Mammalian Cell Culture as a Platform for Veterinary Vaccines.

For more than three decades, mammalian cells have been the host par excellence for the recombinant protein production for therapeutic purposes in humans. Due to the high cost of media and other supplies used for cell growth, initially this expression platform was only used for the production of proteins of pharmaceutical importance including antibodies. However, large biotechnological companies that used this platform continued research to improve its technical and economic feasibility. The main qualitative improvement was obtained when individual cells could be cultured in a liquid medium similar to bacteria and yeast cultures. Another important innovation for growing cells in suspension was the improvement in chemically defined media that does not contain macromolecules; they were cheaper to culture as any other microbial media. These scientific milestones have reduced the cost of mammalian cell culture and their use in obtaining proteins for veterinary use. The ease of working with mammalian cell culture has permitted the use of this expression platform to produce active pharmaceutic ingredients for veterinary vaccines. In this chapter, the protocol to obtain recombinant mammalian cell lines will be described.

Approach toward an efficient inoculum preparation stage for suspension BHK-21 cell culture.

Mammalian cells are the most frequently used hosts for biopharmaceutical proteins manufacturing. Inoculum quality is a key element for establishing an efficient bioconversion process. The main objective in inoculation expansion process is to generate large volume of viable cells in the shortest time. The aim of this paper was to optimize the inoculum preparation stage of baby hamster kidney (BHK)-21 cells for suspension cultures in benchtop bioreactors, by means of a combination of static and agitated culture systems. Critical parameters for static (liquid column height: 5, 10, 15 mm) and agitated (working volume: 35, 50, 65 mL, inoculum volume percentage: 10, 30 % and agitation speed: 25, 60 rpm) cultures were study in T-flask and spinner flask, respectively. The optimal liquid column height was 5 mm for static culture. The maximum viable cell concentration in spinner flask cultures was reached with 50 mL working volume and the inoculum volume percentage was not significant in the range under study (10-30 %) at 25 rpm agitation. Agitation speed at 60 rpm did not change the main kinetic parameters with respect to those observed for 25 rpm. These results allowed for a schedule to produce more than 4 × 10(9) BHK-21 cells from 4 × 10(6) cells in 13 day with 1,051 mL culture medium.

Actividad antifúngica de extractos de biomasa celular de neem sobre aislamientos de dermatofitos / Antifungal activity of neem cellular biomass extracts on dermatophytes isolates

Las líneas celulares de neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) cultivadas en suspensión líquida han demostrado producir metabolitos secundarios bioactivos, particularmente triterpenoides. En consecuencia, se han realizado estudios para el control de microorganismos de importancia médica, como los hongos dermatofitos. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue evaluar a través de un método de referencia in vitro la actividad antifúngica de diferentes extractos de cultivos celulares de neem sobre varios aislamientos de Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum y Epidermophyton floccosum. Se realizó un escalado de cultivos de suspensiones celulares de neem, a partir de los cuales se obtuvo un extracto crudo metanólico. Éste extracto fue fraccionado posteriormente por cromatografía en columna de silica gel. Con los extractos obtenidos se determinó la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI), siguiendo el método de microdilución en caldo M38-2, con cinco aislamientos de T. mentagrophytes, cinco de T. rubrum y tres de E. floccosum. Se usó como control positivo el antimicótico Terbinafina. Los resultados mostraron que el extracto crudo de biomasa celular de neem inhibe el crecimiento hasta en 100 % de T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum y E. floccosum. Al evaluar las fracciones por separado, se observó que las de menor polaridad exhibieron en general mayor actividad antifúngica (CMI=109 μg/mL) que el extracto crudo per se (CMI=2500 μg/ mL) y las fracciones más polares (CMI=7000 μg/mL). Lo anterior indica que las células de neem cultivadas en suspensión producen compuestos con actividad antifúngica, siendo más bioactivos los presentes en las fracciones de menor polaridad.

Cell lines of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) grown in liquid suspension have shown to produce bioactive secondary metabolites, particularly triterpenoids. In consequence, its use as a control of medical microorganisms (like dermatophytes) is proposed. The main goal of this study was to assess the antifungal activity of methanolic extracts from neem cultured cell suspensions on several isolates of Trichophyton mentagrophytes (five isolates), Trichophyton rubrum (five isolates) and Epidermophyton floccosum (three isolates). Neem cell suspension cultures were scaled up, from which a raw methanolic extract was obtained. This extract was fractionated by silica gel column chromatography. The raw methanolic extract and its fractions were used in order to determine the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) on the dermatophytes isolates by following M38-A2 broth microdilution method. Antimycotic Terbinafine was used as positive control. The results shown that neem raw cellular biomass extract inhibits the growth of T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum and E. floccosum in at least 100%. In the evaluations of the separated fractions, it was observed that the low polarity fractions had higher antifungal activity (MIC=109 μg/mL) than the raw extract per se (MIC=2500 μg/mL) and the most polar ones (MIC=7000 μg/mL). The latter suggest that neem cells cultured in liquid suspension produces compounds with antifungal activity, being more active those present in the low polarity fractions.