Hallazgos ecocardiográficos en el embarazo y posparto tardío en mujeres mexicanas sanas / Echocardiographical findings in pregnancy and late postpartum of healthy mexicans women´s

Resumen: OBJETIVO: Evaluar y comparar la adaptación cardiovascular materna mediante variables antropométricas y parámetros hemodinámicos con ecocardiografía Doppler en mujeres mexicanas sanas, con embarazo único. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo, observacional, longitudinal, efectuado de enero de 2014 a enero de 2017 en mujeres que cursaban el segundo y tercer trimestres del embarazo. A los 6 meses posparto se practicaron ecosonogramas obstétricos y registros ecocardiográficos Doppler a todas las pacientes del estudio. Cada paciente fue su propio control. Se aplicó el análisis estadístico con SPSS Windows v17, ANOVA para comparar los 3 grupos, con valor significativo de p < 0.05, y correlación no paramétrica de Pearson. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 30 embarazadas con edad promedio de 22.5 ± 3.1 años. Las semanas de embarazo se corroboraron con ultrasonido obstétrico. En el ecocardiograma transtorácico se observaron cambios significativos entre el segundo trimestre y los 6 meses posparto: el ventrículo izquierdo en diástole (cm), 4.5 ± 2.5 vs 4.2 ± 3.3, p < 0.01. El volumen diastólico final del ventrículo izquierdo (mL) fue de 93 ± 14.8 vs 78 ± 17.8 (p < 0.05), el volumen latido (mL): 99.5 ± 15.7 vs 86 ± 11.8 (p < 0.01). Las resistencias vasculares sistémicas (dinas/seg/cm-5), 870 ± 108 vs 1262 ± 176 (p < 0.01). Del segundo al tercer trimestres y posnatal hubo incrementos en la aurícula izquierda (cm): 3.1 ± 4.6, 3.3 ± 4.4, 2.9 ± 4.3 (p < 0.001), gasto cardiaco (L/m): 6.8 ± 0.4, 7.0 ± 0.4, 4.7 ± 0.4 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONES: El embarazo es un estado de sobrecarga transitoria de volumen con importantes efectos orgánicos y funcionales, sobre todo en el segundo trimestre.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this prospective, observational and longitudinal study, was to evaluate and to compare the maternal adaptation through changes on anthropometric and Doppler echocardiographic parameters in Mexican normal pregnancy with single product. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective, observational, longitudinal study, from January 2014 to January 2017. Obstetric ecosonograms and echocardiographic Doppler studies were performed on 2nd and 3rd trimester and six months postpartum. Each patient was her own control. The data were analyzed using SPSS Windows 17, ANOVA for compared the 3 groups with P value < 0.05 was considered significant, as well as a non-parametric correlation of Pearson. RESULTS: There were thirty pregnant with a mean age 22.5 ± 3.1 years-old, between 2nd and 3rd trimester, with obstetrics ultrasound were corroborated gestational age. With transthoracic echocardiography, we found significant changes between 2nd trimester and 6 month post-partum, among the main, the left ventricle (LV) in diastole (cm), 4.5 ± 2.5 versus 4.2 ± 2.3 (p < 0.01), end diastolic left ventricle volume (mL) 93 ± 14.8, vs 78 ± 17.8 (p < 0.05). Stroke volume (mL) 99.5 ± 15.7 vs 86 ± 11.8 (p < 0.01). Systemic vascular resistance (dyne/sec/cm5 ) 870 ± 108 vs 1,262 ± 176 (p < 0.001). From, 2nd and 3rd trimester and postpartum, left atrial diameter (cm), 3.1 ± 4.4, 3.3 ± 4.4, 2.9 ± 4.3 (p < 0.001). Cardiac output (L/m), 6.8 ± 0.4, 7.0 ± 0.4, 4.7 ± 0.4 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Pregnancy is a transitory overload condition with important organic and functional effects mainly in the second trimester.

The Effect of the Superior Cavopulmonary Anastomosis on Ventricular Remodeling in Infants with Single Ventricle.

BACKGROUND: Infants with single ventricular physiology have volume and pressure overload that adversely affect ventricular mechanics. The impact of superior cavopulmonary anastomosis (SCPA) on single left ventricles versus single right ventricles is not known. METHODS: As part of the Pediatric Heart Network placebo-controlled trial of enalapril in infants with single ventricular physiology, echocardiograms were obtained before SCPA and at 14 months and analyzed in a core laboratory. Retrospective analysis of the following measurements included single ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), mass, mass-to-volume ratio (mass/volume), and ejection fraction. Qualitative assessment of atrioventricular valve regurgitation and assessment of diastolic function were also performed. RESULTS: A total of 156 participants underwent echocardiography at both time points. Before SCPA, mean ESV and mass Z scores were elevated (3.4 ± 3.7 and 4.2 ± 2.9, respectively) as were mean EDV and mass/volume Z scores (2.1 ± 2.5 and 2.0 ± 2.9, respectively). EDV, ESV, and mass decreased after SCPA, but mass/volume and the degree of atrioventricular valve regurgitation did not change. Subjects with morphologic left ventricles demonstrated greater reductions in ventricular volumes and mass than those with right ventricles (mean change in Z score: left ventricular [LV] EDV, -1.9 ± 2.1; right ventricular EDV, -0.7 ± 2.5; LV ESV, -2.3 ± 2.9; right ventricular ESV, -0.9 ± 4.6; LV mass, -2.5 ± 2.8; right ventricular mass, -1.3 ± 2.6; P ≤ .03 for all). Approximately one third of patients whose diastolic function could be assessed had abnormalities at each time point. CONCLUSIONS: Decreases in ventricular size and mass occur in patients with single ventricle after SCPA, and the effect is greater in those with LV morphology. The remodeling process resulted in commensurate changes in ventricular mass and volume such that the mass/volume did not change significantly in response to the volume-unloading surgery.

Characteristics and early and long-term outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke and low ejection fraction.

OBJECTIVES: We assessed the clinical characteristics of patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) ≤ 35% and investigated the association of low EF with early and long-term outcome. METHODS: A total of 2439 patients of the Acute Stroke Registry and Analysis of Lausanne (ASTRAL) were selected. Demographics, risk factors, pre-stroke treatment, and clinical, radiological and metabolic variables in patients with and without low EF were compared. Functional independence (modified Rankin Score ≤ 2) and mortality were recorded 1 week up to 12 months from admission. RESULTS: Low EF patients (n=119) were more commonly men, older, had higher rates of coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation (AF), and more frequent pretreatment with anticoagulants, antiplatelets and antihypertensive agents. On admission, they presented with higher stroke severity and had lower values of systolic blood pressure, higher heart rate, and worse estimated glomerular filtration rate. Stroke-related disability and death rates were higher in low EF patients during follow-up (19.5% vs. 7.8% at 1 week, and 36.1% vs. 16.5% at 12 months). Increasing age, stroke severity, and AF were independent predictors of one-year mortality in these patients while prior use of statins had a favorable effect on early mortality. CONCLUSIONS: AIS in patients with low EF is associated with older age, cardiac comorbidities, and more severe clinical presentation. Low EF can identify a subset of AIS patients at high risk of early and long-term functional disability and mortality.