconomic and reproductive characteristics and the three types of violence against women (psychological, sexual, or physical) were collected. The chi-squared test at a 5% significance level was used to analyze the data, and the Poisson regression was applied to obtain the crude and adjusted prevalence ratios for the confounding factors. Results The adjusted final model showed that physical, psychological and sexual violence was associated with education level, marital status, partner's refusal to use a condom during sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners in the past year, and number of children (p<0.05). The first forced sexual intercourse remained associated with sexual violence and age at first sexual intercourse was associated with physical and psychological violence. Conclusion Prevalence of violence against women is associated with socioeconomic and reproductive factors.

Effect of Psychoeducation Group Training Based on Problem-Solving Skills for Women Experiencing Bipolar Spouse Abuse.

Aim: Wives of patients with bipolar disorder as informal caregivers are at high risk for spouse abuse and need to learn coping strategies such as problem-solving skills to manage problematic situations. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the psychoeducation group training based on problem-solving skills for women experiencing bipolar spouse abuse. Methods: A randomized clinical trial design was used for this study. In intervention group, women experiencing bipolar spouse abuse participated in four problem-solving skills training sessions and women in two groups (intervention = 30 and control = 30) completed the Index of Spouse Abuse at baseline and after 2 months. Results: The results indicated that changes in abuse scores (physical, non-physical and total of Index of Spouse Abuse) after the intervention were significantly different among the two groups (p < 0.0001). Although abuse scores decreased in both the intervention and the control groups, but lower abuse scores in the intervention than control group were statistically significant. Conclusion: Our findings support that the problem-solving skills training intervention can help to decrease the women experience of bipolar spouse abuse.

Domestic abuse among female doctors: thematic analysis of qualitative interviews in the UK.

BACKGROUND: Doctors can be victim-survivors of domestic abuse (DA), but how this impacts their work and wellbeing, and whether they face barriers to seeking help is not well understood. AIM: To understand single doctor mothers' lived experience of DA, barriers to seeking help, and impact on their work. DESIGN AND SETTING: Individual qualitative interviews with female doctors in the UK who had left an abusive relationship. Interviews were conducted between August 2019 and March 2020. METHOD: Participants were invited via a closed online forum for female doctors who are single parents. In total, 114 females expressed interest. In-depth semi-structured telephone interviews were audiorecorded and transcribed. Transcripts were uploaded to NVivo and analysed using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS: A total of 21 participants were interviewed. The internalised stigma of DA affected participants' sense of identity and belonging as a doctor, causing social and professional isolation. Many participants felt that the acute stress of DA had an impact on their work, yet often felt unable to take time off. Barriers to seeking help included lack of confidentiality, especially where the abusive partner was also a doctor (sometimes accusing the victim-survivor of mental illness or threatening to report them to the General Medical Council). Participants found peer support helpful, as well as consulting health professionals who were empathic towards them. After they had left the abusive relationship victim-survivors felt better equipped to support patients going through DA. CONCLUSION: Domestic abuse impacts on the work and wellbeing of female doctors, who face unique barriers to help seeking and reporting DA. An online peer support group can help to break the sense of isolation, but specialised confidential support services are also required to help doctors experiencing DA.

Prevalence and associated factors of intimate partner violence in Caxias, Maranhão state, Brazil, 2019-2020 / Prevalencia y factores asociados con la violencia por la pareja durante el embarazo en Caxias, Maranhão, Brasil, 2019-2020 / Prevalência e fatores associados à violência por parceiro íntimo na gestação em Caxias, Maranhão, 2019-2020

Objective: To analyze prevalence and associated factors of intimate partner violence during pregnancy Methods: Cross-sectional study, with data obtained through interviews with pregnant women aged 10 to 49 years old in the third trimester of pregnancy, residing in Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil (2019-2020). The World Health Organization Violence Against Women Study instrument was used to identify violence. A hierarchical analysis was performed using multiple logistic regression. Results: 233 pregnant women were interviewed. The prevalence of violence during pregnancy was 33%, with predominance of psychological violence (18.9%). In the final hierarchical model, woman's age <20 years (AOR=2.09 ­ 95%CI 1.17;3.54) and abuse of illicit drugs by intimate partner (AOR=8.78 ­ 95%CI 2.13;28.92) remained as factors associated with the outcome. Conclusion: Violence during pregnancy had a high prevalence, with young age of the woman and partner's consumption of illegal substances factors associated with its occurrence.

Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência e fatores associados à violência por parceiro íntimo na gestação. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com dados obtidos de entrevistas com grávidas de 10 a 49 anos de idade, no terceiro trimestre gestacional, residentes em Caxias, Maranhão, Brasil (2019-2020). Utilizou-se o instrumento World Health Organization Violence Against Women Study para identificação da forma de violência. Realizou-se análise hierarquizada por regressão logística múltipla. Resultados: Foram entrevistadas 233 gestantes. A violência na gestação apresentou prevalência de 33% com predomínio da violência psicológica (18,9%). No modelo hierarquizado final, a faixa etária da mulher <20 anos (ORaj=2,09 ­ IC95% 1,17;3,54) e o consumo de drogas ilícitas pelo parceiro (ORaj=8,78 ­ IC95% 2,13;28,92) mantiveram-se associados ao desfecho de violência. Conclusão: A violência na gestação apresentou elevada prevalência, sendo a idade jovem da mulher e o uso de substâncias ilícitas pelo parceiro fatores associados a sua ocorrência.

Clinical Features of Heterosexual Intimate Partner Violence Victims With Escalating Injury Severity.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is largely recognized to have a cyclical pattern and violence escalation in terms of frequency and intensity over time. However, there is a lack of systematic investigation of the profiles of victims and quantification of the patterns of injury of the victims associated with the first time versus repeated violence episodes. This study aimed to fill this knowledge gap by medical chart review of 878 victims in a 5-year period from 2010 to 2014 in Accident and Emergency Department (AED) of two public general hospitals in Hong Kong. The differences in injury patterns between the first IPV episode (FE) and recurrent IPV episodes (REs) experienced by male and female victims in heterosexual relationship were evaluated. The results indicated the violence escalation occurred in recurrent IPV in both genders. In female victims, there was significant increase in the number of injury locations (mean [M] = 2.0 vs. 2.2, p < .05), number of causes of injury (M = 1.7 vs. 2.2, p < .001) and police escort (15.2% vs. 22.1%, p < .05) in RE compared to FE. In male victims, however, only the increase in the number of causes of injury was significant (M = 1.6 vs. 2.1, p < .05) in RE compared to FE. In summary, our results highlight the escalation in the severity of harm of IPV victims in heterosexual relationship, and the gender differences in severity aggression and injury and help-seeking behavior change in recurrent IPV. Preventive measures are indicated to intervene the IPV occurrence and recurrence with rising morbidity and a potential of mortality.

Prevalência e fatores associados à violência por parceiro íntimo na gestação em Caxias, Maranhão, 2019-2020 / Prevalencia y factores asociados con la violencia por la pareja durante el embarazo en Caxias, en el estado de Maranhão, Brasil, 2019-2020 / Prevalence and factors associated with intimate partner violence during pregnancy in Caxias, state of Maranhão, Brazil, 2019-2020

Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência e fatores associados à violência por parceiro íntimo na gestação. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com dados obtidos de entrevistas com grávidas de 10 a 49 anos de idade, no terceiro trimestre gestacional, residentes em Caxias, Maranhão, Brasil (2019-2020). Utilizou-se o instrumento World Health Organization Violence Against Women Study para identificação da forma de violência. Realizou-se análise hierarquizada por regressão logística múltipla. Resultados: Foram entrevistadas 233 gestantes. A violência na gestação apresentou prevalência de 33,0%, com predomínio da violência psicológica (18,9%). No modelo hierarquizado final, a faixa etária da mulher <20 anos (ORaj=2,09 - IC95% 1,17;3,54) e o consumo de drogas ilícitas pelo parceiro (ORaj=8,78 - IC95% 2,13;28,92) mantiveram-se associados ao desfecho de violência. Conclusão: A violência na gestação apresentou elevada prevalência, sendo a idade jovem da mulher e o uso de substâncias ilícitas pelo parceiro fatores associados a sua ocorrência.

Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia y los factores asociados de la violencia de pareja durante el embarazo. Métodos: Estudio transversal, con datos obtenidos mediante entrevistas a mujeres embarazadas de 10 a 49 años en el tercer trimestre de gestación, residentes en Caxias, Maranhão, Brasil (2019-2020). Para identificar la violencia se utilizó el instrumento del Estudio sobre la Violencia contra la Mujer de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se realizó análisis jerárquico mediante mediante regresión logística múltiple. Resultados: Se entrevistaron 233 mujeres. La violencia durante la gestación tuvo prevalencia de 33,0%, con predominio de violencia psicológica (18,9%). En el modelo jerárquico final, la edad de la mujer <20 años (ORaj=2,09 - IC95% 1,17;3,54) y el consumo de drogas ilícitas por la pareja (ORaj=8,78 - IC95% 2,13;28,92) se mantuvieron asociadas al desenlace violento. Conclusión: La violencia durante el embarazo tuvo alta prevalencia, siendo la baja edad de la mujer y el consumo de sustancias ilegales por la pareja, factores asociados con su ocurrencia.

Objective: To analyze prevalence and factors associated with intimate partner violence during pregnancy. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, with data obtained through interviews conducted with pregnant women aged 10 to 49 years during the third trimester of pregnancy, living in Caxias, state of Maranhão, Brazil (2019-2020). The instrument of the World Health Organization Violence Against Women Study was used to identify violence. A hierarchical analysis was performed using multiple logistic regression. Results: foram entrevistadas 233 gestantes. A prevalência de violência na gestação foi de 33,0%, com predomínio da violência psicológica (18,9%). No modelo hierárquico final, mulheres com idade <20 anos (ORadj=2,09 - IC95% 1,17;3,54) e uso de drogas ilícitas por parceiro íntimo (ORadj=8,78 - IC95% 2,13;28,92) permaneceram como fatores associados ao desfecho .Conclusion: Prevalence of violence during pregnancy was high, with illegal drug use by young women and their partners being factors associated with its occurrence.