Hand Anthropometry of Italian Elite Male Swimmers / Antropometría de la Mano en Nadadores Italianos Masculinos de Élite

SUMMARY: Hand size is part of the anthropometric parameters that are assessed in swimmers to select elite athletes, as certain anthropometric relationships involving hand measurements are significantly correlated with sports performance in various swimming disciplines. The authors present the results of the anthropometric study carried out on the hands of 15 elite male Italian swimmers from to the Italian national open water swimming team. All swimmers participated at least once in World Cup and Absolute Italian Championships, winning at least one medal in their sporting career. In particular, the sample includes a medallist at the World Championships, a winner of the World Cup ultra swim marathon circuit and medallists at the European Championships. The sample consisted of 15 elite male swimmers with a mean age of 28.93 years. The following anthropometric measurements were taken on each athlete: Stature; weight; seven dimensions on each hand: hand length; hand breadth metacarpal; palm length; middle finger length; index finger length; thumb distance; and the distance from the thumb root to first flexure line of the index finger - trigger length. The size of the hands is an important factor in the swimmer's propulsion and push as a larger hand allows for greater support in the water and consequently generates more resistance. The anthropometric characteristics of the hands of Italian swimmers are missing from the anthropometric data already reported in the literature and can be used to make comparisons with elite athletes from other nations. Furthermore, anthropometric measurements could be used as predictors to estimate the swimmers' chance of success.

El tamaño de la mano es uno de los parámetros antropométricos que se evalúan en los nadadores para seleccionar a los deportistas de élite. Los autores presentan los resultados de un estudio antropométrico realizado en las manos de 15 nadadores italianos masculinos de élite pertenecientes al equipo nacional de natación en aguas abiertas. Todos los nadadores participaron al menos una vez en Copas del Mundo y Campeonatos de Italia, ganando al menos una medalla en su carrera deportiva. En concreto, la muestra incluye un medallista en los Campeonatos del Mundo, un ganador de la Copa del Mundo del circuito de ultra maratón de natación y medallistas en los Campeonatos de Europa. La muestra consta de 15 nadadores masculinos de élite con una edad media de 28,93 años. Se tomaron las siguientes medidas antropométricas a cada atleta: estatura; peso; siete dimensiones en cada mano: longitud de la mano, anchura de la mano en el metacarpiano, longitud de la palma, longitud del primer, segundo y tercer dedo, distancia entre la raíz del primer dedo y la primera línea de flexión del segundo dedo. El tamaño de las manos es un factor importante para la propulsión y el empuje del nadador, ya que una mano más grande permite un mayor apoyo en el agua y, en consecuencia, genera más resistencia. Las características antropométricas de las manos de los nadadores italianos faltan en los datos antropométricos recolectados en la literatura y pueden utilizarse para hacer comparaciones con los atletas de élite de otras naciones. Además, las medidas antropométricas podrían utilizarse como predictores para estimar las posibilidades de éxito de los nadadores.

Hypoxic peripheral chemoreflex stimulation-dependent cardiorespiratory coupling is decreased in swimmer athletes.

Swimmer athletes showed a decreased ventilatory response and reduced sympathetic activation during peripheral hypoxic chemoreflex stimulation. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that swimmers develop a diminished cardiorespiratory coupling due to their decreased hypoxic peripheral response. To resolve this hypothesis, we conducted a study using coherence time-varying analysis to assess the cardiorespiratory coupling in swimmer athletes. We recruited 12 trained swimmers and 12 control subjects for our research. We employed wavelet time-varying spectral coherence analysis to examine the relationship between the respiratory frequency (Rf ) and the heart rate (HR) time series during normoxia and acute chemoreflex activation induced by five consecutive inhalations of 100% N2 . Comparing swimmers to control subjects, we observed a significant reduction in the hypoxic ventilatory responses to N2 in swimmers (0.012 ± 0.001 vs. 0.015 ± 0.001 ΔVE /ΔVO2 , and 0.365 ± 0.266 vs. 1.430 ± 0.961 ΔVE /ΔVCO2 /ΔSpO2 , both p < 0.001, swimmers vs. control, respectively). Furthermore, the coherence at the LF cutoff during hypoxia was significantly lower in swimmers compared to control subjects (20.118 ± 3.502 vs. 24.935 ± 3.832 area under curve [AUC], p < 0.012, respectively). Our findings strongly indicate that due to their diminished chemoreflex control, swimmers exhibited a substantial decrease in cardiorespiratory coupling during hypoxic stimulation.

The relationship between anthropometric variables and swimming efficiency in early pubescent female front crawl swimmers / Relación entre las variables antropométricas y la eficiencia de natación en nadadoras de estilo crol en la pubertad temprana

SUMMARY: The aim of this study was twofold. The first aim was to examine the association of anthropometric measures on kinematic characteristic which represent stroke efficiency in young female front crawl swimmers. The second aim was to create a prediction model which could provide help to swimming coaches with the purpose of easier and better selection of female front crawl swimmers by measuring and following basic morphological characteristics. Eighty female competitive swimmers all members of the swimming Clubs in province of Vojvodina, Serbia (age 12.52 ± 08 years, years of training involvement 4.05 ± 1.2 and personal best times over 50 m front crawl 32.79 ± 0.86 s) performed 50 m front crawl race. The 50 m front crawl swimming efficiency expressed through stroke index significantly was related to body height (r = 0.44, p = 0.000), body mass (r = 0.402, p = 0.000), sitting height (r = 0.612, p = 0.000) arm spam (r = 0.576, p = 0.000), biacromial diameter (r = 0.470, p = 0.000), bicrestal diameter (r = 0.348, p = 0.001) and with chest circumference (r = 0.427, p = 0.000). Regression equation for stroke index prediction was defined by following variables: body mass, sitting height, arm span, chest circumference with 43.5% explained variance. Additionally by analyzing obtained model the higher the values of SH, ARSP, CHICR and the lower values of BM in a group of early pubescent female swimmers the higher 50 m front crawl efficiency values will be.

Este estudio tiene dos objetivos principales. El primer objetivo fue examinar la asociación de las medidas antropométricas con las características cinemáticas que representan la eficiencia de la brazada en nadadoras jóvenes estilo crol. El segundo objetivo era crear un modelo de predicción que pudiera ayudar a los entrenadores de natación con el propósito de seleccionar mejor y más fácilmente a las nadadoras crol midiendo y siguiendo las características morfológicas básicas. Ochenta nadadoras competitivas, todas miembros de los clubes de natación en la provincia de Vojvodina, Serbia (edad 12,52 ± 8 años, años de participación en el entrenamiento 4,05 ± 1,2 y mejores tiempos personales en 50 m estilo crol 32,79 ± 0,86 s) realizaron una carrera de 50 m estilo crol. La eficiencia de nado crol de 50 m expresada a través del índice de brazada se relacionó significativamente con la altura del cuerpo (r = 0,44, p = 0,000), la masa corporal (r = 0,402, p = 0,000), la altura sentado (r = 0,612, p = 0,000) y el brazo. spam (r = 0,576, p = 0,000), diámetro biacromial (r = 0,470, p = 0,000), diámetro bicrestal (r = 0,348, p = 0,001) y con perímetro torácico (r = 0,427, p = 0,000). La ecuación de regresión para la predicción del índice de brazada se definió mediante las siguientes variables: masa corporal, altura sentada, extensión de los miembros superiores, circunferencia del pecho con una varianza explicada del 43,5 %. Además, al analizar el modelo obtenido, cuanto más altos sean los valores de SH, ARSP, CHICR y los valores más bajos de BM en un grupo de nadadoras púberes tempranas, mayores serán los valores de eficiencia de crol de 50 m.

Comparison of the risk of infection of human rotavirus and astrovirus according to fishing and swimming activities at Las Cañas beach, Uruguay.

AIMS: To estimate the risk of human rotavirus (RV) and astrovirus (HAstV) infections for swimmers and fishers at Las Cañas beach, Uruguay. METHODS AND RESULTS: Surface water samples were collected monthly for 1 year. The dose-response models used were ß-Poisson and 1 F1 hypergeometric for RV and HAstV, respectively. The probabilities of infection were calculated using a kernel density estimate to fitting the data and then sampling from this distribution (Monte Carlo simulation). The probability of RV infection for fishers was between 0 and 65% and for swimmers was between 0 and 50% (<18 years old) and between 0 and 38% (>18 years old). For HAstV, the probability of infection for fishers was between 0% and 45% and for swimmers was between 0 and 38% (<18 years old) and between 0 and 18% (>18 years old). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that fishers are at higher risk of infection for both viruses compared with swimmers mainly due to higher viral frequency and concentration at the site for fishing activities.

Anaerobic Contribution Determined in Free-Swimming: Sensitivity to Maturation Stages and Validity.

Evaluation of anaerobic contribution is important under swimming settings (training and modification through ages), therefore, it is expected to change during maturation. The accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD) method can be used to determine the contribution of nonoxidative energy during swimming; however, it requires several days of evaluation. An alternative method to estimate anaerobic contribution evaluation (ACALT), which can also be evaluated without snorkel (i.e., free-swimming, ACFS), has been proposed; however, these methods have never been compared. Thus, this study (i) analyzed the effect of maturation stage on ACFS during maximal 400 m swimming (Part I), and (ii) compared AOD with ACALT and ACFS, determined in a maximal 400 m effort (Part II). In Part I, 34 swimmers were divided into three groups, according to maturation stages (early-pubertal, middle-pubertal, and pubertal), and subjected to a maximal 400 m free-swimming to determine ACFS. In Part II, six swimmers were subjected to one 400 m maximal effort, and four submaximal constant efforts. The AOD was determined by the difference between the estimated demand and accumulated oxygen during the entire effort. The ACALT and ACFS (for Part I as well) was assumed as the sum of lactic and alactic anaerobic contributions. ACFS was higher in pubertal (3.8 ± 1.1 L) than early (2.1 ± 0.9 L) and middle pubertal group (2.4 ± 1.1 L). No difference was observed among absolute AOD (3.2 ± 1.3 L), ACALT (3.2 ± 1.5 L), and ACFS (4.0 ± 0.9 L) (F = 3.6; p = 0.06). Relative AOD (51.8 ± 12.2 mL·kg-1), ACALT (50.5 ± 14.3 mL·kg-1), and ACFS (65.2 ± 8.8 mL·kg-1) presented main effect (F = 4.49; p = 0.04), without posthoc difference. The bias of AOD vs. ACALT was 0.04 L, and AOD vs. ACFS was -0.74 L. The limits of agreement between AOD and ACALT were +0.9 L and -0.8 L, and between AOD and ACFS were +0.7 L and -2.7 L. It can be concluded that ACFS determination is a feasible tool to determine anaerobic contribution in young swimmers, and it changes during maturation stages. Also, ACFS might be useful to measure anaerobic contribution in swimmers, especially because it allows greater speeds.

La rentabilidad del viraje en nadadoras del estilo libre

La investigación se refiere a un estudio de la rentabilidad de la acción del viraje del estilo libre en nadadoras escolares. El objetivo para la investigación se centró en evaluar las características temporales durante la acción del viraje en nadadoras de la categoría 13 y 14 años de la provincia de Sancti Spíritus. Para la recogida de la información, se utilizaron los métodos del nivel empírico: la observación científica, así como la de medición. Se utilizaron dos cámaras de videos, ubicadas en serie, y una cámara subacuática marca Sony. Para el análisis temporal, se requirió del software Kinovea, ver 0.9.3. Se aplicó el test de 15 m. para comprobar la rentabilidad del viraje. Se pudo comprobar una pobre efectividad de este elemento técnico en el estilo libre en las nadadoras evaluadas, lo que mostró, de forma generalizada, deficiencias durante la fase de impulso y se comprobó la formación de ángulos muy abiertos de las piernas que favoreció un déficit en la utilización de la potencia de las piernas durante el empuje de la pared, aspecto este que ayudó a disminuir el deslizamiento y comenzar a realizar los movimientos de salida a la superficie de forma prematura, aumentó el tiempo de forma general en la ejecución del viraje, concluyendo que para las categorías escolares es oportuno obtener ángulos entre las articulaciones de tobillos, rodillas y cadera en el rango de los 90° y 110° al momento de iniciar el impulso de la pared.

A pesquisa diz respeito a um estudo sobre a rentabilidade da ação de viragem em estilo livre em nadadores escolares. O objectivo da investigação foi centrado na avaliação das características temporárias durante a ação de viragem em nadadores de 13 e 14 anos de idade na província de Sancti Spíritus. Para a recolha de informação, foram empregues métodos empíricos: observação científica e medição. Foram instaladas duas câmaras de vídeo, colocadas em série, e uma câmara subaquática Sony. Para a análise temporal, foi utilizado o software Kinovea, ver 0.9.3. O teste de 15 m foi executado para verificar a relação custo-benefício da curva. Foi possível constatar uma baixa eficácia deste elemento técnico no estilo livre dos nadadores avaliados, que mostraram, em geral, deficiências durante a fase de impulso e a formação de ângulos de pernas muito abertos que favoreceram um défice na utilização da força das pernas durante o impulso para a parede, Este aspecto permitiu reduzir o deslizamento e começar a realizar os movimentos de saída para a superfície antecipadamente, aumentou o tempo total na execução da curva, concluindo-se que para as categorias escolares é adequado obter ângulos entre o calcanhar, o joelho e as articulações da anca na gama de 90° e 110° no momento de iniciar o impulso da parede.

The research refers to a study of the profitability of the freestyle turning action in school swimmers. The objective of the research was focused on evaluating the temporal characteristics during the action of the turn in swimmers of the 13 and 14 years old category in the province of Sancti Spíritus. For the collection of information, the empirical level methods used were: scientific observation, as well as measurement. Two video cameras, placed in series, and a Sony underwater camera were used. For the temporal analysis, the Kinovea software, ver 0.9.3, was used. The 15 m test was applied to check the profitability of the turn. It was possible to verify a poor effectiveness of this technical element in the freestyle in the swimmers evaluated, which showed, in a generalized way, deficiencies during the impulse phase and the formation of very open angles of the legs that favored a deficit in the use of the power of the legs during the wall push, This aspect helped to decrease the sliding and to begin to perform the exit movements to the surface prematurely, increased the time in general in the execution of the turn, concluding that for the school categories it is appropriate to obtain angles between the ankle, knee and hip joints in the range of 90° and 110° at the moment of initiating the wall push.

Predicting Lactate Threshold With Rate of Perceived Exertion in Young Competitive Male Swimmers.

The purpose of this study was to verify the effectiveness of the rate of perceived exertion threshold (RPET) for predicting young competitive swimmers' lactate threshold (LT) during incremental testing. We enrolled 13 male athletes (M age = 16, SD = 0.6 years) in an incremental test protocol consisting of eight repetitions of a 100-meter crawl with 2-minute intervals between each repetition. We collected data for blood lactate concentration ([La]) and Borg scale rate of perceived exertion (RPE) at the end of each repetition. The results obtained were: M RPET = 4.98, SD = 1.12 arbitrary units (A.U.) and M lactate threshold = 4.24, SD = 1.12 mmol.L-1, with [La] and RPE identified by the maximal deviation (Dmax) method without a significant difference (p > 0.05) and large correlations between DmaxLa and DmaxRPE at variables for time (r = 0.64), velocity (r = 0.67) and percentage of personal best time (PB) (r = 0.60). These results suggest that RPET is a good predictor of LT in young competitive swimmers.

Detecting urine metabolites related to training performance in swimming athletes by means of Raman spectroscopy and principal component analysis.

Raman spectroscopy (RS) is a vibrational technique that is suitable for performing biochemical analyses in human tissues and fluids. This work has investigated the identification of biochemical markers due to physical performance in the urine of swimming athletes. This was achieved by means of the Raman features that were found before and after the swimming training compared to the sedentary control subjects. These particular biochemical marker identifications refer to and infer the physiological status of individuals. The urine samples (single stream) were collected before and after the training (velocity, middle distance and distance) of professional swimmers, as well as from sedentary subjects (control). The urine samples were submitted to RS (830 nm excitation, 350 mW, 400-1800 cm-1 spectral range, 4 cm-1 resolution) and the spectra after the training were compared to the spectra before training, and subsequently, to the control subjects. The principal component analysis (PCA) was employed in order to identify the biochemicals that were responsible for the spectral differences. The Raman features of the urine samples after training showed peaks that were related to common urine metabolites, such as urea and creatinine. PCA analysis also revealed Raman features that were attributed to other metabolites, such as creatine, ketone bodies, phosphate and nitrogenous compounds in the swimmers after training. RS was a rapid and reliable technique for the evaluation of urine metabolites that were related to the physical performance of high-level swimmers, which then allowed for an accurate assessment and a control of their physiological efficiencies.

Propiedades psicométricas del inventario psicológico de ejecución deportiva (IPED) en una muestra de nadadores de Chile / Psychometric properties of the psychological inventory of sports execution (IPED) in a swimmer sample of Chile

El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario Psicológico de Ejecución Deportiva (IPED) en nadadores federados de Chile. Para ello se evaluaron 99 sujetos de los cuales 41 son damas (41,4%) y 58 son varones (58,6%). Los resultados muestran que las sub-escalas de autoconfianza, control de afrontamiento negativo, control visuo-imaginativo y nivel emocional estaban compuestas por un solo factor que explicaba entre el 37% y 42% de la varianza, en tanto, las sub-escalas de control atencional, control de afrontamiento positivo y control actitudinal estaban compuestas por dos factores que explicaban entre el 57% y 67% de la varianza total. La consistencia interna de cada sub-escala fue aceptable. Los resultados muestran que este inventario es confiable y valido en la muestra utilizada. Son necesarias futuras investigaciones en una muestra más amplia que abarque nadadores de todo el país.

The aim of the present study was to understand the psychometric properties of the Psychological Inventory of Sports Execution (IPED) in national swimmers of Chile. There were 99 subjects evaluated, of which 41 were ladies (41,4%) and 58 were males (58,6%). The results show that the sub-scales of self-confidence, negative confrontation control, visual-imaginative control and emotional level were composed by an alone factor that was explaining between 37% and 42% of the variance, while, the sub-scales of attentional control, positive confrontation control and attitudinal control were composed by them by two factors they were explaining between 57% and 67% of the total variance. The internal consistency of every sub-scale was acceptable. The results show that this inventory is reliable and valid in the used sample. Future investigations are necessary with a bigger sample that includes swimmers from the entire country.

Anthropometric Parameters: Obesity and Metabolic Risks for Non-communicable Diseases among Adolescent Swimmers / Parámetros antropométricos: obesidad y riesgos metabólicos de las enfermedades no transmisibles entre los nadadores adolescentes

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess obesity and metabolic risks for non-communicable diseases among adolescent swimmers. Methods: A cohort of 220 swimmers was selected at their respective swimming clubs via quota sampling and measured using various anthropometric parameters, which were then compared with standard cut-off points for the various age groups. Results: The mean body mass index (BMI) was 21.23 ± 3.85 kg/m2, the mean waist circumference was 69.8 ± 8.08 cm, and the mean body fat percentage was 21.20 ± 9.27%. These mean body composition variables fell within their respective recommended ranges according to the cut-off points. Height (p < 0.001), weight (p < 0.011), mid-upper arm circumference [MUAC] (p = 0.035) and visceral fat (p = 0.033) were statistically significant when compared between males and females. Chi-square analysis revealed that gender was statistically significantly associated with waist-to-hip ratio [WHR] (p < 0.001) and body fat percentage [BFP] (p = 0.003), while BFP was statistically significantly associated with BMI (p < 0.001), waist circumference (p < 0.001), WHR (p = 0.026), MUAC (p < 0.001) and skeletal muscle mass (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The swimmers had an overall healthy body composition and were at low risk for developing non-communicable diseases. We recommend that Trinidad and Tobago develop anthropometric cut-off points for athletes and non-athletes.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la obesidad y el riesgo metabólicos para no-enfermedades transmisibles entre los nadadores adolescentes. Métodos: Una cohorte de 220 nadadores fue seleccionada mediante muestreo de cuotas en sus respectivos clubes de natación, y sometida a mediciones utilizando varios parámetros antropométricos, que fueron luego comparados con puntos límites estándar para los distintos grupos etarios. Resultados: El índice de masa corporal (IMC) promedio fue 21.23 ± 3.85 kg/m2, la circunferencia promedio de la cintura fue 69.8 ± 8.08 cm, y el porciento de grasa corporal promedio fue de 21.20 ± 9.27%. Estas variables promedio de la composición corporal estuvieron dentro de los rangos recomendados de acuerdo con los puntos límites. La altura (p < 0.001), el peso (p < 0.011), la circunferencia braquial medio-superior [CBMS] (p = 0.035), y la grasa visceral (p = 0.033) fueron estadísticamente significativas cuando se compararon hembras y varones. El análisis de chi-cuadrado reveló que el género se hallaba significativamente asociado estadísticamente con el índice cintura-cadera [ICC] (p < 0.001) y el porciento de grasa corporal [PGC] (p = 0.003), mientras que PGC se hallaba estadísticamente significativamente asociado con el IMC (p < 0.001), el índice cintura-cadera [ICC] (p < 0.001), la circunferencia de la cintura (p < 0.001), el ICC (p = 0.026), CBMS (p < 0.001), y la masa muscular esquelética (p < 0.001). Conclusión: Los nadadores tenían una composición corporal sana en general y presentaban bajo riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades no transmisibles. Recomendamos que Trinidad y Tobago desarrolle puntos límites antropométricos tanto para los deportistas como para los no deportistas.

Physiological responses during the practice of synchronized swimming: a systematic review.

This study is aimed at analysing the scientific literature related to physiological responses in synchronized swimmers, produced from 2006 to 2016. A systematic review was conducted using electronic databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, SportDiscus, Web Science, Scielo and Scopus) in national and international journals. The articles were selected using the following inclusion criteria: composed samples of synchronized swimmers of both sexes, articles in English, Spanish and Portuguese, published from 2006 to 2016. Ten studies were included. The concentration of the articles and their publication was as follows: Europe (77%) and North America (23%). The protocols used analyse physiological responses in synchronized swimmers athletes during competitions or laboratory tests, lactate measurements, heart rate, rates of perceived exertion, VO2 and lung volume. The subjects of 100% of the studies included in this review were athletes of junior and senior categories who volunteered. Only 03 of the 10 studies have compared the physiological responses in volunteers who were not synchronized swimmers to synchronized swimmer athletes. The studies were conducted using different methodologies, which makes it difficult to compare them, so the standardization of instruments and definitions is essential for the scientific advancement in this field. In addition, it would be interesting to expand the research of these physiological responses in synchronized swimmers using base level or beginners as sample.

Front Crawl Swimming Performance and Bi-Lateral Force Asymmetry during Land-Based and Tethered Swimming Tests.

The aims of this study were to investigate whether land-based and tethered swimming strength tests can explain swimming performance in 200-meter front crawl and, whether these tests were able to identify bilateral symmetry in force production. In the first session, eighteen swimmers completed a maximum effort 200 m front crawl swim (swimming performance) and 15 seconds maximal effort tethered front crawl swim. In the second session, participants performed the upper extremity isometric strength test. Peak force production of tethered swimming and isometric strength tests were significantly correlated for the strongest and weakest sides (r = 0.58 and r = 0.63, respectively; p < 0.05), but only peak force production during tethered swimming correlated with 200 m swimming performance time (r = -0.55, p < 0.05). Bilateral asymmetries in peak force and rate of force development were similar between the tethered swimming and isometric strength tests (peak force: 13%, p = 0.24; rate of force development: 15%, p = 0.88) However, both tests detected significant difference of peak force and rate of force development between body sides. The tethered swimming test can partially explain the 200 m front crawl swimming performance. In addition, the land-based and tethered swimming tests may be used to identify bilateral asymmetry of swimming.

Velocidade crítica e índices de capacidade aeróbia na natação: uma revisão da literatura / Critical Swimming Speed and aerobic capacity index in swimming: A literature review

A relação entre desempenhos em diferentes distâncias com seus respectivos tempos fornece um válido, barato e prático índice de avaliação da capacidade aeróbia para natação. Este índice, conhecido como Velocidade Crítica, tem recebido muita atenção por pesquisadores, pois possibilita a substituição de outros indicadores de capacidade aeróbia que geralmente são caros ou demandam demasiado tempo do período de treinamento. No entanto, ainda não foi realizada uma compilação de estudos tratando da Velocidade Crítica com outros índices de capacidade aeróbia na natação. Assim, o objetivo desta revisão foi comparar a relação da Velocidade Crítica com outros índices de capacidade aeróbia comumente utilizados na natação como: Teste de 30 Minutos, Máximo Estado Estável de Lactato, Limiar Anaeróbio e Velocidade Aeróbia Máxima. Foi realizada uma busca bibliográfica nas bases de dados PubMed e SciELO, utilizando-se as seguintes palavras-chave: "Critical swimming speed", "critical swimming velocity" e "velocidade crítica and natação". Ao fim do processo de seleção foram incluídos 21 artigos para esta revisão. Foi observado que a relação da Velocidade Crítica com o Limiar Anaeróbio e o Teste de 30 Minutos é dependente da idade dos nadadores, requerendo cautela quando comparados. Também foi observado que a Velocidade Crítica superestima a intensidade do Máximo Estado Estável de Lactato e do Limiar Anaeróbio em nadadores adultos, indicando delimitar os domínios do exercício pesado e severo na natação. Contudo, a Velocidade Crítica pode ser influenciada pelas distâncias preditivas utilizadas para sua determinação, e assim, devem ser cuidadosamente selecionadas. Por fim, a Velocidade Crítica apresenta boa correlação com os principais índices aeróbios representando ser um bom parâmetro para avaliação da capacidade aeróbia em nadadores....(AU)

The relationship between distance covered and the time needed to cover it at maximal speed provide a valid, cheap and practice index to evaluate aerobic capacity in swimming. This index, known as Critical Swimming Speed, has received much attention for researchers, because it could replace other aerobic capacity indexes that usually are more expensive and demand more time of training. However, there is no compilation of studies involving Critical Swimming Speed and other aerobic capacity index on the literature. Hence, the purpose of this literature review was comparing the relationship between Critical Swimming Speed with others aerobic capacity indexes generally used in swimming as: 30-min Test, Maximal Lactate Steady State, Anaerobic Threshold and Maximal Aerobic Speed. The articles were surveyed on the scientific bases PubMed and SciELO using the following keywords: "Critical swimming speed", "critical swimming velocity" and "velocidade crítica and natação" (on Portuguese). At the end of the search process, 21 articles were included in the revision. It was observed that the relationship between Critical Swimming Speed with Anaerobic Threshold and 30-min Test is affected by the age of the swimmers, demanding caution when comparing these indexes. It was also observed that the Critical Swimming Speed overestimates the Maximal Lactate Steady State and Anaerobic Threshold in adult swimmers, which indicates a boundary between the heavy and severe intensity domains during swimming exercises. However, the predictive distances used for the Critical Swimming Speed determination may influence on its final value and, thus, they should be carefully selected. Lastly, Critical Swimming Speed shows a good correlation with major aerobic indexes and represents a good aerobic capacity parameter to evaluate swimmers....(AU)

Dermatitis cercarial en bañistas del norte de la Patagonia Argentina / Cercarial dermatitis of bathers in northern Argentine Patagonia

La dermatitis cercarial es una enfermedad cutánea, zoonótica y estival, causada por una larva nadadora de trematodes de la familia Schistosomatidae, llamada cercaria. Esta larva penetra accidentalmente la piel de personas que se encuentran en el agua, generando una reacción alérgica que generalmente no se informa en centros de salud, dificultando el registro de su incidencia. Se han informado casos en todo el mundo, incluyendo a la Argentina, aunque los estudios epidemiológicos se han realizado solamente en el Hemisferio Norte. En este trabajo se estudió la epidemiología de la dermatitis cercarial en tres balnearios patagónicos de los lagos Pellegrini, Mari Menuco y Puelo, donde se realizaron encuestas a visitantes durante los veranos de 2012-2013 y 2013-2014. Se analizaron los factores de riesgo, que fueron agrupados en “características personales”, “uso del recurso” y “medidas de prevención”. En el lago Pellegrini fue la sensibilización de la persona incluida en "características personales" el único factor determinante para la ocurrencia de esta zoonosis, mientras que en el lago Mari Menuco la ocurrencia se asoció con el tiempo y la distancia a la costa y el uso de cremas. En el lago Puelo no se registraron casos durante el período de estudio.

The cercarial dermatitis is a zoonotic, summer, skin-disease, caused by a swimming larva (cercaria) of a schistosomatid trematode. This larva accidentally penetrates the skin of people in the water, causing an allergic reaction, which is not always reported in health centers, so it is difficult to determine its incidence. Cases have been registered worldwide, including Argentina, although the epidemiological studies were performed only in the Northern Hemisphere. In this survey the epidemiology of cercarial dermatitis was studied in three Patagonian lakes watering places, Pellegrini, Mari Menuco, and Puelo, where surveys were conducted during summers of 2012-2013 and 2013-2014. The risk factors were analyzed and grouped in “personal characteristics”, “use of the recreational resource”, and “prevention measures”. At the Pellegrini Lake, the people´s sensitivity included in "personal characteristics" was the only determining factor for the occurrence of this zoonosis, mean while in Mari Menuco Lake, the bathing time and distance from the coast, and the use of lotions would affect the occurrence of swimmer’s itch. In Puelo Lake, no cases were recorded during the study period.

Longitudinal intra- and inter-individual variability in young swimmers' performance and determinant competition factors / Análise longitudinal da variabilidade intra- e inter-individual da performance e fatores determinantes em nadadores jovens / Análisis longitudinal de la variabilidade intra- y inter-individual del rendimiento y sus determinantes en nadadores jóvenes

The main purpose of this study was to follow-up the intra- and inter-individual variability of young swimmers' performance and determinant factors over two competitive seasons. Thirty young swimmers (14 boys: 12.33±0.65 years-old; 16 girls: 11.15±0.55 years-old) were followed-up throughout two consecutive seasons (seven evaluation moments). Performance (100m freestyle), anthropometric, kinematic, hydrodynamic and efficiency features were evaluated. A gender and skill-level effect was observed. Boys improved in a higher amount (%) comparing to girls. Overall, swimmers in skill-level 2 (both genders) presented a higher intra-individual variability. Performance and anthropometrics showed a significant inter-individual variability in most moments, but hydrodynamics, kinematics and efficiency did not. Within each skill-level hydrodynamics, kinematics and efficiency were the variables that showed a high inter-individual variability. As a gender and skill-level effect was noticed in an age-group of young swimmers, coaches and practitioners should put the focus in specific and customized training plans for each skill-level of swimmers...

"Análise longitudinal da variabilidade intra- e inter-individual da performance e fatores determinantes em nadadores jovens." O objetivo principal do estudo foi acompanhar a variabilidade intra- e inter-individual da performance e dos seus fatores determinantes de nadadores jovens durante duas temporadas competitivas. Trinta nadadores jovens (14 nadadores: 12.33±0.65 anos; 16 nadadoras: 11.15±0.55 anos) foram avaliados ao longo das duas épocas (7 momentos de avaliação). Foi avaliada a performance (100m livres), e variáveis antropométricas, cinemáticas, hidrodinâmicas e de eficiência. Foi observado um efeito do sexo e do nível competitivo. Os nadadores melhoraram em maior quantidade (%) do que as nadadoras. Os nadadores no nível competitivo 2 (ambos os sexos) apresentaram uma intra-variabilidade superior. A performance e as variáveis antropométricas apresentaram uma inter-variabilidade significativa na maior parte dos momentos de avaliação, ao contrário das variáveis hidrodinâmicas, cinemáticas e de eficiência. Dentro de cada nível competitivo as variáveis hidrodinâmicas, cinemáticas e de eficiência foram as que apresentaram uma variabilidade inter-individual superior. Como foi verificado um efeito do sexo e do nível competitivo, treinadores e praticantes devem colocar o foco em treinos específicos e personalizados para cada grupo de nadadores de acordo com o nível competitivo...

"Análisis longitudinal de la variabilidade intra- y inter-individual del rendimiento y sus determinantes en nadadores jóvenes." El objetivo principal del estudio fue el seguimiento de la variabilidad intra- e inter-individual del rendimiento y sus factores determinantes de nadadores jóvenes en dos temporadas competitivas. Treinta nadadores jóvenes (14 niños: 12.33±0.65 años; 16 niñas: 11.15±0.55 años) fueron seguidos a lo largo de dos temporadas competitivas (7 momentos de evaluación). Se evaluó el rendimiento (100m estilo libre), e características antropométricas, cinemáticas, hidrodinámicas e la eficiencia. Se observó un efecto del sexo e del nivel de habilidad. Los niños mejoraron en una cantidad superior (%) en comparación con las niñas. En general, los nadadores de nivel de habilidad 2 (los dos sexos) presentaron una mayor variabilidad intra-individual. El rendimiento y la antropometría mostraron una variabilidad inter-individual significativa en la mayoría de los momentos, lo mismo no ocurrió con la hidrodinámica, la cinemática y la eficiencia. Dentro de cada nivel de habilidad, la hidrodinámica, la cinemática y la eficiencia fueron las variables que mostraron una alta variabilidad inter-individual. Como se ha observado un efecto de sexo e nivel de habilidad, entrenadores y practicantes deben poner el foco en los planes de formación específicos y personalizados para cada nivel de habilidad de los nadadores...

Estudo eletromiográfico dos músculos deltoide, peitoral maior e tríceps braquial de nadadores durante contrações bilaterais realizadas em exercício multiarticular com cargas variadas / Electromyographic study of the deltoid, pectoralis major and triceps brachial muscles in swimmers during bilateral contractions performed in multi-joint exercise with different loads

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a atividade elétrica do músculo deltoide (porção média), peitoral maior (porção clavicular) e tríceps braquial (cabeça longa) durante contração bilateral realizada num aparelho multiarticular de desenvolvimento articulado convergente, com 40% e 80% da carga voluntária máxima (CVM), em 11 nadadores do gênero masculino (idades entre 15 e 23 anos, peso 70 ± 4kg, estatura 183 ± 6cm e tempo de prática do esporte de 10 ± 4 anos) treinados em exercícios resistidos. Os sinais eletromiográficos (EMG) foram captados através da colocação de eletrodos ativos de superfície diferenciais de ganho de 20 vezes, composto por duas barras retangulares paralelas da EMG System do Brasil, um eletrodo de referência (terra), e um módulo condicionador de sinais (eletromiógrafo), com aquisição simultânea de até oito canais diferenciais, filtro com faixa de passagem de 20Hz a 5Hz, estágio amplificador ajustável, possibilitando ganhos entre 100 e 4.960 vezes, impedância de entrada de canais de 10GΩ em módulos diferencial e CMRR de 93db a 60Hz, e um sistema de aquisição de dados (Alc-EMG) que forneceu dados numéricos em RMS (raiz quadrada da média) para análise dos resultados. Cada sinal coletado captou apenas a fase concêntrica do movimento e o mesmo teve duração de três segundos. Diante dos resultados (teste U de Mann-Whitney, Friedman e Wilcoxon) conclui-se que, em termos práticos de prescrição e periodização do treinamento neuromuscular, as contrações bilaterais realizadas no aparelho desenvolvimento articulado convergente são eficientes visando recrutamento (80% > 40%) dos músculos deltoide médio, peitoral maior (porção clavicular) e tríceps braquial (cabeça longa), sendo evidenciadas diferenças entre o membro dominante e o não dominante apenas para o tríceps braquial dominante com a carga de 80% da CVM nestes atletas nadadores com histórico de treinamento com pesos.

The objective of this study was to compare the electrical activity of the deltoid (middle portion), pectoralis major (clavicular portion) and triceps (long head) muscles during bilateral contraction performed in a multi-articulated joint shoulder-press convergent machine with 40% and 80% maximum voluntary load (MVL) in 11 male swimmers (15 to 23 years, 70 ± 4 kg, 183 ± 6 cm and 10 ± 4 years time practice in sport), trained in resistance exercise. Electromyographic signals (EMG) were obtained by placing surface active differential electrodes (20x gain), composed of two parallel rectangular bars (EMG System, Brazil®). A data acquisition system (EMG-Alc) which provided numerical data in RMS (Root Mean Square) to analyze the signals composed by a reference electrode (ground) and a signal conditioning module (EMG) with simultaneous acquisition of up to 8 differential channels (band-pass filter 5-20 Hz), adjustable amplifier stage, allowing gains between 100 and 4960 times, channel input impedance 10GΩ in differential modules and CMRR of 93 dB/60 Hz was used. Only the concentric phase (3 seconds duration) in each EMG signal collected was recorded. After the tests (Mann-Whitney U test, Friedman and Wilcoxon) were applied, it was concluded that for prescription and periodization of the neuromuscular training, bilateral contractions performed in the shoulder-press apparatus are efficient at aiming muscular recruitment (80%> 40% ) of middle portion of the deltoid, pectoralis major (clavicular portion), and triceps brachii (long head) muscles, evidencing differences between dominant and non-dominant limbs only for the dominant brachial triceps in 80% of MVL in swimmers trained in resistance exercises.

Evolução de biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo e relação com a performance competitiva em dois momentos da temporada de treinamento de natação / Evolution of oxidative stress biomarkers and correlation with competitive performance in two moments of the swimming training season

Introdução: Estudos têm demonstrado aumento na formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio após o esforço físico intenso. Esses eventos podem aumentar a suscetibilidade das células musculares a danos oxidativos como a peroxidação lipídica. Assim, variações na intensidade e no volume de treinamento durante a temporada podem modular o metabolismo oxidativo e influenciar a performance dos atletas. OBJETIVO: Estudar a evolução de biomarcadores de peroxidação lipídica em dois momentos de um ciclo periodizado de treinamento e relacionar com a performance competitiva de natação. MÉTODOS: Participaram do presente estudo 16 nadadores (nove do gênero masculino e sete do feminino). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas em dois períodos do ciclo de treinamento: período preparatório específico e período de polimento. Espécies reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e peróxidos totais foram determinados como biomarcadores de peroxidação lípidica. Creatina quinase foi determinada como parâmetro de dano celular muscular. O índice técnico alcançado no estilo de especialidade de cada atleta foi utilizado como parâmetro de performance competitiva. O índice técnico foi determinado na competição preparatória Troféu Electro Bonini realizada no período preparatório específico, e no Campeonato Paulista realizado no final do período de polimento. RESULTADOS: Foi encontrado aumento significativo (p < 0,05) no índice técnico no Campeonato Paulista (769,6 ± 51,1 pontos) em relação ao Troféu Electro Bonini (751,1 ± 55,7 pontos). Significativas reduções na concentração de TBARS (5,7 ± 2,9 vs 3,3 ± 2,2µmol/L) e peróxidos totais (45,1 ± 20,6 vs 29,6 ± 13,0, µmol H2O2/L) foram encontrados no período de polimento com relação ao período preparatório específico. O mesmo não foi encontrado para creatina quinase (123,6 ± 60,1 vs 137,4 ± 74,9U/L). CONCLUSÃO: A significativa diminuição nos biomarcadores de peroxidação lipídica decorrente do decréscimo no volume e intensidade do treinamento ...

Introduction: Studies have shown increase in the formation of oxygen reactive species after intense physical exertion. These events may increase the susceptibility of muscular cells to oxidative damage such as lipid per-oxidation. Thus, variations in training intensity as well as volume during the season may modulate the oxidative stress and influence in performance of athletes. AIM: To study the evolution of lipid peroxidation biomarkers in two moments of a periodized cycle of training and correlate it with swimming competitive performance. METHODS: 16 swimmers participated in this study (9 males and 7 females). Blood samples were collected in two periods of the training cycle: specific preparation training and tapering period. Species reactive to thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) and total peroxides were determined as lipid peroxidation biomarkers. Creatine kinase was determined as a parameter of muscular cell damage. The technical index reached in the style of specialization of each athlete was used as a competitive performance parameter. The technical index was determined in the preparatory competition Trophy Electro Bonini carried out in the specific preparatory period and in the Championship of São Paulo State carried out in the end of the tapering period (769.6 ± 51.1 points) in comparison with the Trophy Electro Bonini (751.1 ± 55.7 points). Significant reductions In the TBARS concentration ((5.7 ± 2.9 vs 3.3 ± 2.2µmol/L) and total peroxides (45.1±20.6 vs 29.6±13.0 µmol H2O2/L) were found In the tapering period concerning the specific preparatory period. The same situation was not found for creatine kinase ((123.6 ± 60.1 vs 137.4 ± 74.9U/L). CONCLUSION: The significant decrease in the biomarkers of lipid peroxidation derived from the decrease in the volume and intensity of training after the tapering training demonstrates the influence of the training variations on the oxidative stress and its possible relation with performance.

Avaliação ultra-sonográfica da articulação do ombro em nadadores de nível competitivo / Sonographic evaluation of the shoulder joint in competitive swimmers

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o ombro de nadadores em nível competitivo, sintomáticos ou não, e quantificar a incidência de lesões do manguito rotador nesses atletas. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram estudados, por meio de exame ultra-sonográfico, ambos os ombros de 11 nadadores de nível competitivo (categoria master), sendo oito homens e três mulheres, com idade variando de 28 a 52 anos, tanto sintomáticos quanto assintomáticos, para determinação de alterações e correlação com quadro clínico. Os exames foram realizados avaliando-se os tendões que compõem o manguito rotador em pelo menos dois planos ortogonais distintos, assim como as estruturas não-tendíneas que fazem parte da articulação do ombro. As alterações tendíneas foram classificadas como tendinose, prováveis roturas intra-substanciais e roturas parciais. As lesões não-tendíneas foram classificadas como presentes ou ausentes. Além do exame, foram consideradas, na análise dos resultados, a presença ou ausência de sintomas e a idade dos pacientes. RESULTADOS: A prevalência geral de indivíduos sintomáticos foi de 63,6 por cento (sete atletas). Neste grupo encontravam-se 75 por cento das bursites e 100 por cento das roturas tendíneas parciais. Entre as alterações tendíneas isoladas, o tendão mais freqüentemente acometido foi o supra-espinal, tendo alteração de seu padrão ecográfico em 36,36 por cento. A tendinose foi o achado mais prevalente, estando presente em pelo menos um dos tendões em 50 por cento dos ombros estudados. A incidência de roturas parciais foi semelhante à observada na população geral, sendo de 13 por cento, estando estas, sempre que presentes, na faixa etária acima de 40 anos. CONCLUSÃO: Nadadores não parecem ter maior incidência de roturas ou degenerações tendíneas quando comparados com indivíduos da população geral. A idade dos indivíduos, sendo estes praticantes ou não de atividades que exijam sobrecarga desta articulação, é o fator com maior determinância em relação às lesões...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the shoulders of symptomatic or asymptomatic competitive swimmers, quantifying the incidence of rotator cuff lesions in these athletes MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eleven (eight male and three female) symptomatic and asymptomatic, competitive swimmers (master category) in the age range between 28 and 52 years, had both shoulders prospectively evaluated by ultrasonography for determining the prevalence of injuries in correlation with clinical findings. The studies included at least two orthogonal planes of rotator cuff tendons, as well as non-tendinous components of the shoulder joint. Tendinous findings were classified into tendinosis, probable full-thickness tears and partial-thickness tears. Non-tendinous findings were classified into present or absent. Additionally to the sonographic studies results, the analysis has taken the presence or absence of symptoms and the patients' age into consideration. RESULTS: Overall, the prevalence of symptomatic patients was higher (63.6 percent; seven athletes), with 75 percent of patients with bursitis, and 100 percent of those with partial-thickness tendon tears. Among isolated tendinous findings, the supraspinatus tendon was the most frequently involved, showing echographic pattern alteration in 36.36 percent of cases. Tendinosis was the most prevalent finding, present in at least one tendon in 50 percent of the studied shoulders. The incidence of partial-thickness tendon tears was similar to the incidence reported for non-athlete individuals (13 percent), always present in individuals above 40 years of age. CONCLUSION: Swimmers do not seem to present a higher incidence of tendon tears or degeneration when compared with the general population. Individuals' age is the most relevant determining factor, as far as rotator cuff lesions are concerned, no matter these individuals practice or not activities involving an overload of the shoulder joint.

Correlações entre protocolos de determinação do limiar anaeróbio e o desempenho aeróbio em nadadores adolescentes / Correlations between anaerobic threshold determination protocols and aerobic performance in adolescent swimmers

O objetivo do presente estudo foi correlacionar as velocidades de limiar anaeróbio (LAn) obtidas a partir de concentrações fixas de lactato (VLAn 4 e VLAn 3,5mM), velocidade de lactato mínimo (VLac min) e velocidade crítica (VC) determinada a partir de diferentes distâncias e número de coordenadas: VC1 (50/100/200m), VC2 (100/200/400m), VC3 (50/100/200/400m) e VC4 (200/400m) com o desempenho nos 400m(s) em nadadores adolescentes. Fizeram parte da amostra 15 nadadores (10 meninos e cinco meninas = 14,7 ± 0,7 anos; 61,9 ± 8,5kg; 171,1 ± 8,8cm) de nível nacional, com experiência entre cinco e sete anos na natação competitiva. Para análise das correlações entre os índices e o desempenho nos 400m(s) foi utilizado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. O nível de significância adotado foi de p < 0,01. As correlações entre a VLAn 4mM, VLAn 3,5mM, VLac min e o desempenho nos 400m(s) foram de r = -0,63, r = -0,90 e r = -0,91, respectivamente (p < 0,01). As correlações entre a VC1 (50/100/200m), VC2 (100/200/400m), VC3 (50/100/200/400m), VC4 (200/400m) e o desempenho nos 400m(s) foram: r = -0,62, r = -0,97, r = -0,98 e r = -0,94, respectivamente (p < 0,01). Sugere-se que o LAn determinado a partir da concentração fixa de lactato de 3,5mM, bem como a VLac min e a VC obtidas por meio de distâncias maiores parecem ser os mais adequados índices preditores do desempenho aeróbio nos nadadores adolescentes estudados. Além disso, o número de coordenadas parece não influenciar a relação entre a VC e desempenho aeróbio.

The purpose of this study was to correlate the anaerobic threshold speeds (ATS) obtained from fixed lactate blood concentration (ATS 4 e ATS 3.5 mM), lactate minimum speed (Lac minS) and the critical speed (CS) determined from different distances and number of coordinates: CS1 (50/100/200 m), CS2 (100/200/400 m), CS3 (50/100/200/400 m) and CS4 (200/400 m) with the performance in 400 meters (s) in adolescent swimmers. The sample was constituted by 15 swimmers (10 boys and five girls = 14.7 ± 0.7 years; 61.9 ± 8.5 kg; 171.1 ± 8.8 cm) of national level, with five to seven years of experience in competitive swimming. The correlation between the indexes and the performance in 400 m (s) was made using Pearson correlation coefficients. Significance was set at p < 0.01. The correlations between ATS 4 mM, ATS 3.5 mM, Lac minS and the performance in 400 m (s) were: r = -0.63, r = -0.90 e r = 0.91, respectively (p < 0.01). The correlations between CS1 (50/100/200 m), CS2 (100/200/400 m), CS3 (50/100/200/400 m), CS4 (200/400 m) and the performance in 400 m (s) were: r = -0.62, r = -0.97, r = -0.98 e r = -0.94, respectively (p < 0.01). We suggest that ATS obtained from fixed lactate blood concentration of 3.5 mM, as well as Lac minS and the CS obtained through larger distances seem to be the most fitted indexes of prediction of the aerobic performance in the studied adolescent swimmers. Additionally, the number of coordinates seems no influencing the relation between CS and aerobic performance.