A collective agenda: A qualitative study on Exercise is Medicine® On Campus gold-level institutions.

Objective: The Exercise is Medicine® On Campus (EIM-OC) international campaign leverages university resources (e.g., health centers, recreation, and kinesiology departments) to encourage students, faculty, and staff to integrate physical activity into campus culture. This involves evaluating student physical activity levels during health visits and establishing referral systems for exercise prescriptions. EIM-OC allows universities to earn tiered recognition (Gold, Silver, or Bronze) based on their on-campus physical activity promotion and integration. For Gold recognition, schools must incorporate routine physical activity assessments into their health system, ultimately connecting healthcare providers with health/fitness professionals (HFPs, e.g., campus recreation professionals, kinesiology professors). This research worked to uncover pivotal factors driving EIM-OC on-campus collaborations through HFPs' perspectives. Methods: HFPs (n = 11) working full-time at a Gold-level institution (n = 10 in United States) participated. Semi-structured, Zoom-recorded interviews with a generic qualitative research design were completed between June and September 2022. Results: Major thematic findings included the importance of tangible support (e.g., personnel), encounters with both trust and tension cross-campus, positive student development opportunities, and variations in outcome reporting and program evaluation. Faculty and staff emphasized the need for methods to obtain and sustain program funding. Participants also expressed the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration to increase the collective impact of EIM-OC on student health and overall collegiate success. Conclusion: HFPs expanded on their EIM-OC experiences and program sustainment or growth requirements. With increased interdisciplinary collaboration, rigor in outcome reporting, and tangible resources, the collective impact of EIM-OC on student health outcomes and overall collegiate success could be greatly perpetuated.

Reliability and Validity of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II Spanish Version in University Students.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II) scale in Colombian university students. METHODS: This was a methodological study to verify reliability and construct validity. A total of 763 undergraduate university students in Cali, Colombia, agreed to participate in the study by filling out a form that included information on sociodemographic characteristics and the HPLP-II scale Spanish version. Data were collected between February and June 2021. To determine construct validity, a confirmatory factor analysis was performed, and internal consistency was determined through Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: The confirmatory factor analysis of the proposed theoretical model showed that the goodness-of-fit indices of the scale demonstrated an acceptable level of validity nearing an excellent level of fit (χ2 = 7168.98; gl = 1268; p < 0.001; root mean square error of approximation = 0.08; normed fit index, adjusted goodness-of-fit index = 0.95). Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.94, and the subscales ranged from 0.68 to 0.89. CONCLUSIONS: The HPLP-II Spanish version is a valid and reliable instrument to assess the health-promoting lifestyle profile of university students.

Discrepancies in prevalence estimates of suicidal ideation and attempts in 18- to 22-year-old US college students: a comparison of three surveys.

PURPOSE: Suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB) have been increasing among US college students. Accurate measurement of STB is key to understanding trends and guiding suicide prevention efforts. We aimed to compare the prevalence estimates of STB among college students from two campus-based surveys (the National College Health Assessment [NCHA] and the Healthy Minds Study [HMS]) and one general population study (the National Survey on Drug Use and Health [NSDUH]). METHODS: Estimates were generated from the three surveys for past year suicidal ideation (PYSI) and past year suicide attempts (PYSA) among 18- to 22-year-old full-time college students. Data were combined from each survey to develop bivariate and multivariate regression models for odds of PYSI and PYSA. RESULTS: Estimates for PYSI varied between the three surveys: 34.3% for NCHA, 15.0% for HMS, and 10.7% for NSDUH. Estimates for PYSA were 2.6% for NCHA, 1.6% for HMS, and 1.7% for NSDUH. After adjusting for demographic and educational characteristics, odds of PYSI remained significantly lower for HMS participants (aOR 0.31, 95% CI 0.29-0.33) and NSDUH participants (aOR 0.19, 95% CI 0.19-0.30) compared to NCHA participants. The odds of PYSA for HMS participants were lower than those for NCHA participants (aOR 0.63, 95% CI 0.54-0.73). CONCLUSION: Estimates of PYSI and PYSA vary between leading sources of data on college student mental health. The differences are likely related to question wording, survey implementation, as well as institutional and individual representation. Accounting for these differences when interpreting estimates of STB can help guide suicide prevention efforts.

The necessity of including gender-affirming care in student health insurance plans.

Due to multiple factors, transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals are more likely to experience suicidal ideation, engage in intentional injury, and attempt suicide than cisgender individuals. Lack of access to healthcare among TGD individuals may contribute to adverse physical and mental health outcomes. Few institutions of higher education include gender-affirming care in their student health insurance plans, neglecting to provide equitable care for their entire student body and further ostracizing TGD people. By including all-encompassing, gender-affirming student health insurance, institutions of higher learning have the opportunity to preserve TGD individuals' physical and mental health and promote student well-being.

Procrastination, depression and anxiety symptoms in university students: a three-wave longitudinal study on the mediating role of perceived stress.

BACKGROUND: It is generally assumed that procrastination leads to negative consequences. However, evidence for negative consequences of procrastination is still limited and it is also unclear by which mechanisms they are mediated. Therefore, the aim of our study was to examine the harmful consequences of procrastination on students' stress and mental health. We selected the procrastination-health model as our theoretical foundation and tried to evaluate the model's assumption that trait procrastination leads to (chronic) disease via (chronic) stress in a temporal perspective. We chose depression and anxiety symptoms as indicators for (chronic) disease and hypothesized that procrastination leads to perceived stress over time, that perceived stress leads to depression and anxiety symptoms over time, and that procrastination leads to depression and anxiety symptoms over time, mediated by perceived stress. METHODS: To examine these relationships properly, we collected longitudinal data from 392 university students at three occasions over a one-year period and analyzed the data using autoregressive time-lagged panel models. RESULTS: Procrastination did lead to depression and anxiety symptoms over time. However, perceived stress was not a mediator of this effect. Procrastination did not lead to perceived stress over time, nor did perceived stress lead to depression and anxiety symptoms over time. CONCLUSIONS: We could not confirm that trait procrastination leads to (chronic) disease via (chronic) stress, as assumed in the procrastination-health model. Nonetheless, our study demonstrated that procrastination can have a detrimental effect on mental health. Further health outcomes and possible mediators should be explored in future studies.

Mindful Self-Hypnosis Combined with Resistance Training to Reduce Perceived Stress and Improve Other Psychological Factors in Female College Students.

Perceived stress is a significant problem among female college students that can impact psychological distress, sleep, and overall well-being. Mindful self-hypnosis (MSH) and resistance training (RT) have both been shown to reduce perceived stress. The rationale for the present study was to investigate whether MSH combined with RT could be more effective at reducing perceived stress as measured by the Perceived Stress Scale than RT alone due to synergistic effects achieved by combining the interventions. Forty-four female college students were randomized to one of the three groups: MSH+RT, RT only, or a wait-list control (WLC). Results indicated that, compared to RT only, the addition of MSH led to pronounced improvements in perceived stress which was significantly greater than WLC. Also, MSH+RT resulted in significant increases in mindfulness, sleep, strength, and well-being in comparison to WLC. MSH+RT was shown to be feasible with highly satisfactory participant ratings. Future research should examine the MSH+RT intervention with a larger population and with older women who are more at risk for stress and declining strength.

Student opinions of body appreciation week: Openness to alternatives to a weight-centric model of health.

Objective: Body image issues are common among young adult women on college campuses and are correlated with several negative outcomes. Only recently have universities begun to deliver Health at Every Size (HAES) education to university students to promote holistic health. Method: A sample of students who attended events for Body Appreciation Week (BAW) 2022 (N = 42) completed a Qualtrics survey collected by a student health promotion department at a large, southeastern university. I used this data to assess student openness to HAES and other alternatives to weight-centric approaches to health. Results: Overall, students who responded to the survey were pleased with programming that challenged diet culture and introduced the HAES model of health. Conclusion: Student feedback, along with previous research on college student programming interventions, suggests organizing similar events for future BAW and more frequent programming during the academic year to properly assess of the impact of these events on student health.

Improving Students Access to Primary Health Care Through School-Based Health Centers.

BACKGROUND: More than 20 million children in the United States lack access to primary health care. PRACTICE LEARNING: Research shows that students with regular access to physical and mental health services have fewer absences, are more social, less likely to participate in risky behaviors, have improved focus and higher test scores. IMPLICATION FOR SCHOOL HEALTH POLICY, PRACTICE, AND EQUITY: School-based health centers (SBHCs) can be an important, valuable and viable health care delivery option to meet the full-range of primary health care needs of students where they spend the majority of their wake hours, ie, in school. Children in rural and other underserved communities, as well as those underinsured, non-insured, economically challenged, underserved, and the most vulnerable among us are especially at risk. CONCLUSIONS: This paper discusses the history, value, and importance of SBHCs from myriad perspectives, including physical and emotional wellbeing, academic and social success, and the promotion of a positive transition to adulthood. In addition, the authors' experiences that resulted in building the first SBHC in the Mid-Hudson Valley Region of New York State are shared. These experiences form the foundation for creating an important roadmap for individuals and school leaders that are interested in bringing a SBHC to their school and district.

Health inequities and marginalized groups: An overview for college student travelers and travel health professionals.

One of the main goals of college- and university-sponsored travel is to broaden the global perspectives of student travelers, thereby enhancing their ability to effectively communicate and work with people from different cultural backgrounds. Pre-travel consultations are important for all students traveling internationally, and especially for those facing current or past health inequities and marginalization. To offer high quality, inclusive services, college travel health clinicians must understand both the student traveler population and cultural norms at the travel destinations, especially those related to health and safety. This article provides an overview of health equity definitions and pre-travel preparation through an equity lens. It also reviews travel health equity-related clinical implications including: helping to prepare student travelers for issues related to gender, sexuality, identity, and sexual assault; assisting travelers with preexisting health conditions and disabilities; and serving older student travelers and travelers with financial limitations.

Using Unannounced Standardized Patients to Assess Clinician Telehealth and Communication Skills at an Urban Student Health Center.

PURPOSE: As the COVID-19 pandemic forced most colleges and universities to go online, student health centers rapidly shifted to telehealth platforms without frameworks for virtual care provision. An urban student health center implemented a needs assessment involving unannounced standardized patients (USPs) to evaluate the integration of a new telehealth workflow and clinicians' virtual communication skills. METHODS: From April to May 2021, USPs conducted two video visits with 12 primary care and four women's health clinicians (N = 16 clinicians; 32 visits). Cases included (1) a 21-year-old female presenting for birth control with a positive Patient Health Questionaire-9 and (2) a 21-year-old male, who vapes regularly, with questions regarding safe sex with men. Clinicians were evaluated using a checklist completed by the USP immediately following the visit and a systematic chart review of the electronic health record. RESULTS: USP feedback indicates most clinicians received high ratings for general communication skills but may benefit from educational intervention in several key telemedicine skills. Clinicians struggled with using nonverbal signals to enrich communication (47% well done), acknowledging emotions (34% well done), and using video for information gathering (34% well done). Low rates of standard screenings (e.g., 63% administered the PHQ-2, <50% asked about alcohol use) suggested protocols for in-person care were not easily incorporated into telehealth practices, and clinicians may benefit from enhanced care team support. Performance reports were shared with clinicians and leadership postvisit. DISCUSSION: Results suggest project design and implementation is scalable and feasible for use at other institutions, offering a structured methodology that can improve general student health care.

Status of the Health Promoting University (HPU) globally and its relevance for emerging African HPUs: an integrative review and bibliometric analysis.

BACKGROUND: The Health Promoting Universities (HPU) concept is undertheorized, with no African university belonging to the International Network of Health Promoting Universities (IHPU). AIM: The study aimed to investigate the status of the HPU concept globally to inform emerging HPUs, more specifically in Africa, regarding its implementation. METHODS: An integrative literature review of studies conducted between 1 January 2013 and 5 November 2023 was conducted from online databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs, CINAHL and Medline). A VOS bibliometric analysis viewer was used to extract and analyze further relevant information that could have been missed in the review. RESULTS: From 1128 records, 22 (N = 22) articles including two reports met the inclusion criteria. The main findings were that: (1) the HPU network is growing as a global network though undertheorized and less reported on, (2) the implementation of the HPU depends on a plethora of underpinning philosophies such as salutogenic and whole systems approach, and diverse programs and initiatives, 3) the terms HPU and healthy universities are often used interchangeably but the whole systems approach appears to be consistent in many HPU interventions. However, five contextual challenges that emanated from this review were discussed, including the definition of the HPU concept, theories for the HPU concept, measurement of the HPU concept, coordination and methods for measuring the HPU concept status. These challenges present obstacles to measuring the status of the HPU concept beyond the number of affiliated universities and HPU initiatives. CONCLUSION: Despite the challenges, the HPU concept is gaining momentum globally, as evidenced by the growing list of universities (HPU network) involved and the proliferation of interventions/initiatives targeting university students.

Intuitive eating has reduced the chances of being overweight in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Introduction: University students have been particularly affected during the COVID-19 pandemic, and several sociodemographic and behavioral factors may be associated with the risk of overweight in this population. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the pandemic on the eating behavior and nutritional status of university students, and the factors associated with these changes, especially the role of intuitive eating in this process. Methods: This is a repeated measures observational study with data collected in the first and third year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, from students over the age of 18 in the undergraduate programs of a federal university in southeastern Brazil. The survey was conducted using an online form. Eating behavior was assessed using the "Intuitive Eating Scale-2". Results: 251 university students took part, most of them female with a median age of 22. There was an increase in body mass index (BMI) and intuitive eating score between the two periods. In the first year of the pandemic, being female and using tobacco reduced the chances of students being overweight. Living in a marital relationship, worrying about weight gain and body dissatisfaction increased the chances of this outcome. In the third year of the pandemic, it was observed that practicing restrictive diets, having inadequate body perception, worrying about weight gain and living in a marital relationship increased the chances of students being overweight. Being female and eating more intuitively, in line with bodily needs, reduced these odds, demonstrating a protective role in this scenario. Conclusion: There was an increase in BMI and intuitive eating score during the pandemic. Sociodemographic, lifestyle and behavioral variables had both a positive and negative influence on nutritional status. Intuitive eating was shown to be a protective factor during this period, reducing the chances of being overweight in this population. Thus, more intuitive eating may favor greater weight stability, and may, therefore, have helped to reduce the impact of the pandemic on weight gain. In this way, people who ate more intuitively partially resisted the context that favored weight gain (stress, changes in diet and physical inactivity).

[Design of an escape game by nursing students, a key to developing skills in educational care]. / Conception d'un escape game par des étudiants infirmiers, une clé du développement de compétences en soins éducatifs.

This article is the shared experience of six student nurses. They look back on their health service experience and explain how their decision to create an escape game for 5th graders was a unique and enriching experience for both the students and themselves. In particular, it enabled them to develop a number of skills that were extremely useful in building their professional identity.

Student Opposition to University Pouring Rights Contracts.

Introduction: The majority of large public universities have exclusive pouring rights contracts with beverage companies that produce and market sugar-sweetened beverages. Pouring rights contracts contain provisions that conflict with recommendations from major public health organizations that institutions reduce sugar-sweetened beverage availability, marketing, and consumption. This study assessed the following among students at 3 public universities: student perception of pouring rights contracts (the extent to which they favored or opposed pouring rights contracts), the association between student socioeconomic characteristics and perception of pouring rights contracts, student estimates of pouring rights contract revenue, and the association between student pouring rights contract revenue estimates and perception of pouring rights contracts. To contextualize results, actual pouring rights contract revenue as a percentage of total revenues was estimated. Methods: A cross-sectional exploratory study was conducted among a convenience sample of 1,311 undergraduate sugar-sweetened beverages-consuming students recruited from 3 large and diverse public universities in Northern California. On an online questionnaire, undergraduate students indicated the extent to which they favored or opposed pouring rights contracts on a 10-point scale (oppose=1-5, favor=6-10) and provided a numeric estimate of the percentage of total university revenue they thought their university's pouring rights contract generated. Regression models were used to analyze differences in perception of pouring rights contracts by student socioeconomic characteristics and estimates of university revenues generated by pouring rights contracts. In addition, pouring rights contracts and financial reports were obtained from the 3 universities to estimate actual pouring rights contract revenue as a percentage of total revenues. Survey data were collected between August and November 2018 and analyzed in August 2022. Results: A large majority of students (81%) opposed pouring rights contracts, and the opposition did not significantly differ by student socioeconomic characteristics, including by levels of food security, need-based financial aid, participation in federal food assistance or healthcare programs, parental education, or parental income (all ps>0.14). The median student estimate for pouring rights contract revenue as a percentage of total university revenue was 10%. In contrast, the estimated actual annual revenue generated from the pouring rights contracts ranged from 0.01% to 0.04% at these schools. Revenue estimates were not significantly associated with participants' opposition or favoring of pouring rights contracts (p=0.65). Conclusions: A large majority of students opposed pouring rights contracts, and this opposition was similar regardless of student socioeconomic characteristics or student estimates of pouring rights contract revenues. Students markedly overestimated (by >100-1,000-fold) the percentage of university revenue that came from pouring rights contracts. University administration should consider student views on pouring rights contracts when deciding whether to exit or continue with pouring rights contracts.

Hours of sleep and associated factors in college students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Sleep alterations are common in college students, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sociodemographic factors may predict these alterations in this population. OBJECTIVE: To identify the sociodemographic factors and health characteristics associated with the number of hours of sleep of college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study carried out with 244 university students from a multicampi public university in the State of Bahia, Northeast Brazil. Data collection was performed online and participants answered a specific questionnaire to assess sleep hours, sociodemographic and health variables. RESULTS: Significant associations were observed between hours of sleep and older students (odds ratio adjusted -ORaj: 3.75; 95% Confidence Interval -CI: 1.81-7.75; p < 0.01), attending the final semesters (ORaj: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.05-3.25; p < 0.03), and who reported having some disease (ORaj: 2.18; 95% CI: 1.05-4.50; p < 0.03) with greater chances of getting less sleep. However, those who used tobacco (ORaj: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.01-0.45; p < 0.001) were likely to have more hours of sleep per night. CONCLUSION: Sleep restriction was common among participating college students, which has likely intensified due to the COVID-19 pandemic and its restrictions. This encourages specific public health actions, contemplating the health and hours of sleep of this population.

Potential demand for and access to medication abortion among North Carolina college students.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate demand for medication abortion (MAB) among North Carolina (NC) college students and describe access to nearest clinics offering MAB to each campus. METHODS: We calculated demand using 2019-2020 campus demographics and NC abortion statistics. We used a mystery client technique to gather MAB cost and appointment wait times at the closest clinics and calculated travel distances and times. RESULTS: We estimated that 2,517 NC students seek MAB annually. Twenty-one clinics were closest to NC's 111 colleges and universities, including five in neighboring states. Mean cost was $450, with an average wait time of six days to appointment. The average round-trip travel distance was 58 miles and time to the nearest clinic was 84 min by car. CONCLUSIONS: Many NC college students likely obtain MAB every year and face high costs, long wait times and distances to care, which has likely worsened after the overturning of Roe v. Wade.

Impact of basketball teaching in universities on students' physical healt: Analysis based on physical fitness, cardiopulmonary function, and skeletal healt

Purpose: College students are the future of a nation; education community needs to prioritize students' health issues. Method:This article compares the measurement data of cardiovascular function, bone density, body composition, and physical fitness between female college students in the exercise group and the control group before and after 12 weeks, in order to explore the impact of basketball on human morphology and physiological function. This can provide more methods and scientific basis for students to enhance their physical fitness and promote physical health. Results: The exercise group's lung capacity after the experimentwas 2517ml, and the control group's lung capacity after the experiment was 2357ml.Conclusion: This article has important practical significance in promoting the improvement of college students' physical fitness, and can also provide reference for ordinary higher education institutions to offer various sports courses (AU)

Interventions for Strengthening General Self-Efficacy Beliefs in College Students: An Integrative Review / Intervenciones para Fortalecer las Creencias de Autoeficacia General en Estudiantes Universitarios: Revisión Integrativa / Intervenções para Fortalecimento das Crenças de Autoeficácia Geral em Estudantes Universitários: Revisão Integrativa

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions aimed at strengthening self-efficacy beliefs in college students. Methods: Integrative Review conducted on the Lilacs, PubMed, CinahL, Cochrane Collaboration Databases, Scopus, and PsycInfo databases. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using tools proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute, and the results were analyzed descriptively. Results: Out of the 10 selected studies, six demonstrated that interventions aimed at strengthening self-efficacy were effective (Levels of Evidence II and III), and four revealed contrary results (Levels of Evidence I and II). Programs aimed at enhancing self-efficacy should include content on positive mental health, psychoeducation strategies, cover a period of eight to twelve weeks, and consider the completion of homework assignments. Conclusion: The synthesis of evidence pointed to pathways for building an effective self-efficacy strengthening program to be implemented in universities.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar las evidencias sobre la efectividad de las intervenciones para fortalecer las creencias de autoeficacia en estudiantes universitarios. Métodos: Revisión Integrativa realizada en las bases de datos Lilacs, PubMed, CinahL, Cochrane Collaboration Databases, Scopus y PsycInfo. La calidad metodológica de los estudios se evaluó utilizando herramientas propuestas por el Instituto Joanna Briggs y los resultados se analizaron de forma descriptiva. Resultados: De los 10 estudios seleccionados, seis demostraron que las intervenciones para fortalecer la autoeficacia fueron efectivas (niveles de evidencia II y III) y cuatro arrojaron resultados contrarios (niveles de evidencia I y II). Los programas dirigidos al fortalecimiento de la autoeficacia deben incluir contenido sobre salud mental positiva, estrategias de psicoeducación, abarcar un período de ocho a doce semanas y considerar la realización de ejercicios para hacer en casa. Conclusión: La síntesis de evidencia señala el camino para la construcción de un programa efectivo de fortalecimiento de las creencias de autoeficacia que debe implementarse en las universidades.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar as evidências sobre a efetividade das intervenções para fortalecer as crenças de autoeficácia em universitários. Métodos: Revisão Integrativa, realizada nas bases de dados Lilacs, PubMed, CinahL, Cochrane Collaboration Databases, Scopus e PsycInfo. A qualidade metodológica dos estudos foi avaliada por meio de ferramentas propostas pelo Joanna Briggs Institute e os resultados foram analisados de forma descritiva. Resultados: Dos 10 estudos selecionados, seis demonstraram que as intervenções para fortalecer a autoeficácia foram efetivas (níveis de evidências II e III) e quatro revelaram resultados contrários (níveis de evidências I e II). Os programas direcionados ao fortalecimento da autoeficácia devem possuir conteúdo sobre saúde mental positiva, estratégias de psicoeducação, abranger o período de oito a doze semanas e considerar a realização de exercícios para casa. Conclusão: A síntese das evidências apontou caminhos para a construção de um programa efetivo de fortalecimento das crenças de autoeficácia a ser implementado em universidades.

Analysis of direct drinking water quality and its influencing factors in primary and secondary schools in Nanjing City / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the quality and influencing factors of direct drinking water in schools in Nanjing City, so as to provide basis for management of school drinking water.@*Methods@#From April to July 2023, direct drinking water equipment from 146 primary and secondary schools were selected from Nanjing City using a stratified random sampling method and tested for colony forming units (CFU) and permanganate index. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the differences between groups, and multiple linear regression was used to analyze the influencing factors.@*Results@#The CFU and permanganate levels of school direct drinking water in Nanjing City were 1.00(0.00,15.50)CFU/mL and 0.47(0.26, 0.75)mg/L, respectively. The CFU level increased when the filter replacement time exceeded 3 months and when the water source was piped, while the permanganate index increased when the filter replacement time exceeded 3 months and using activated carbon technology ( Z =-2.21, -3.92, -2.31, -8.45 , P <0.05). The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that the replacement time of filter element exceeding 3 months was positively correlated with the CFU level, and the process type involving activated carbon, a laid pipe network and a filter replacement time exceeding 3 months were positively correlated with the permanganate index( β =167.08, 0.32, 0.35, 0.11, P ＜0.05).@*Conclusions@#There are certain problems with the water quality of primary and secondary school direct drinking water in Nanjing City. Schools should promptly replace the filter and maintain the drinking water equipment to ensure the hygiene and safety of campus water quality.

Historical transformation of healthy promotion patterns among children and adolescents in China / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#In order to identify new pattern and experience of school health, and to elaborate on the progress and trends in children and adolescents health promotion, the present article presents historical changes in health promotion approaches for children and adolescents in China, making strategic shift from "prevention and treatment of student common disease centered" to "student healthy development centered", fostering policy changes from "special school health services" to " comprehensive school health services", enacting the paradigm shift from "biomedical disease prevention and health care" model to "promoting social and behavioral success for learning" model, using various methods including needs analysis, trend research and judgment, system evaluation, and empirical evidence. The fast, substantial and extensive transformation delivers sustainable long term value and will continue to respond to the needs of the times and make steady and long term progress.