Comparative Evaluation of Gingival Health Among Children With Stainless Steel Crowns and Stainless Steel Bands: A Split-Mouth Randomized Controlled Trial.

Introduction Putting in stainless steel crowns as a post-endodontic restoration and space maintainers as a post-extraction appliance to maintain the space for the eruption of underlying teeth in case of early loss in children are some of the most commonly practised procedures that pediatric dentists undertake in their day-to-day lives. Maintaining good oral hygiene for better gingival health is important. If it is not taken care of, gradual destruction of supporting soft and hard tissues of the teeth occurs. There were numerous studies conducted over the past few years, but no split-mouth study compares the crowns and bands. Hence, this study compares the gingival health between stainless steel crowns and band and loop space maintainers. Materials and methods This split-mouth randomised controlled trial included 31 children aged between four and nine years who had stainless steel crowns on one side and a band and loop space maintainer on the other side of the mandibular arch. The split-mouth study was carried out to minimise the outcome bias as oral hygiene practices differ from one individual to another. Presence/absence of bleeding on probing (BOP) and the Gingival Index (GI) using the Loe and Silness GI were assessed at baseline and at six months. Data was entered in an Excel sheet (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, United States) and analysed in IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23, (Released 2015; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). The significance level was fixed as 5% (α = 0.05). The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of parameters of gingival health. The parameters are described in terms of mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentages. Intragroup analysis was done using Friedman tests across the timelines. Intergroup analysis using Mann-Whitney U tests was done between the groups at different timelines.  Results At the beginning of the study, 46 children (22 girls and 24 boys) were enrolled considering the dropout. However, 15 children did not attend the follow-up review, resulting in a loss to follow-up. Consequently, only 31 children, each with a band and loop space maintainer and a stainless steel crown, were included for the final interpretation of the results in this study. At one month, both BOP and GI were significantly different (p<0.05) between the stainless steel crown and stainless steel band where the crown showed better gingival health and absence of bleeding than the band and loop. At three months and six months, gingival health improved in both groups, but there was no significant difference between the groups. The Friedman test revealed that both the stainless steel crown and stainless steel band groups had a significant difference at six months from baseline. Mann-Whitney tests were done to analyse the difference in parameters at baseline and at six months between both groups. There was no significant difference in the baseline in the parameters between the groups. Conclusion Within the limitations of the study, this study concludes that the gingival health based on BOP and GI shows a significant difference across the timeline within the groups, namely, stainless steel crown and stainless steel band, but no significant difference between the groups at various timelines.

Evaluation of the clinical application of personalized 3D printing and CAD/CAM resin crowns to replace stainless steel crowns in paediatric dentistry.

BACKGROUND: Children with dental caries are treated with stainless steel metal crowns (SSC), but the aesthetics and precision still need to be improved. Currently, both 3D-printed resin crowns (PRC) and computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacture (CAD/CAM) resin crowns (CRC) meet the clinical requirements for crown applications in terms of strength, production time, cost, and aesthetics. AIM: This study replaced SSC with customized resin crowns by 3D printing and CAD/CAM. DESIGN: In this study, PRC, CRC, and SSC were used for incisor and molar restorations, and 60 crowns were made with 10 for each group. The fabrication efficiency, surface characteristics, marginal fit, and stability of the two different crowns were evaluated. RESULTS: PRC and CRC show superior color and surface characteristics, though production times are longer (5.3-12.4 times and 3.3-9.1 times, respectively) than for SSC (p < .05). They, however, can be completed within 80 min. Edge gaps for PRC and CRC are significantly lower (13.0-19.2 times and 13.0-13.7 times) than for SSC (p < .05). All materials exhibit good stability. CONCLUSION: The 3D-PRCs and CAD/CAM resin crowns may replace SSCs as a potential choice for clinical child caries.

Shaping Smiles: A Narrative Review of Crown Advancements in Pediatric Dentistry.

This review examines the evolution of dental crowns in pediatric dentistry, highlighting the transition from traditional materials such as stainless steel to aesthetic and biocompatible alternatives like zirconia, resin-based composites, and Bioflex crowns. It focuses on their importance in repairing decayed or damaged teeth and improving children's oral health and psychological well-being. The methodology involved a comprehensive literature search over the past two decades, utilizing databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Chat.Consensus.App, with keywords related to pediatric dental crowns. The findings indicate that stainless steel crowns (SSCs) are valued for durability and cost-effectiveness, but they may cause hypersensitivity. Zirconia crowns are favored for biocompatibility, resistance, and aesthetics, although they are costlier and require more tooth reduction. Resin-based composite strip crowns offer a balance of aesthetics and function but have challenges in long-term stability. The review also touches on Bioflex crowns, noting their flexibility, but the limited research on their effectiveness. In summary, the review underscores the vital role of various dental crown materials in pediatric dentistry, stressing the importance of ongoing research to enhance clinical outcomes and pediatric patient quality of life. The selection of crown materials should consider efficacy, aesthetics, and the psychosocial effects on young patients.

Initial bacterial adherence and biofilm formation on novel restorative materials used in paediatric dentistry.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the initial bacterial adherence and biofilm formation on novel restorative materials in paediatric dentistry and compare the results to stainless steel crown and primary enamel. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five samples (Diameter = 4 mm) from five restorative materials (Tetric Power Fill light cured for 3 s or 10 s, Fuji II LC, Equia Forte HT Fil, Cention Forte, Stainless-steel crown) and primary enamel were prepared. Four samples served for recording of surface roughness (Ra) using a contact profilometer, 21 samples were incubated in stimulated human saliva for 2 h (initial bacterial adherence) and 72 h (biofilm formation) and served to determine ion releasing and bacterial growth. After 2 and 72 h, the number of colony-forming units (CFU) per ml was counted and expressed in Log10 CFU/ml. Data were analysed with two-way ANOVA and Tuckey's multiple comparisons test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: All tested materials showed similar initial bacterial adherence (p > 0.1). Stainless steel crown showed statistically significantly less biofilm formation than all other tested materials (p ≤ 0.02), except for Fuji II LC (p = 0.06). In terms of biofilm formation, the differences between all tested materials were not statistically significant (p ≥ 0.9). SIGNIFICANCE: Novel restorative materials in paediatric dentistry show similar initial bacterial adherence and biofilm formation. However, compared to other restorative materials, stainless steel crowns demonstrate the lowest level of biofilm formation. Ion-releasing materials may not necessarily show better antimicrobial properties than conventional materials.

Evaluation of Streptococcus mutans Colonization and Oral Hygiene Status in Primary Molars Restored with Two Different Crowns: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: Full-coverage restorations are commonly employed choice of treatment in treating multisurface carious lesions in primary teeth. Aim: To assess the amount of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) colonization and oral hygiene status in deciduous molars restored with preformed zirconia and stainless steel crowns (SSC). Materials and methods: A total of 21 children aged between 4 and 7 years with bilateral carious primary molars were randomly divided into two groups of zirconia and SSC. Plaque collection was done using sterile swabs at baseline and 1-month intervals. S. mutans was cultured on mitis salivarius-bacitracin agar (MSBA). The microorganisms were then counted and expressed as colony-forming units. The plaque and gingival indices were recorded during the follow-up visits. All data were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis, with the level of significance set at 5%. Results: A total of 21 children with 42 teeth were randomized into group I-SSC and group II-zirconia crowns using the split-mouth technique, respectively. The zirconia group showed a statistically significant reduction in the adhesion of S. mutans (p < 0.001). On comparing the plaque and gingival indices between the groups, plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) scores were significantly low in the zirconia group as compared with the SSC, with a mean difference of 0.08 at 3 months in group II (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) adhesion to zirconia crowns was significantly less when compared with SSC, with better gingival health and oral hygiene. How to cite this article: Elizabeth JAA, Ramkumar H, Paulindraraj S, et al. Evaluation of Streptococcus mutans Colonization and Oral Hygiene Status in Primary Molars Restored with Two Different Crowns: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(S-2):S183-S189.

Clinical and radiographic performance of preformed zirconia crowns and stainless-steel crowns in permanent first molars: 18-month results of a prospective, randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: The treatment of young permanent first molars with extensive carious tissue loss may often require restoration with preformed crowns. This study compared the clinical and radiographic performance of stainless-steel crowns (SSCs) and preformed zirconia crowns (ZCs). METHODS: Forty-eight molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH)- or caries-affected permanent molars in 20 healthy patients between 6-13-year-old were randomly divided into ZC and SSC groups (n = 24 teeth/group) in a split-mouth design. The oral hygiene levels of patients were assessed using Greene and Vermillion simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S). Plaque accumulation and gingival health were evaluated using the Silness&Löe plaque index (PI) and Löe&Silness gingival index (GI), respectively. Clinical retention, marginal extension level, marginal adaptation of crowns and wear of the antagonist teeth were assessed at baseline, 1, 6, 12 and 18 months. The radiological assessments for evaluating the marginal adaptation of crowns and periapical pathology of crowned teeth were performed at 6 and 12 months. The data were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier analysis, Mann-Whitney U test, and two-way ANOVA. RESULTS: A total of forty teeth in 17 children were evaluated for 18 months. ZCs had significantly lower gingival and plaque index values than teeth restored with SSCs during all evaluation periods (p < 0.05). Neither crown type resulted in clinically-detectable wear on opposing dentition or periapical pathology. One ZC was lost at 13 months, while all SSCs survived in function clinically. The cumulative survival rates of ZCs and SSCs were 95.2% and 100% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Both ZCs and SSCs showed high clinical retention rates in young permanent molars. ZCs had lower plaque accumulation and better gingival health than SSCs, which were consistently associated with mild gingival inflammation. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05049694.

Perfecting the venerable SSC.

Stainless steel crowns (SSCs) are the preferred restoration of pediatric dentists for children requiring a pediatric dental rehabilitation due to their low cost and durability. Despite low technique sensitivity SSC placement can be challenging in some clinical situations including when placed on primary canines. Primary canines restored with SSCs often result in premature contacts and posterior open bite making acquiring an "as the patient presented" (ATPP) occlusion difficult when providing a pediatric dental rehabilitation. Opening of the posterior occlusion due to premature canine contact in a dental rehabilitation is often viewed as unavoidable. This technique article describes a simple method to address this clinical situation and reviews basic principles and techniques for placing SSCs.

Comparative Evaluation of Microleakage in Hall's with SDF, Hall's, and Conventional Technique Using Different Luting Cements.

The most common pathological condition, dental caries when remain untreated which shows pulpal involvement and may lead to invasive treatment, such as crown placement followed by pulp therapy. Larger carious lesions on primary molars stainless steel crowns (SSCs) placement by means of conventional tooth preparation. The modern approach to managing carious lesions concentrates on using less invasive treatment techniques, with the focus being on biofilm change. One among such alternative method of managing the primary molars is the Hall's technique. Another most important factor for the survival of a crown is its sealing ability, in which luting cements, such as adhesive cements, have a crucial role as they help in providing a suitable marginal seal and thereby cause a reduction in the microleakage. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) has proven anticariogenic activity in arresting carious lesions. Hence the aim was to evaluate and compare the microleakage of SSCs placed by Hall's technique, Hall's technique with SDF, and the conventional crown technique using different luting cements. A total of 60 primary first and second molars with occlusoproximal caries, which were initial and moderate in nature. The blocks were randomly divided into three groups, in which precontoured SSCs were applied by using either the Hall's technique or the conventional technique. After subjecting tothermocycling, the samples were examined under stereomicroscopic for microleakage evaluation. A few samples were randomly selected from each subgroup, and a scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination was done. Highest values of microleakage were noted with Hall's technique resin-modified glass ionomer cements (RMGIC) luting cement group. It can be concluded from the present study that the conventional technique was found to be superior over the Hall's technique with SDF and then by the Hall's group alone. SDF application beneath the Hall's crown appears to be promising approach for the reduction of microleakage. How to cite this article: Thakur NS, Tyagi P, Tiwari S, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Microleakage in Hall's with SDF, Hall's, and Conventional Technique Using Different Luting Cements. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(1):16-21.

Comparison between Restorative Materials for Pulpotomised Deciduous Molars: A Randomized Clinical Study.

AIM: To evaluate and compare the clinical outcomes of Cention-N (CN) and stainless steel crowns (SSCs) as restorations for pulpotomised primary molars, and to study clinical and radiographic outcomes of pulpotomies restored with these materials. METHODS: The study was conducted on 60 pulpotomised molars with occlusoproximal caries. These were randomly divided into two groups and restored with either stainless steel crowns or Cention-N. Clinical performance of restorations and clinical and radiographic success of pulpotomy was examined at 6, 9 and 12 months. RESULTS: The mean scores for marginal integrity deteriorated significantly at 6, 9 and 12 months in both groups but in comparison were insignificant. The mean for proximal contact deteriorated significantly for the Cention-N group, whereas the mean for gingival health deteriorated remarkably for the stainless steel crown group at successive evaluations. No tooth in either group showed secondary caries or discomfort on biting, except for one tooth in Cention-N group which presented with secondary caries. The clinical success rate for pulpotomised molars was 100% for both groups until nine months, although this had reduced by the end of 12 months. Radiographically, the success rate was 79.3% for Cention-N, while it was 86.6% for stainless steel crowns at 12 months. There was no significant difference in clinical and radiographic success between either group. CONCLUSION: Cention-N and stainless steel crowns are comparable for marginal integrity. However, crowns maintain significantly better proximal contacts while Cention-N was notably better for gingival health of the restored tooth. Both materials do not show secondary caries and discomfort on biting and are comparable in clinical and radiographic success of pulpotomy at the end of one year.

Effect of pre-fabricated strip, zirconia and stainless steel crowns in primary molars.

The effect of gingival, clinical and radiographic outcomes while using prefabricated stainless steel crowns (SSC), resin strip crowns and zirconia crowns in primary molars is of interest to dentists. Clinical periodontal and radiographic evaluation was conducted for three groups at baseline 3, 6, 9 and 12 months intervals utilizing scoring system. According to the current study's findings, gingival health was better in the zirconia crown group compared to the resin strip crown and SSC groups. In addition, zirconia group demonstrated respectable clinical and radiographic outcomes when compared to resin strip crowns and stainless steel crowns, with the added benefit of better aesthetics.

Revisiting the use of stainless steel crowns for treatment of molar-incisor hypomineralization: a case series.

The restoration of teeth affected by molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is challenging. To this end, preformed stainless steel crowns (SSCs) are a good option; however, their conventional use involves the removal of tooth structure. In the Hall technique, the SSC is seated over the primary teeth without caries removal or tooth preparation, aiming to seal carious lesions. This case series reports the use of SSCs in a similar way to the Hall technique for 3 pediatric patients with MIH. The high-caries-risk patient in case 1 lost hypomineralized enamel and developed a carious lesion immediately after eruption of a permanent first molar. The patient in case 2 complained of hypersensitivity associated with MIH of a first molar that had previously been restored. The patient in case 3 experienced atypical restoration failures in MIH-affected first molars. In all 3 cases, the use of SSCs without tooth preparation was an effective restorative treatment. Although this conservative treatment is a temporary solution, it provides good longevity and preserves tooth structure until the patient reaches physical and emotional/behavioral maturity for a definitive restoration.

Clinical Evaluation of Pediatric Posterior Zirconia and Stainless Steel Crowns: A Comparative Study.

Objective: To clinically evaluate and compare the performance of posterior pediatric zirconia crowns with stainless steel crowns. Materials and methods: Twenty nine children [3-9 years] were selected and given 70 preformed crowns [35: preformed zirconia crowns, Kinderkrown; 35: stainless steel crowns, KIDZ CROWN]. Crowns were evaluated for retention, marginal integrity, opposing tooth wear, plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, and proximal contact at 3, 6, 9, and 12th month. Results: At the end of follow-up period overall success rate with zirconia crown was 93.5% and that of stainless steel crown was 96.7%. Statistical analysis showed no difference between the groups. Conclusion: Posterior preformed zirconia and stainless steel crowns showed good clinical performance. Preformed zirconia crowns can be an option for posterior full coronal restoration when esthetics is of prime concern for the parent and child. How to cite this article: Murali G, Mungara J, Vijayakumar P, et al. Clinical Evaluation of Pediatric Posterior Zirconia and Stainless Steel Crowns: A Comparative Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(1):9-14.

Longevity of stainless steel crowns as interim restorations on young permanent first molars that have undergone vital pulp therapy treatment in children and factors associated with their treatment failure: A retrospective study of up to 8.5 years.

BACKGROUND: Although stainless steel crowns (SSCs) on permanent molars are a common interim full-coverage restoration, there are few clinical studies on longevity. AIM: To evaluate the longevity of SSCs as restorations on young permanent first molars (PFMs) that have undergone vital pulp therapy (VPT) treatment and to identify factors associated with SSC treatment failure. DESIGN: This study conducted a retrospective chart review of children who had PFMs that have undergone VPT treatment and been restored with SSCs. Data from treatment and follow-up visits were collected. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to analyse the longevity of SSCs. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to identify factors associated with SSC treatment failure. RESULTS: Data from 140 SSCs were included, with an average follow-up period of 33.5 ± 21.6 (range, 6-104) months. Although none of the teeth had pulpal failure, 35.7% had SSC treatment failure. The survival probabilities of SSCs declined over time, reaching 39.6% (95% CI 27.0-51.9) after 60 months. The immediate post-operative condition of SSCs and the loss of proximal wall on the abutment tooth were significant factors associated with SSC treatment failure. CONCLUSION: Stainless steel crowns are suitable for use as interim restorations in PFMs that have undergone VPT treatment in children, but their longevity is limited, necessitating replacement over time.

A clinical and radiographic comparative evaluation of custom-made zirconia crowns using CAD-CAM and stainless steel crowns in primary molars.

Background and Aim of Study: Early childhood caries is a multifactorial disease process affecting children below 71 months of age and continues to be a global health problem. Stainless steel crowns (SSCs) are widely used and are very popular in pediatric dentistry due to its superiority and durability when compared with multisurface amalgam restorations. However, one of the major disadvantages with these crowns is the poor esthetics. Parents often request for a more esthetic alternative to the SSC. Zirconia crowns are one of the tooth-colored full crown restorations currently available for use in primary teeth. These are available as both preformed and custom-made crowns and show excellent esthetics. However, these require extensive tooth preparation with a subgingival finish lines, which would cause gingival trauma and bleeding during the preparation. The present study uses intraoral scanners for making the custom-made zirconia crowns, which will avoid the conventional impressions. Currently, there are no studies available in pediatric dentistry regarding CAD-CAM crowns. Hence, there is a need for the study. Aim: The aim of this study is to clinically evaluate the performance of preformed SSCs and custom-made zirconia crowns in primary molars. To elicit parental and patient satisfaction with respect to preformed SSCs and custom made zirconia crowns and to radiographically compare the interproximal bone height for 1 year. Methods: The patients were selected with purposive sampling. The tooth of interest was prepared according to the crown it would receive. The upper and the lower arch of the tooth receiving custom-made zirconia crown was scanned using an intraoral scanner. The crowns were cemented using Type 1 glass ionomer cement (GIC) (SSC) and resin modified GIC (custom-made zirconia crown). After the crown placement, the patient and the parent's satisfaction was scaled regarding the time taken, comfort, cost of crown, appearance of crown, etc., using a 5-point Likert scale. A baseline radiograph was taken after crown placement. The patient was recalled every 3 months till 1 year for evaluation (loss of retention, loss of proximal contact, gingival inflammation, opposing tooth wear, and marginal integrity). At the end of 1 year, radiographs were taken to check the interproximal bone. Results: After 1 year evaluation of custom-made zirconia crowns and preformed SSCs in primary molars, it was shown that both SSC and zirconia crowns showed good gingival scores but zirconia crown was better than SSC in improving the gingival health. SSCs showed better results with respect to the opposing tooth wear and marginal adaptability. Parents as well as patients preferred a tooth-colored crown as a treatment option. Conclusion: Custom-made zirconia crowns are comparable to the preformed SSCs and they show better gingival scores and excellent color match.

Accidental Stainless Crown Ingestion During Dental Treatment in a Pediatric Patient.

Accidental ingestion of foreign bodies is very frequent in children. Ingestion of dislodged restorations, dental appliances, crowns, and teeth in dental operatory is frequently reported. Early diagnosis of foreign bodies ingestion in a dental operatory and awareness of its signs and symptoms are very crucial. A five-year-old boy accidentally ingested a stainless steel crown during the trial fit at the dental operatory. Crown retrieval was attempted but without success, and thus, the patient was further observed for possible signs and symptoms. Due to possible serious complications, ingestion of foreign bodies during dental procedures must be appropriately prevented and managed if it occurs.

Effectiveness of zirconia crowns compared with stainless steel crowns in primary posterior teeth rehabilitation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The authors' aim was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic effectiveness of zirconia crowns (ZCs) compared with stainless steel crowns (SSCs) in the rehabilitation of primary posterior teeth. TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED: Using predefined combinations of different search terms, the authors searched the standard electronic bibliographic databases-MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar, The Cochrane Library, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature-and the Trip medical database for randomized controlled trials in which the investigators evaluated the clinical and radiographic effectiveness of ZCs and SSCs. Version 2 of the Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials was used for quality appraisal of the included clinical trials. Random-effects model and Mantel-Haenszel test were used for the statistical analysis of estimated effect sizes. The overall quality of evidence was assessed using GRADEpro GDT software (McMaster University and Evidence Prime). RESULTS: A total of 6 studies were included from the initial 641 results. The overall risk of bias had "low" concerns in 3 studies and "some" concerns in the remaining 3 studies. From the pooled data of the meta-analysis, the authors observed 63 clinical failure events in 497 primary teeth rehabilitated with ZCs or SSCs. Rehabilitation of primary teeth with ZCs may result in fewer clinical failures (risk ratio, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.15 to 1.52; P = .21; I2 = 62%) and probably better gingival health (mean difference, -0.32; 95% CI, -0.42 to -0.23; P < .001; I2 = 0%) than SSCs. CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Primary posterior teeth rehabilitated with ZCs may have less risk of experiencing clinical failure and probably better gingival health after 12 months than SSCs. Considering the quality of available literature, no recommendations could be made regarding the effectiveness of ZCs compared with that of SSCs in the rehabilitation of primary posterior teeth. Pediatric dentists should select ZCs or SSCs according to the clinical situation for successful primary teeth rehabilitation. A protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42020194363).

Success Rate of Stainless-steel Crowns Placed on Permanent Molars among Adolescents.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the success rate of stainless-steel crowns (SSCs) placed on permanent molars among adolescents in King Abdulaziz University Dental Hospital (KAUDH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Electronic records of KAUDH patients aged 10 to 15 years who had an SSC placed on a permanent molar from 2013 to 2018 were reviewed. The patients were contacted by telephone and were invited to participate in the study. The patients were examined clinically and radiographically. RESULTS: The response rate was 42.6%. The total number of SSCs included in the study was 36 crowns. The mean age was 11.75 ± 1.95. Males represented 75.76% of the subjects. The success rate of SSCs placed on permanent molars was 86.10%. CONCLUSION: Placement of SSCs on permanent molars is a highly successful long-term temporary restoration that preserves badly destructed molars in adolescents until definitive prosthetic treatment can be done. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: To provide updated knowledge to healthcare providers and researchers about the success rate of SSCs when placed on permanent molars. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Felemban O, Alagl H, Aloufi W, et al. Success Rate of Stainless-steel Crowns Placed on Permanent Molars among Adolescents. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(4):488-491.

Modified Hall technique for severely hypomineralized molars. Report of cases / Técnica de Hall modificada para molares severamente hipomineralizados. Reporte de casos / Técnica de Hall modificada para molares severamente hipomineralizados. Relato de caso

Abstract This article reviews the indications, objectives and step by step process of the Modified Hall Technique in the management of primary and permanent molars affected by severe enamel hypomineralization. Scientific based biological principles are discussed in order to provide relevant clinical information for Pediatric and General dentists in order to provide support for the safe use the technique in clinical practice.

Resumen En este artículo se revisan las indicaciones, objetivos y proceso paso a paso de la Técnica de Hall Modificada en el manejo de molares primarios y permanentes afectados por hipomineralización severa del esmalte. Los principios biológicos basados en la evidencia se discuten con el fin de proporcionar información clínica relevante para los odontólogos pediátricos y generales con el fin de proporcionar apoyo para el uso seguro de la técnica en la práctica clínica.

Resumo Neste artigo foram revisadas as indicações, objetivos e o passo a passo da Técnica de Hall Modificada para o manejo de molares decíduos e permanentes afetados pela hipomineralização severa do esmalte. Os princípios biológicos baseados na evidência são discutidos com o objetivo de proporcionar informações clínicas relevantes para odontopediatras e clínicos gerais, a fim de lhes fornecer apoio para o uso seguro da técnica na prática clínica.

Stainless-steel crowns in children: Norwegian and Finnish dentists' knowledge, practice and challenges.

BACKGROUND: Stainless-steel crowns (SSCs) are recommended for restorative treatment of young teeth severely affected by caries, fractures or dental developmental disorders (DDDs). However, despite recommendations and clinical evidence, SSCs are not widely used by general dentists, who favour extraction and more conventional restorations. The present study aimed to investigate the views of and use of SSCs among Norwegian and Finnish dentists. METHODS: The present study was a cross-sectional survey among Norwegian and Finnish dentists. An electronic questionnaire was sent to Norwegian and Finnish dentists asking whether they used SSCs and on which indications. In addition, the questionnaire assessed reasons for non-use and dentists' perceptions regarding advantages and challenges in the use of SSCs, as well as the need for additional training. Distributions of background characteristics, use of and views on SSCs were calculated, and statistical significance of the associations between respondents' background and their answers were evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 574 Norwegian and 765 Finnish respondents, only 12.0% and 12.9% reported to use SSCs, respectively. The most frequently reported barrier reported by those who did not use SSCs was lack of practical training. The most frequent challenge reported by those using SSCs was difficulties in crown adjustment followed by aesthetic issues, and the most frequently reported advantage was that SSCs maintain the function and occlusion. The majority of respondents reported a need for more information and practical training in the use of SSCs, with hands-on course as their most frequently preferred education type. CONCLUSION: Although the value of SSCs for restoring young molars is recognized by Norwegian and Finnish dentists, SSCs are rarely used by general dentists. The majority of the respondents reported lack of training and materials and was interested in receiving more information and education.