Surface modification of PVDF ultrafiltration membranes using spacer arms and synthetic receptors for virus capturing and separation.

Although membrane technology has demonstrated outstanding pathogen removal capabilities, current commercial membranes are insufficient for removing small viruses at trace levels due to certain limitations. The theoretical and practical significance of developing a new form of hydrophilic, anti-fouling, and virus-specific ultra-purification membrane with high capturing and separation efficiency, stability, and throughput for water treatment is of the utmost importance. In this study, molecularly imprinted membranes (MIMs) were fabricated from polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes utilizing novel surface hydrophilic modification techniques, followed by the immobilization of virus-specific molecularly imprinted nanoparticles (nanoMIPs) as synthetic receptors. Three distinct membrane functionalization strategies were established and optimized for the first time: membrane functionalization with (i) polyethyleneimine (PEI) and dopamine (DOP), (ii) PEI and 3-(chloropropyl)-trimethoxysilane (CTS), and (iii) chitosan (CS). Hydrophilicity was enhanced significantly as a result of these modification strategies. Additionally, the modifications enabled spacer arms between the membrane surface and the nanoMIPs to decrease steric hindrance. The surface chemistry, morphology, and membrane performance results from the characterization analysis of the MIMs demonstrated excellent hydrophilicity (e.g., the functionalized membrane presented 37.84° while the unmodified bare membrane exhibited 128.94° of water contact angle), higher permeation flux (145.96 L m-2 h-1 for the functionalized membrane), excellent uptake capacity (up to 99.99 % for PEI-DOP-MIM and CS-MIM), and recovery (more than 80 % for PEI-DOP-MIM). As proof of concept, the cutting-edge MIMs were able to eliminate the model adenoviruses up to 99.99 % from water. The findings indicate that the novel functionalized PVDF membranes hold promise for implementation in practical applications for virus capture and separation.

Effective Unidirectional Wetting of Liquids on Multi-Gradient, Bio-Inspired Surfaces Fabricated by 3D Printing and Surface Modification.

The movement of liquid droplets on the energy gradient surface has attracted extensive attention inspired by biological features in nature, such as the periodic spindle-shaped nodes in spider silks and conical-like barbs of cacti, and the structure-property-function relationship of multifunctional gradient surfaces. In this study, a series of specific patterns are fabricated with 3D printing technology, followed by modification via the atmospheric pressure plasma treatment and liquid phase chemical deposition, resulting in enhancing the ability of water droplets of 5 µL to travel 18.47 mm on a horizontal plane and 22.75 mm against gravity at up to a 20° tilting angle. Additionally, analysis techniques have been employed, including a contact angle analyzer, ESCA, and a laser confocal microscope to evaluate the sample performance. This work could further be applied to many applications related to microfluidic devices, drug delivery and water/fog collection.

Optical Active Meta-Surfaces, -Substrates, and Single Quantum Dots Based on Tuning Organic Composites with Graphene.

In this communication, the design and fabrication of optical active metamaterials were developed by the incorporation of graphene and joining it to different substrates with variable spectroscopical properties. It focuses on how graphene and its derivatives could generate varied optical setups and materials considering modified and enhanced optics within substrates and surfaces. In this manner, it is discussed how light could be tuned and modified along its path from confined nano-patterned surfaces or through a modified micro-lens. In addition to these optical properties generated from the physical interaction of light, it should be added that the non-classical light pathways and quantum phenomena could participate. In this way, graphene and related carbon-based materials with particular properties, such as highly condensed electronics, pseudo-electromagnetic properties, and quantum and luminescent properties, could be incorporated. Therefore, the modified substrates could be switched by photo-stimulation with variable responses depending on the nature of the material constitution. Therefore, the optical properties of graphene and its derivatives are discussed in these types of metasurfaces with targeted optical active properties, such as within the UV, IR, and terahertz wavelength intervals, along with their further properties and respective potential applications.

Nano-Based Approaches in Surface Modifications of Dental Implants: A Literature Review.

Rehabilitation of fully or partially edentulous patients with dental implants represents one of the most frequently used surgical procedures. The work of Branemark, who observed that a piece of titanium embedded in rabbit bone became firmly attached and difficult to remove, introduced the concept of osseointegration and revolutionized modern dentistry. Since then, an ever-growing need for improved implant materials towards enhanced material-tissue integration has emerged. There is a strong belief that nanoscale materials will produce a superior generation of implants with high efficiency, low cost, and high volume. The aim of this review is to explore the contribution of nanomaterials in implantology. A variety of nanomaterials have been proposed as potential candidates for implant surface customization. They can have inherent antibacterial properties, provide enhanced conditions for osseointegration, or act as reservoirs for biomolecules and drugs. Titania nanotubes alone or in combination with biological agents or drugs are used for enhanced tissue integration in dental implants. Regarding immunomodulation and in order to avoid implant rejection, titania nanotubes, graphene, and biopolymers have successfully been utilized, sometimes loaded with anti-inflammatory agents and extracellular vesicles. Peri-implantitis prevention can be achieved through the inherent antibacterial properties of metal nanoparticles and chitosan or hybrid coatings bearing antibiotic substances. For improved corrosion resistance various materials have been explored. However, even though these modifications have shown promising results, future research is necessary to assess their clinical behavior in humans and proceed to widespread commercialization.

Compact Solid Electrolyte Interface Realization Employing Surface-Modified Fillers for Long-Lasting, High-Performance All-Solid-State Li-Metal Batteries.

The implementation of polymer-based Li-metal batteries is hindered by their low coulombic efficiency and poor cycling stability attributed to continuous electrolyte decomposition. Enhancement of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) stability is key to mitigating electrolyte decomposition. This study proposes surface-functionalized silica mesoball fillers to fabricate a composite polymer electrolyte (MSBM-CPE). As a result of surface modification, the polyethylene oxide matrix benefits from the uniform distribution of the filler, which provides a large surface area and Lewis acid sites. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the dissociation energy of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide in the filler is fourfold higher (-1.95 eV) than that of the filler-free electrolyte. Consequently, the MSMB-CPE diffusivity is 30 times higher than its filler-free counterpart. The MSMB-CPE of ionic conductivity of 1.16 × 10-2 S cm-1 @60 °C and a venerable Li-ion transference number of 0.81. The excellent compatibility of MSMB-CPE with the Li anode is demonstrated by its stable symmetric cell performance under high current density (200 µA cm-2 @60 °C) for over 5000 h. Approximately 85.60% retention capacity of the [Li/MSMB-CPE/LiFePO4] full cell after 700 cycles. Furthermore, compositional analysis reveals that the SEI layer in MSMB-CPE is smooth with fewer by-products at the electrolyte/Li interface.

Interface Modifications of Lithium Metal Anode for Lithium Metal Batteries.

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) enable much higher energy density than lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and thus hold great promise for future transportation electrification. However, the adoption of lithium metal (Li) as an anode poses serious concerns about cell safety and performance, which has been hindering LMBs from commercialization. To this end, extensive effort has been invested in understanding the underlying mechanisms theoretically and experimentally and developing technical solutions. In this review, we devote to providing a comprehensive review of the challenges, characterizations, and interfacial engineering of Li anodes in both liquid and solid LMBs. We expect that this work will stimulate new efforts and help peer researchers find new solutions for the commercialization of LMBs.

CD4+ and CD8+ T cells reduce inflammation and promote bone healing in response to titanium implants.

T cells are adaptive immune cells essential in pathogenic response, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. During the integration of biomaterials with host tissue, T cells modify the local inflammatory environment by releasing cytokines that promote inflammatory resolution following implantation. T cells are vital for the modulation of innate immune cells, recruitment and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and formation of functional tissue around the biomaterial implant. We have demonstrated that deficiency of αß T cells promotes macrophage polarization towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype and attenuates MSC recruitment and proliferation in vitro and in vivo. The goal of this study was to understand how CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, subsets of the αß T cell family, impact the inflammatory response to titanium (Ti) biomaterials. Deficiency of either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells increased the proportion of pro-inflammatory macrophages, lowered anti-inflammatory macrophages, and diminished MSC recruitment in vitro and in vivo. In addition, new bone formation at the implantation site was significantly reduced in T cell-deficient mice compared to T cell-competent mice. Deficiency of CD4+ T cells exacerbated these effects compared to CD8+ T cell deficiency. Our results show the importance of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in modulating the inflammatory response and promoting new bone formation in response to modified Ti implants. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are essential in modulating the peri-implant microenvironment during the inflammatory response to biomaterial implantation. This study shows that deficiency of either CD4+ or CD8+ T cell subsets altered macrophage polarization and reduced MSC recruitment and proliferation at the implantation site.

A Green High-k Dielectric from Modified Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based with Dextrin.

Many crucial components inside electronic devices are made from non-renewable, non-biodegradable, and potentially toxic materials, leading to environmental damage. Finding alternative green dielectric materials is mandatory to align with global sustainable goals. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a bio-polymer derived from cellulose and has outstanding properties. Herein, citric acid, dextrin, and CMC based hydrogels are prepared, which are biocompatible and biodegradable and exhibit rubber-like mechanical properties, with Young modulus values of 0.89 MPa. Hence, thin film CMC-based hydrogel is explored as a suitable green high-k dielectric candidate for operation at low voltages, demonstrating a high dielectric constant of up to 78. These fabricated transistors reveal stable high capacitance (2090 nF cm-2) for ≈±3 V operation. Using a polyelectrolyte-type approach and poly-(2-vinyl anthracene) (PVAn) surface modification, this study demonstrates a thin dielectric layer (d ≈30 nm) with a small voltage threshold (Vth ≈-0.8 V), moderate transconductance (gm ≈65 nS), and high ON-OFF ratio (≈105). Furthermore, the dielectric layer exhibits stable performance under bias stress of ± 3.5 V and 100 cycles of switching tests. The modified CMC-based hydrogel demonstrates desirable performance as a green dielectric for low-voltage operation, further highlighting its biocompatibility.

Structural Engineering of Anode Materials for Low-Temperature Lithium-Ion Batteries: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Prospects.

The severe degradation of electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) at low temperatures poses a significant challenge to their practical applications. Consequently, extensive efforts have been contributed to explore novel anode materials with high electronic conductivity and rapid Li+ diffusion kinetics for achieving favorable low-temperature performance of LIBs. Herein, we try to review the recent reports on the synthesis and characterizations of low-temperature anode materials. First, we summarize the underlying mechanisms responsible for the performance degradation of anode materials at subzero temperatures. Second, detailed discussions concerning the key pathways (boosting electronic conductivity, enhancing Li+ diffusion kinetics, and inhibiting lithium dendrite) for improving the low-temperature performance of anode materials are presented. Third, several commonly used low-temperature anode materials are briefly introduced. Fourth, recent progress in the engineering of these low-temperature anode materials is summarized in terms of structural design, morphology control, surface & interface modifications, and multiphase materials. Finally, the challenges that remain to be solved in the field of low-temperature anode materials are discussed. This review was organized to offer valuable insights and guidance for next-generation LIBs with excellent low-temperature electrochemical performance.

Revolutionizing endodontics: Advancements in nickel-titanium instrument surfaces.

Nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments have become the backbone of endodontics due to their exceptional properties, superelasticity, and shape memory. However, challenges such as unexpected breakage, poor cutting efficiency, and corrosion have prompted researchers to explore innovative surface modifications to enhance their performance. This comprehensive review discusses the latest advancements in NiTi metallurgy and their impact on rotary NiTi file systems. Various surface treatment techniques, including ion implantation, cryogenic treatment (CT), thermal nitridation, electropolishing, and physical or chemical vapor deposition, have been investigated to minimize defects, boost surface hardness, and improve cyclic fatigue resistance. Ion implantation has shown promise by increasing wear resistance and cutting efficiency through nitrogen ion incorporation. Thermal nitridation has successfully formed titanium nitride (TiN) coatings, resulting in improved corrosion resistance and cutting efficiency. CT has demonstrated increased cutting efficiency and overall strength by creating a martensite transformation and finer carbide particles. Electropolishing has yielded mixed results, providing smoother surfaces but varying impacts on fatigue resistance. Physical or chemical vapor deposition has proven effective in forming TiN coatings, enhancing hardness and wear resistance. Furthermore, the concept of surface functionalization with silver ions for antibacterial properties has been explored. These advancements present an exciting future for endodontic procedures, offering the potential for enhanced NiTi instruments with improved performance, durability, and patient outcomes.

Comparative Analysis of Surface Modification Techniques for Assessing Oral Implant Osseointegration: An Animal Study.

BACKGROUND: Effective implant placement depends critically on the implant's level of osseointegration with the alveolar bone. To increase osseointegration during implant placement, research has concentrated on the surface modification of implants, and morphological analyses have looked at the thread pattern in close interaction with the bone's surface. AIM: This study aimed to assess and compare the extent of oral implant osseointegration in different surface modification techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 12 healthy adult dogs aged 18-24 months were used. Tooth extractions were performed on both sides of the mandible, and wounds were closed with sutures. Two months later, the right mandible of each dog underwent local anesthesia and general anesthesia. Four different implant types were placed based on their surface treatments: resorbable blast media (RBM)-treated implants, hydroxyapatite (HA) implants with an ultra-thin HA film, hydrothermal-treated HA implants coated with HA, and sandblasting combined acid etching (SLA) implants treated with plasma spray and acid etching. A total of 48 implants were divided into two- and four-week groups, with identical dimensions. Each dog received two implants from each group, for a total of eight implants per dog. The implants were securely placed into the superior alveolar bone with a torque greater than 35-N up to a depth of 1 mm. Periotest M (Medizintechnik Gulden e.K., Modautal, Germany) was used to calculate the periotest value (PTV) as a typical value on the buccal side of each implant immediately following placement and sacrifice to test the main fixation and stability of the implants. Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) was utilised by Osstell Mentor (Osstell AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) to simultaneously assess the implant stability quotient (ISQ) on the medial, distal, buccal, and lingual sides of the implant. The rotational torque in one of the sacrificed dogs was calculated using the MGT 50 (ELECTROMATIC Equipment Co., Inc., New York, USA) torque analyzer. The histomorphometric evaluation was performed using an optical microscope (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The upper half's bone-implant contact (BIC), which was found to be more important for implant stability, was studied together with the ratio of the new bone formation area (NBFA) to the complete implant. RESULTS: The maximum stability was observed in HA-treated implants in the fourth week. The minimum stability was observed in hydrothermal-treated HA implants in the fourth week. The stability in each group was greater in the four-week evaluation as compared to the two-week evaluation. The stability was satisfactory in almost all implants at two- and three-week evaluations. The maximum value of the percentage area of newly formed bone at the two- and four-week evaluations was observed in HA-treated implants. The minimum value of the percentage of the area of newly formed bone at two- and four-week evaluations was observed in SLA and RBM-treated implants respectively. The difference was significant statistically (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION: All implant surface modifications, in general, produced satisfactory osseointegration. Excellent osseointegration was seen in the upper portion of the implant with hydrothermally treated HA.

Nanoscale Metal-Organic Frameworks and Nanoscale Coordination Polymers: From Synthesis to Cancer Therapy and Biomedical Imaging.

Recently, there has been significant interest in nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (NMOFs) characterized by ordered crystal structures and nanoscale coordination polymers (NCPs) featuring amorphous structures. These structures arise from the coordination interactions between inorganic metal ions or clusters and organic ligands. Their advantages, such as the ability to tailor composition and structure, efficiently encapsulate diverse therapeutic or imaging agents within porous frameworks, inherent biodegradability, and surface functionalization capability, position them as promising carriers in the biomedical fields. This review provides an overview of the synthesis and surface modification strategies employed for NMOFs and NCPs, along with their applications in cancer treatment and biological imaging. Finally, future directions and challenges associated with the utilization of NMOFs and NCPs in cancer treatment and diagnosis are also discussed.

Mapping the microcarrier design pathway to modernise clinical mesenchymal stromal cell expansion.

Microcarrier expansion systems show exciting potential to revolutionise mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-based clinical therapies by providing an opportunity for economical large-scale expansion of donor- and patient-derived cells. The poor reproducibility and efficiency of cell expansion on commercial polystyrene microcarriers have driven the development of novel microcarriers with tuneable physical, mechanical, and cell-instructive properties. These new microcarriers show innovation toward improving cell expansion outcomes, although their limited biological characterisation and compatibility with dynamic culture systems suggest the need to realign the microcarrier design pathway. Clear headway has been made toward developing infrastructure necessary for scaling up these technologies; however, key challenges remain in characterising the wholistic effects of microcarrier properties on the biological fate and function of expanded MSCs.

Methods to improve antibacterial properties of PEEK: A review.

As a thermoplastic and bioinert polymer, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) serves as spine implants, femoral stems, cranial implants, and joint arthroplasty implants due to its mechanical properties resembling the cortical bone, chemical stability, and radiolucency. Although there are standards and antibiotic treatments for infection control during and after surgery, the infection risk is lowered but can not be eliminated. The antibacterial properties of PEEK implants should be improved to provide better infection control. This review includes the strategies for enhancing the antibacterial properties of PEEK in four categories: immobilization of functional materials and functional groups, forming nanocomposites, changing surface topography, and coating with antibacterial material. The measuring methods of antibacterial properties of the current studies of PEEK are explained in detail under quantitative, qualitative, andin vivomethods. The mechanisms of bacterial inhibition by reactive oxygen species generation, contact killing, trap killing, and limited bacterial adhesion on hydrophobic surfaces are explained with corresponding antibacterial compounds or techniques. The prospective analysis of the current studies is done, and dual systems combining osteogenic and antibacterial agents immobilized on the surface of PEEK are found the promising solution for a better implant design.

Polyoxometalate Induced Assembly Into Surface Functionalized Multidimensional Heterostructures with Enhanced Catalytic Activity.

The self-assembly of inorganic nanocrystals offers an efficient way for the fabrication of functional materials. However, it is still challenging for the construction of multidimensional nanostructures with controllable shapes, compositions and functions. Here, a series of heterostructures in different dimensions by surface modification of polyoxometalate (POM) clusters is developed. Three kinds of POM clusters (phosphomolybdic acid (PMA), phosphotungstic acid (PTA) and silicotungstic acid (STA) and five kinds of metal oxides (TiO2 , VOx , La2 O3 , In2 O3 and Gd2 O3 ) can be used as building blocks, and a class of 1D, 2D and 3D heterostructures can be achieved by the control of surface ligand coverage. Compared with individual building blocks and other cluster-based superstructures, TiO2 -PMA superstructures exhibit enhanced catalytic activity toward thioether oxidations, which is attributed to the electron transfer between TiO2 and POM clusters.

Magnetic Nanomaterials for Sample Preparation of Disease-related Biomarkers.

Measuring clinically relevant biomarkers is critical for disease screening, diagnosis, and therapeutic monitoring. However, analyzing trace biomarkers in complex biological fluids remains challenging. Magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) has recently emerged as a promising sample preparation approach due to its simplicity, efficiency, and ability to selectively isolate biomarkers. Databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, were systematically searched for studies on MSPE for clinical biomarkers. Key findings on nanomaterial synthesis strategies, surface modifications, and applications in biomarker isolation were synthesized. Recent research demonstrates magnetic nanoparticles with tailored surface chemistry can selectively extract biomarkers like cancer antigens, neurotransmitters, and pharmaceuticals from matrices such as plasma, urine, and serum. MSPE enables clinically relevant limits of detection, high recovery, and purification in a rapid and simple workflow. This technique shows significant potential to improve clinical diagnostics. Further research on novel magnetic materials and surface functionalization is warranted. This review provides insights for researchers aiming to develop MSPE methods for sensitive and selective analysis of clinical biomarkers.

Magnesium-based alloys with adapted interfaces for bone implants and tissue engineering.

Magnesium and its alloys are one of the most used materials for bone implants and tissue engineering. They are characterized by numerous advantages such as biodegradability, high biocompatibility and mechanical properties with values close to the human bone. Unfortunately, the implant surface must be adequately tuned, or Mg-based alloys must be alloyed with other chemical elements due to their increased corrosion effect in physiological media. This article reviews the clinical challenges related to bone repair and regeneration, classifying bone defects and presenting some of the most used and modern therapies for bone injuries, such as Ilizarov or Masquelet techniques or stem cell treatments. The implant interface challenges are related to new bone formation and fracture healing, implant degradation and hydrogen release. A detailed analysis of mechanical properties during implant degradation is extensively described based on different literature studies that included in vitro and in vivo tests correlated with material properties' characterization. Mg-based trauma implants such as plates and screws, intramedullary nails, Herbert screws, spine cages, rings for joint treatment and regenerative scaffolds are presented, taking into consideration their manufacturing technology, the implant geometrical dimensions and shape, the type of in vivo or in vitro studies and fracture localization. Modern technologies that modify or adapt the Mg-based implant interfaces are described by presenting the main surface microstructural modifications, physical deposition and chemical conversion coatings. The last part of the article provides some recommendations from a translational perspective, identifies the challenges associated with Mg-based implants and presents some future opportunities. This review outlines the available literature on trauma and regenerative bone implants and describes the main techniques used to control the alloy corrosion rate and the cellular environment of the implant.

Polyester urethane urea (PEUU) functionalization for enhanced anti-thrombotic performance: advancing regenerative cardiovascular devices through innovative surface modifications.

Introduction: Thrombogenesis, a major cause of implantable cardiovascular device failure, can be addressed through the use of biodegradable polymers modified with anticoagulating moieties. This study introduces a novel polyester urethane urea (PEUU) functionalized with various anti-platelet deposition molecules for enhanced antiplatelet performance in regenerative cardiovascular devices. Methods: PEUU, synthesized from poly-caprolactone, 1,4-diisocyanatobutane, and putrescine, was chemically oxidized to introduce carboxyl groups, creating PEUU-COOH. This polymer was functionalized in situ with polyethyleneimine, 4-arm polyethylene glycol, seleno-L-cystine, heparin sodium, and fondaparinux. Functionalization was confirmed using Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Bio-compatibility and hemocompatibility were validated through metabolic activity and hemolysis assays. The anti-thrombotic activity was assessed using platelet aggregation, lactate dehydrogenase activation assays, and scanning electron microscopy surface imaging. The whole-blood clotting time quantification assay was employed to evaluate anticoagulation properties. Results: Results demonstrated high biocompatibility and hemocompatibility, with the most potent anti-thrombotic activity observed on pegylated surfaces. However, seleno-L-cystine and fondaparinux exhibited no anti-platelet activity. Discussion: The findings highlight the importance of balancing various factors and addressing challenges associated with different approaches when developing innovative surface modifications for cardiovascular devices.

The use of chimpanzee-modified faunal assemblages to investigate early hominin carnivory.

Chimpanzees regularly hunt and consume prey smaller than themselves. It seems therefore likely that early hominins also consumed small vertebrate meat before they started using and producing stone tools. Research has focused on cut marks and large ungulates, but there is a small body of work that has investigated the range of bone modifications produced on small prey by chimpanzee mastication that, by analogy, can be used to identify carnivory in pre-stone tool hominins. Here, we review these works along with behavioral observations and other neo-taphonomic research. Despite some equifinality with bone modifications produced by baboons and the fact that prey species used in experiments seldom are similar to the natural prey of chimpanzees, we suggest that traces of chimpanzee mastication are sufficiently distinct from those of other predators that they can be used to investigate mastication of vertebrate prey by early hominins.

Contribution of αß T cells to macrophage polarization and MSC recruitment and proliferation on titanium implants.

Physiochemical cues like topography and wettability can impact the inflammatory response and tissue integration after biomaterial implantation. T cells are essential for immunomodulation of innate immune cells and play an important role in the host response to biomaterial implantation. This study aimed to understand how CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets, members of the αß T cell family, polarize in response to smooth, rough, or rough-hydrophilic titanium (Ti) implants and whether their presence modulates immune cell crosstalk and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) recruitment following biomaterial implantation. Post-implantation in mice, we found that CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets polarized differentially in response to modified Ti surfaces. Additionally, mice lacking αß T cells had significantly more pro-inflammatory macrophages, fewer anti-inflammatory macrophages, and reduced MSC recruitment in response to modified Ti post-implantation than αß T cell -competent mice. Our results demonstrate that T cell activation plays a significant role during the inflammatory response to implanted biomaterials, contributing to macrophage polarization and MSC recruitment and proliferation, and the absence of αß T cells compromises new bone formation at the implantation site. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: T cells are essential for immunomodulation and play an important role in the host response to biomaterial implantation. Our results demonstrate that T cells actively participate during the inflammatory response to implanted biomaterials, controlling macrophage phenotype and recruitment of MSCs to the implantation site.