Effect of glyphosate drift on marandu grass / Efeito da deriva de glifosato em capim marandu

Glyphosate drift in plants that are not resistant to the herbicide molecule can result in stimulation to certain biological features, characterizing the phenomenon of hormesis. On this basis, productive and chemical traits were evaluated in marandu grass, in a simulation of the drift effect, using sublethal doses of the herbicide glyphosate. The experiment was in laid out in a randomized-block design with split plots in time, in four replicates. The effect of sublethal doses of glyphosate acid equivalent (a.e.) (21.60, 43.20, 64.80, 86.40 and 108.00 g ha-1) and control was evaluated in the plots; and the effect of harvesting at 92, 113, 134 and 155 days after sowing (DAS) the grass was evaluated in the subplots. The Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu was collected at a height of 0.20 m, at a defoliation interval of 21 days, to estimate production and chemical traits, in experimental plots with a usable area of 7.5 m2. Leaf: stem ratio was influenced by the interaction between the evaluated factors (dose and harvest). Dose fitted a second-order polynomial model, with a hormesis effect of 21.60 to 76.50 g ha-1 of glyphosate a.e. Harvesting at 134 DAS differed significantly from 92 DAS. The forage yield showed a linear response inversely proportional to the increasing glyphosate doses. There was a polynomial increase in leaf phosphorus content, characterizing hormesis up to the sublet

A deriva de glifosato em plantas não resistentes à molécula do herbicida pode resultar em estímulo a determinadas características biológicas, caracterizando o fenômeno hormese. Com base nisso, avaliaramse características produtivas e químico-bromatológicas em capim Marandu, simulando efeito de deriva, com doses subletais do herbicida glifosato. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas avaliou-se o efeito de doses subletais do equivalente ácido (e.a.) de glifosato (21,60, 43,20, 64,80, 86,40 e 108,00 g e.a. ha-1) e testemunha e, nas subparcelas, o efeito do corte em 92, 113, 134 e 155 dias após semeadura da gramínea (DAS). Em pastagem de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu coletou-se a forragem a 0,20 m de altura, com intervalo de desfolha de 21 dias para estimar a produção e análises químico-bromatológicas, em parcelas experimentais com 7,5 m2 de área útil. Para relação folha/colmo houve interação dos fatores avaliados (dose e corte). Dose adequouse ao modelo polinomial de segunda ordem, com efeito hormese de 21,60 a 76,50 g e.a. ha-1 de glifosato. O corte em 134 DAS diferiu significativamente sobre o corte em 92 DAS. A produção de forragem apresentou comportamento linear inversamente proporcional ao incremento das doses de glifosato. Houve incremento polinomial no teor de fósforo foliar, caracterizando hormese até a dose subletal 72,50 g e.a. ha-1. Registrouse efeito do corte sobre fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, lignina e fósforo foliar

Effect of glyphosate drift on marandu grass / Efeito da deriva de glifosato em capim marandu

Glyphosate drift in plants that are not resistant to the herbicide molecule can result in stimulation to certain biological features, characterizing the phenomenon of hormesis. On this basis, productive and chemical traits were evaluated in marandu grass, in a simulation of the drift effect, using sublethal doses of the herbicide glyphosate. The experiment was in laid out in a randomized-block design with split plots in time, in four replicates. The effect of sublethal doses of glyphosate acid equivalent (a.e.) (21.60, 43.20, 64.80, 86.40 and 108.00 g ha-1) and control was evaluated in the plots; and the effect of harvesting at 92, 113, 134 and 155 days after sowing (DAS) the grass was evaluated in the subplots. The Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu was collected at a height of 0.20 m, at a defoliation interval of 21 days, to estimate production and chemical traits, in experimental plots with a usable area of 7.5 m2. Leaf: stem ratio was influenced by the interaction between the evaluated factors (dose and harvest). Dose fitted a second-order polynomial model, with a hormesis effect of 21.60 to 76.50 g ha-1 of glyphosate a.e. Harvesting at 134 DAS differed significantly from 92 DAS. The forage yield showed a linear response inversely proportional to the increasing glyphosate doses. There was a polynomial increase in leaf phosphorus content, characterizing hormesis up to the sublet(AU)

A deriva de glifosato em plantas não resistentes à molécula do herbicida pode resultar em estímulo a determinadas características biológicas, caracterizando o fenômeno hormese. Com base nisso, avaliaramse características produtivas e químico-bromatológicas em capim Marandu, simulando efeito de deriva, com doses subletais do herbicida glifosato. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas avaliou-se o efeito de doses subletais do equivalente ácido (e.a.) de glifosato (21,60, 43,20, 64,80, 86,40 e 108,00 g e.a. ha-1) e testemunha e, nas subparcelas, o efeito do corte em 92, 113, 134 e 155 dias após semeadura da gramínea (DAS). Em pastagem de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu coletou-se a forragem a 0,20 m de altura, com intervalo de desfolha de 21 dias para estimar a produção e análises químico-bromatológicas, em parcelas experimentais com 7,5 m2 de área útil. Para relação folha/colmo houve interação dos fatores avaliados (dose e corte). Dose adequouse ao modelo polinomial de segunda ordem, com efeito hormese de 21,60 a 76,50 g e.a. ha-1 de glifosato. O corte em 134 DAS diferiu significativamente sobre o corte em 92 DAS. A produção de forragem apresentou comportamento linear inversamente proporcional ao incremento das doses de glifosato. Houve incremento polinomial no teor de fósforo foliar, caracterizando hormese até a dose subletal 72,50 g e.a. ha-1. Registrouse efeito do corte sobre fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, lignina e fósforo foliar(AU)

Aerobic Metabolism Alterations as an Evidence of Underlying Deltamethrin Resistance Mechanisms in Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae).

Triatoma infestans (Klug, 1834), the main vector of Chagas disease in Latin America, is regularly controlled by spraying the pyrethroid deltamethrin, to which some populations have developed resistance. The three main mechanisms of resistance are 1) metabolic resistance by overexpression or increased activity of detoxifying enzymes, 2) target site mutations, and 3) cuticle thickening/modification. We use open-flow respirometry to measure real-time H2O loss rate (V˙H2O) and CO2 production rate (V˙CO2), on nymphs from susceptible and resistant populations before and after exposure to the insecticide to understand the underlying mechanisms of resistance in live insects. Lack of differences in V˙H2O between populations suggested that cuticular thickness/composition is not acting as a relevant resistance mechanism. Similarly, there was no difference in resting V˙CO2, suggesting a trade-off between resistance mechanisms and other physiological processes. The increment in V˙CO2 after application of deltamethrin was similar in both populations, which suggested that while enhanced enzymatic detoxification may play a role in resistance expression in this population, the main mechanism involved should be a passive one such as target site mutations. Open-flow respirometry provided useful evidence for evaluating the mechanisms involved in deltamethrin resistance. Using this technique could improve efficiency of scientific research in the area of insecticide resistance management, leading to a faster decision making and hence improved control results.

Locomotor response of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) populations to a neurotoxic insecticide under laboratory conditions / Resposta locomotora de populações de traça-das-crucíferas (Plutella xylostella) a inseticida neurotóxico em condição de laboratório

The present study aimed to evaluate changes in the locomotor activity of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) populations exposed to surfaces treated with the insecticide chlorantraniliprole under laboratory conditions. Diamondback moth populations from municipalities incorrectly using the insecticide [Camocim de São Félix, PE (CSF); Sairé, PE (SR); and Lajedo, PE (LJ)] and two laboratory populations from Recife, PE (RCF), and Viçosa, MG (VÇS) were exposed to dry insecticide residues in increasing concentrations. The following behavioral parameters of the populations were analyzed: walking time (WT), mean walking speed (MWS), and rest time (RT). Regarding RT, the SR and CSF populations demonstrated a behavior of irritability and increased WT with increased exposure concentration. The RCF population presented a contrasting response. The MWS values in the SR and CSF populations showed a decreasing trend with increased exposure concentration. The LJ and RCF populations showed no changes in terms of MWS. The RT values in the SR population decreased with increased insecticide concentration. In general, the SR and CSF populations presented a behavioral pattern different from that of laboratory populations. The changes in locomotor activity observed may result in lower control efficacy of the insecticide due to repellency or escape of insects. Regarding the effect of insecticide concentrations used in the populations, a defined pattern was not observed, and the effect alternated between an increase, a decrease, and an undefined pattern for the variables studied.(AU)

O presente estudo teve por objetivo averiguar, em condições de laboratório, alterações na atividade locomotora de populações de traça-das-crucíferas, expostas a superfícies tratadas com o inseticida clorantraniliprole. Populações de Plutella xylostella provenientes dos municípios com uso inadequado de inseticida: Camocim de São Félix-PE (CSF), Sairé-PE (SR), Lajedo-PE (LJ) e duas populações de laboratório: Recife-PE (RCF) e Viçosa-MG (VÇS) foram expostas a resíduos secos do inseticida, em concentrações crescentes. Estas populações tiveram os seguintes parâmetros comportamentais analisados: Tempo de caminhamento (TC), Velocidade Média de caminhamento (VMC) e Tempo de Repouso (TR). Com relação ao TC, as populações de SR e CSF demonstraram comportamento de irritabilidade, aumentando o tempo de caminhamento com o aumento da concentração de exposição. A população de RCF apresentou resposta contrária. Em relação ao parâmetro VMC, as populações de SR e CSF apresentaram tendência de redução nos valores com o aumento da concentração de exposição. As populações de LJ e RCF não apresentaram mudanças deste comportamento. Para a variável TR, a população de SR apresentou redução nesses valores, com o aumento da concentração do inseticida. De forma geral, as populações de SR e CSF apresentaram um padrão de comportamento diferente das populações de laboratório. Estas alterações na atividade locomotora podem resultar numa menor eficácia de controle do inseticida devido à irritabilidade ou fuga. Quanto ao efeito das concentrações usadas do inseticida entre populações, de forma geral, não foi possível observar um padrão definido, tendo este efeito alternado entre aumento, redução e padrão não definido para as variáveis estudadas.(AU)

Locomotor response of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) populations to a neurotoxic insecticide under laboratory conditions / Resposta locomotora de populações de traça-das-crucíferas (Plutella xylostella) a inseticida neurotóxico em condição de laboratório

ABSTRACT: The present study aimed to evaluate changes in the locomotor activity of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) populations exposed to surfaces treated with the insecticide chlorantraniliprole under laboratory conditions. Diamondback moth populations from municipalities incorrectly using the insecticide [Camocim de São Félix, PE (CSF); Sairé, PE (SR); and Lajedo, PE (LJ)] and two laboratory populations from Recife, PE (RCF), and Viçosa, MG (VÇS) were exposed to dry insecticide residues in increasing concentrations. The following behavioral parameters of the populations were analyzed: walking time (WT), mean walking speed (MWS), and rest time (RT). Regarding RT, the SR and CSF populations demonstrated a behavior of irritability and increased WT with increased exposure concentration. The RCF population presented a contrasting response. The MWS values in the SR and CSF populations showed a decreasing trend with increased exposure concentration. The LJ and RCF populations showed no changes in terms of MWS. The RT values in the SR population decreased with increased insecticide concentration. In general, the SR and CSF populations presented a behavioral pattern different from that of laboratory populations. The changes in locomotor activity observed may result in lower control efficacy of the insecticide due to repellency or escape of insects. Regarding the effect of insecticide concentrations used in the populations, a defined pattern was not observed, and the effect alternated between an increase, a decrease, and an undefined pattern for the variables studied.

RESUMO: O presente estudo teve por objetivo averiguar, em condições de laboratório, alterações na atividade locomotora de populações de traça-das-crucíferas, expostas a superfícies tratadas com o inseticida clorantraniliprole. Populações de Plutella xylostella provenientes dos municípios com uso inadequado de inseticida: Camocim de São Félix-PE (CSF), Sairé-PE (SR), Lajedo-PE (LJ) e duas populações de laboratório: Recife-PE (RCF) e Viçosa-MG (VÇS) foram expostas a resíduos secos do inseticida, em concentrações crescentes. Estas populações tiveram os seguintes parâmetros comportamentais analisados: Tempo de caminhamento (TC), Velocidade Média de caminhamento (VMC) e Tempo de Repouso (TR). Com relação ao TC, as populações de SR e CSF demonstraram comportamento de irritabilidade, aumentando o tempo de caminhamento com o aumento da concentração de exposição. A população de RCF apresentou resposta contrária. Em relação ao parâmetro VMC, as populações de SR e CSF apresentaram tendência de redução nos valores com o aumento da concentração de exposição. As populações de LJ e RCF não apresentaram mudanças deste comportamento. Para a variável TR, a população de SR apresentou redução nesses valores, com o aumento da concentração do inseticida. De forma geral, as populações de SR e CSF apresentaram um padrão de comportamento diferente das populações de laboratório. Estas alterações na atividade locomotora podem resultar numa menor eficácia de controle do inseticida devido à irritabilidade ou fuga. Quanto ao efeito das concentrações usadas do inseticida entre populações, de forma geral, não foi possível observar um padrão definido, tendo este efeito alternado entre aumento, redução e padrão não definido para as variáveis estudadas.

Aerobic Metabolism Alterations as an Evidence of Underlying Deltamethrin Resistance Mechanisms in Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) / Alterações do metabolismo aeróbico como evidência de mecanismos subjacentes de resistência à deltametrina em Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

Abstract Triatoma infestans (Klug, 1834), the main vector of Chagas disease in Latin America, is regularly controlled by spraying the pyrethroid deltamethrin, to which some populations have developed resistance. The three main mechanisms of resistance are 1) metabolic resistance by overexpression or increased activity of detoxifying enzymes, 2) target site mutations, and 3) cuticle thickening/modification. We use open-flow respirometry to measure real-time H2O loss rate (V˙H2O) and CO2 production rate (V˙CO2), on nymphs from susceptible and resistant populations before and after exposure to the insecticide to understand the underlying mechanisms of resistance in live insects. Lack of differences in V˙H2O between populations suggested that cuticular thickness/composition is not acting as a relevant resistance mechanism. Similarly, there was no difference in resting V˙CO2, suggesting a trade-off between resistance mechanisms and other physiological processes. The increment in V˙CO2 after application of deltamethrin was similar in both populations, which suggested that while enhanced enzymatic detoxification may play a role in resistance expression in this population, the main mechanism involved should be a passive one such as target site mutations. Open-flow respirometry provided useful evidence for evaluating the mechanisms involved in deltamethrin resistance. Using this technique could improve efficiency of scientific research in the area of insecticide resistance management, leading to a faster decision making and hence improved control results.

Dualistic evolution of liver damage in mice triggered by a single sublethal exposure to Microcystin-LR.

Microcystins (MCYST) are the most frequently reported cyanotoxins in human poisoning incidents. Despite the well-described mechanism of acute and lethal injury, the sublethal effects of this toxin require further investigation. The aim of this study was to contribute to the knowledge of the variant MCYST-LR effects at sublethal doses by investigating biochemical changes and tissue damage in a murine model. For this purpose, mice were intraperitoneally injected with 45 µg of MCYST-LR/kg body weight. Their organs were collected at 2, 8, 24, 48 or 96 h after injection. Control animals received saline solution. We detected oxidative imbalance in the liver, particularly at 8 h after exposure. Furthermore, biomarkers of liver injury were detected in high concentration in the serum of the exposed animals. Stereological analyses of the liver indicated two different phases in the intoxication process: an initial phase characterized by an increase in steatosis was followed by a second, later phase characterized by increased inflammation and hepatocyte binucleation. Formation of areas of necrosis and increased blood vessel diameter were observed throughout the experimental period. The number of hepatocytes per area unit also decreased. However, these parameters recovered over the period of exposure. MCYST accumulated in liver and was detectable until the end of the monitoring period. These results confirm the necessity for further studies of processes involved in sublethal exposure to MCYST.