Proposal of Gaze Analysis to Visualize Tacit Knowledge of Nursing Expert Skills.

This study was conducted to develop nursing skills learning support system, particularly addressing a "blood drawing technique," among other nursing skills. It analyzes tacit knowledge associated with skilled nurses' (hereinafter "experts"') movements when executing a blood drawing technique, devoting attention to their gaze. Overall, positive correlation was found between the ladder level and the success rate.

Safety: A collective and embedded competency. An ethnographic study of safety practices at an industrial workplace in the Netherlands.

INTRODUCTION: Organizations place strong emphasis on the standardized occupational health and safety procedures to reduce work-related illnesses and workplace accidents. However, standardized procedures are not always followed up in daily work practices. Organizations must cope with the differences between standardized procedures and local adaptation by employees. METHODS: This ethnographic field study at an industrial workplace in the Netherlands provides insights into employees' everyday work practices, how these work practices are shaped, and how they relate to local occupational health and safety procedures. Acknowledging safety as a competency embedded in work practices, as introduced by Gherardi and Nicolini (2002), offers a theoretical point of view for looking beyond the dichotomy of standardization and local adaptations. RESULTS: The results show that a standardized and noncontextualized occupational health and safety management system that focuses on accident-free days and compliance actually leads to ignorance of practical and tacit competences of workers and no learning and improvement of safety procedures can take place. However, our findings also illustrate how employees in their informal everyday work practices reduce the risks produced by the safety system itself. CONCLUSION: Overall, the results indicate that social interactions among employees, leaders, and management within the organization play an important role in workplace safety. The analysis highlights the value of vulnerability and trust in relationships at work to be able to learn and develop safety procedures that align with local demands. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study emphasizes the need for participatory approaches in creating safer and healthier workplaces. The cocreation of occupational health and safety (OHS) rules and procedures, however, can only function if they are combined with a responsive leadership style.

The ecosystem of human capital in care homes.

Introduction: This qualitative study addresses the essential yet often overlooked experiences of knowledge transfer within care homes (CH). Conducted in a Slovenian CH in 2020 and 2023, participants, including CH management, staff, and residents with their relatives, shared perceptions of knowledge transfer at various levels. The study aims to explore barriers and facilitators for knowledge transfer crucial for creating new knowledge, services, and enhancing care quality for older individuals. Methods: Structured focus group interviews were conducted, and data were collected within the CH. The participants' insights into knowledge transfer were probed, covering various dimensions such as between individuals, groups, organizations, and the community. Transcriptions of recorded interviews were analyzed using content analysis. Results: Knowledge transfer within the CH was facilitated through continuous training, diverse communication channels, and mentoring. Collaboration with relatives improved understanding of resident preferences, habits, and overall enhanced the quality of care. This collaborative effort allowed mutual learning and knowledge transfer from the CH to the broader community. Despite potential benefits, there is an underutilization of information and communication technology, e-care, and untapped potential for partnerships, partly due to the scarcity of care. Barriers were identified in the form of stereotypical attitudes towards aging and care, further reinforced by negative news coverage on older people's care. Conclusion: The multidimensional nature of knowledge in CH centers on resident well-being, emphasizing three key aspects of knowledge transfer: between staff and residents, staff and residents' families, and between the CH and the community. In the context of age management, creating opportunities for knowledge transfer is crucial, emphasizing a transition from traditional institutional care to an approach prioritizing knowledge about quality care. and involving experts from experiences in care process.

A Low Mean Closing Load and a Decrease in Load Change at the Tip Increase the Comfort of Scissors.

Introduction During surgery, surgeons intuitively recognize when they are using dull scissors and find them difficult to use. The purpose of this study was to objectively evaluate the physical characteristics of scissors and the comfort reported by surgeons to develop objective quality control standards for scissors used in surgery. Methods Sensory and measurement tests were conducted to evaluate the comfort and physical characteristics of ten pairs of Cooper scissors. As a sensory test, thirty-one volunteer surgeons opened and closed the scissors and selected three that felt comfortable and three that were uncomfortable. The results were scored. For measurement, a load was applied to the handle of the scissors. The load pressure and displacement of the width between each handle when the scissors were closed were measured. Results A strong negative correlation was found between the total comfort score and the mean load value between sensory and measurement tests (r=-0.717, p=0.0195). The correlation between the total score and the change in load at the tip showed a moderate negative correlation (r=-0.687, p=0.0282). Multiple regression analysis showed that the change in load at the tip was an independent factor affecting the total score. Conclusions Surgeons consider scissors with a low mean load required to close the scissors and a small change in load at the tip to be comfortable. The mean load on scissors and the change in load at the tip should be considered in the development of quality control standards for scissors used in surgery.

[Clinical Validation of Chest X-ray Educational Content for Radiography Students Using Gaze Information].

PURPOSE: Radiography training for students in colleges of radiology should be based on real clinical situations. The purpose of this study was to verify the clinical validity of our originally developed scenarios for chest X-ray training and the instructional contents using gaze information of experienced radiology technologists (RTs). METHODS: We divided 8 RTs with different experiences into an evaluator group (3 RTs) and a subject group (5 RTs). The evaluator group created a validation model consisting of 31 items, a chest X-ray scenario, instructional contents, and gaze attention objects during the scenario. The subject group simulated chest X-ray wearing an eye tracker. The evaluator group evaluated fit rates of the validation model to subjects' procedures based on gaze information to verify the clinical validity of the validation model. RESULTS: The subject group procedures did not deviate from the scenario. We obtained a fit rate of 91.6±6.70%. CONCLUSION: Our validation model showed more than 90% fitting with the chest X-ray techniques of five RTs with different backgrounds. This result suggested that the scenario and instructional contents in this study had clinical validity.

Assessing unConventional Evidence (ACE) tool: development and content of a tool to assess the strengths and limitations of 'unconventional' source materials.

BACKGROUND: When deciding whether to implement an intervention, decision-makers typically have questions on feasibility and acceptability and on factors affecting implementation. Descriptions of programme implementation and of policies and systems are rich sources of information for these questions. However, this information is often not based on empirical data collected using explicit methods. To use the information in unconventional source materials in syntheses or other decision support products, we need methods of assessing their strengths and limitations. This paper describes the development and content of the Assessing unConventional Evidence (ACE) tool, a new tool to assess the strengths and limitations of these sources. METHODS: We developed the ACE tool in four stages: first, we examined existing tools to identify potentially relevant assessment criteria. Second, we drew on these criteria and team discussions to create a first draft of the tool. Third, we obtained feedback on the draft from potential users and methodologists, and through piloting the tool in evidence syntheses. Finally, we used this feedback to iteratively refine the assessment criteria and to improve our guidance for undertaking the assessment. RESULTS: The tool is made up of 11 criteria including the purpose and context of the source; the completeness of the information presented; and the extent to which evidence is provided to support the findings made. Users are asked to indicate whether each of the criteria have been addressed. On the basis of their judgements for each criterion, users then make an overall assessment of the limitations of the source, ranging from no or very minor concerns to serious concerns. These assessments can then facilitate appropriate use of the evidence in decision support products. CONCLUSIONS: Through focussing on unconventional source materials, the ACE tool fills an important gap in the range of tools for assessing the strengths and limitations of policy-relevant evidence and supporting evidence-informed decision-making.

Identifying barriers and strategies for achieving competency in removable prosthodontics in undergraduate dental students: a mixed-method study.

BACKGROUND: Developing competency in removable prosthodontics (RP) is challenging for undergraduate dental students because it involves threshold concepts and tacit knowledge. Understanding this process can enhance learning and professional development in RP. The objective of this study was to identify the barriers hindering knowledge (threshold concept) and skill (tacit knowledge) development, and to propose strategies for achieving RP competency. METHODS: Adopting critical theory, quantitative and qualitative approaches were implemented. The participants were third- to sixth-year dental students and recent dental school graduates. An online questionnaire was used to investigate the knowledge and skills required for achieving RP competency and barriers to RP competency development. Four focus groups were conducted to gather in-depth information. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. RESULTS: A total of 322 respondents completed the questionnaire (67% response rate), and 26 of them participated in focus group interviews. The four threshold concepts to achieve RP competency were the basic principles of RP, removable partial denture design, occlusion, and dental materials. The two main tacit knowledges were impression making and material handling skills. The curriculum should integrate strategies to assist dental students in overcoming intrinsic barriers such as self-experience, revision, and spatial-temporal relationship, along with extrinsic factors such as clinical correlations of content, discussions, and immediate feedback. CONCLUSIONS: Threshold concepts and tacit knowledge in RP for undergraduate dental students have been proposed The strategies to overcome barriers comprise intrinsic and extrinsic factors that include the adoption of experiential learning. This study suggests effective teaching methods and learning strategies to maximize student learning and RP competency development when designing the undergraduate RP curriculum in dental education.

Tacit knowledge and the role of the dental educator.

INTRODUCTION: This article seeks to explore tacit knowledge in the context of the practice and the role of a dental educator in a workplace learning environment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The key theoretical ideologies which underpin the definition of tacit knowledge have been outlined and practical examples to enable conceptualisation. The role tacit knowledge plays in procedural knowledge, performance of a skill and diagnosis and decision-making has been explained in further detail. Approaches to maximise the educational output of learning opportunities by using tacit knowledge and how an awareness of tacit knowledge can complement reflection have been considered. RESULTS: It is acknowledged that workplace learning is of mutual benefit to the dental educator, trainee and clinical team and that the development of the educator to make tacit knowledge explicit, can be achieved through peer observation, amongst other methods. CONCLUSION: Tacit knowledge is a key element underpinning learning in the workplace; the use of this knowledge can be applied in an advantageous manner, from both an educational and a personal developmental perspective.

Finding Words for Feeling Bodies: Exploring Drawing Techniques in Dutch Care Practices.

Feeling is difficult to put into words. Anthropologists have been seeking ways to articulate feeling or other bodily experiences, looking beyond words and borrowing from artistic methods. Drawings, for instance, have been used to make visible what words cannot describe and attributed with qualities associated with feeling or the body. Instead of placing drawing in opposition to words, and words in opposition to bodies, this article presents different ways of using drawing as an ethnographic technique to tentatively find practice-specific words to articulate practices of feeling the body. Rather than evaluating drawings based on their ability to capture feeling bodies, the author reflects on the drawing process as a way to learn about her research subjects in unexpected ways. Thereby, the author learns from artistic practices, not about making drawings, but about making methods. Acknowledging that methodologies are always generative, the author dives into the making of her methodologies to learn about her research subjects. .

Approaching diagnostic messiness through spiderweb strategies: Connecting epistemic practices in the clinic and the laboratory.

Scientific and medical practice both relate to and differ from each other, as do discussions of how to handle decisions under uncertainty in the laboratory and clinic respectively. While studies of science have pointed out that scientific practice is more complex and messier than dominant conceptions suggest, medical practice has looked to the rigour of scientific and statistical methods to address clinical uncertainty. In this article, we turn to epistemological studies of the laboratory to highlight how clinical practice already has strategies for dealing with messiness. We draw on Hans-Jörg Rheinberger's Toward a History of Epistemic Things, in which he invokes the metaphor of a spider's web to explain the role of tacit practices in experimental biochemistry for helping practitioners manage messiness. We argue that diagnostic practices in clinical medicine employ similar, albeit codified, procedures to evaluate epistemic significance, ensure sensitivity to the unforeseen, and allow focused grounds for action. We consider three practices: (a) the pre-set structure of medical records, ensuring broad coverage in initial anamnesis, (b) the use of lists of differential diagnoses and ongoing 'anchoring and adjusting' as inquiry progresses, and (c) shared decision-making as an occasion to synthesize empirical evidence and reopen inquiry for potential missed information. We end by suggesting that while philosophy of medicine may learn from laboratory epistemology, the sciences may learn something from medical practice.

Exploring tacit knowledge based on an expert nurse's practice for stroke patients.

This study explored tacit knowledge based on an expert nurse's practice who cares for stroke patients by using the hermeneutic phenomenological approach. The participant ('Ms. A') was a nursing researcher and college faculty member involved in the education of advanced practice nurses; her specialty was stroke rehabilitation nursing. She was asked to describe the meaning and value she gained from her memorable nursing experiences. Four interviews-approximately 1 h each-were conducted, and the associated data were interpreted together with the participant based on the method of interpretive circulation. Notably, the analysis was ended when a fusion of horizons was recognized. The participant recalled her nursing experiences based on six model cases. During the analysis, the following five elements were extracted: [belief in the ability of vulnerable people to survive]; [being together]; [respect for human dignity]; [preparedness to respond to and bear suffering together]; and [theoretical knowledge base approaches true understanding of patient experience]. Further, the nursing model-the Roy Adaptation Model-utilized by Ms. A in the process of recognizing humans as whole beings was deeply interpreted and implemented as a guideline for her implicit advanced practice. Moreover, her deep understanding and utilization of theoretical knowledge base also built the foundation for her implicit advanced practice. In conclusion, Ms. A's tacit knowledge and the elements support the process of tacit knowledge acquisition. Her narratives, hermeneutic attitude as an interpreter, and learning attitude throughout interaction with others will strongly help her knowledge development. We intend to continue the study with multiple participants and explore the structure of tacit knowledge possessed by advanced practitioners. Future endeavours will include the development of a tacit knowledge learning strategy.

Tacit knowledge in dyads of persons with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities and their caregivers: An interpretative literature study.

BACKGROUND: Caring for persons with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) demands specific expertise. Tacit knowledge seems to play an important role, but little is known about its nature, including what is necessary for its development and transfer. AIM: To gain understanding of the nature and development of tacit knowledge between persons with PIMD and their caregivers. METHOD: We conducted an interpretative synthesis of literature on tacit knowledge in caregiving dyads with persons with PIMD, persons with dementia or infants. Twelve studies were included. RESULTS: Tacit knowledge is about caregivers and care-recipients becoming sensitive and responsive to each other's cues and together crafting care routines. Learning takes place in a constant process of action and response that transforms those involved. CONCLUSION: Building tacit knowledge together is necessary for persons with PIMD to learn to recognise and express their needs. Suggestions are made for ways to facilitate its development and transfer.

Expert judgment in climate science: How it is used and how it can be justified.

Like any science marked by high uncertainty, climate science is characterized by a widespread use of expert judgment. In this paper, we first show that, in climate science, expert judgment is used to overcome uncertainty, thus playing a crucial role in the domain and even at times supplanting models. One is left to wonder to what extent it is legitimate to assign expert judgment such a status as an epistemic superiority in the climate context, especially as the production of expert judgment is particularly opaque. To begin answering this question, we highlight the key components of expert judgment. We then argue that the justification for the status and use of expert judgment depends on the competence and the individual subjective features of the expert producing the judgment since expert judgment involves not only the expert's theoretical knowledge and tacit knowledge, but also their intuition and values. This goes against the objective ideal in science and the criteria from social epistemology which largely attempt to remove subjectivity from expertise.

On professional skill in the age of digital technology: What happens when work is instrumented with technology.

This article is about professional skill and what happens when work is instrumented with technology. The purpose is to contribute to the understanding of the professional skill, its role and development in an increasingly digitalized working life. The article also argues that more research is needed to understand what is at stake in terms of professional skill in the age of digital technology. The research on which the article is based shows that people adapt their way of thinking and perceiving reality to the technology they use. This means that people are gradually becoming more and more like machines. There is an ongoing intellectual inner mechanization, which can be contrasted with the outer mechanization of human muscle power that the industrial revolution entailed. The intellectually mechanized man observes and describes reality in the terms of technology and loses the ability to discern nuances and make qualified judgments gradually. The concepts of Turing's man and functional autism capture these phenomena. Tacit engagement is a concept that captures the tacit knowledge that can only be expressed when people share physical space. The concept draws attention to the importance of the physical space and the body and what is at stake in terms of interpersonal knowledge in the wake of digital communication technology. It is not machines with supposedly human abilities and characteristics that we need to pay attention to when working life becomes increasingly digitalized, but people who gradually become like machines. What is required to safeguard the knowledge that is unique to man is bildung, i.e., to see the limits of the technology and the abstract theoretical models one uses. Art, classical literature, and drama, with their more plastic language, can reach areas where mathematics and natural science cannot reach.

Art, technology and the Internet of Living Things.

Intelligence augmentation was one of the original goals of computing. Artificial Intelligence (AI) inherits this project and is at the leading edge of computing today. Computing can be considered an extension of brain and body, with mathematical prowess and logic fundamental to the infrastructure of computing. Multimedia computing-sensing, analyzing, and translating data to and from visual images, animation, sound and music, touch and haptics, as well as smell-is based on our human senses and is now commonplace. We use data visualization and sonification, as well as data mining and analysis, to sort through the complexity and vast volume of data coming from the world inside and around us. It helps us 'see' in new ways. We can think of this capacity as a new kind of "digital glasses". The Internet of Living Things (IOLT) is potentially an even more profound extension of ourselves to the world: a network of electronic devices embedded into objects, but now with subcutaneous, ingestible devices, and embedded sensors that include people and other living things. Like the Internet of Things (IOT), living things are connected; we call those connections "ecology". As the IOT becomes increasingly synonymous with the IOLT, the question of ethics that is at the centre of aesthetics and the arts will move to the forefront of our experience of and regard for the world in and around us.

Knowledge transfer between physicians from different geographical regions in China's online health communities.

Online Health Communities (OHCs) are a type of self-organizing platform that provide users with access to social support, information, and knowledge transfer opportunities. The medical expertise of registered physicians in OHCs plays a crucial role in maintaining the quality of online medical services. However, few studies have examined the effectiveness of OHCs in transferring knowledge between physicians and most do not distinguish between the explicit and tacit knowledge transferred between physicians. This study aims to demonstrate the cross-regional transfer characteristics of medical knowledge, especially tacit and explicit knowledge. Based on data collected from 4716 registered physicians on Lilac Garden (DXY.cn), a leading Chinese OHC, Exponential Random Graph Models are used to (1) examine the overall network and two subnets of tacit and explicit knowledge (i.e., clinical skills and medical information), and (2) identify patterns in the knowledge transferred between physicians, based on regional variations. Analysis of the network shows that physicians located in economically developed regions or regions with sufficient workforces are more likely to transfer medical knowledge to those from poorer regions. Analysis of the subnets demonstrate that only Gross Domestic Product (GDP) flows are supported in the clinical skill network since discussions around tacit knowledge are a direct manifestation of physicians' professional abilities. These findings extend current understanding about social value creation in OHCs by examining the medical knowledge flows generated by physicians between regions with different health resources. Moreover, this study demonstrates the cross-regional transfer characteristics of explicit and tacit knowledge to complement the literature on the effectiveness of OHCs to transfer different types of knowledge.

Wearing the Same Jersey? The Impact of Players' Cultural Diversity and Shared Team Tenure on National Soccer Team Performance.

In the present paper, we empirically analyze a dataset from national soccer teams between 2004 and 2019 to investigate the impact of team members' cultural diversity on final team outcomes. Further, we examine the role of shared team tenure as a proxy of tacit knowledge and within team communications in relation to the cultural diversity-team performance relationship. After addressing a potential endogeneity issue, results from multiple instrumental variable estimation methods implied a higher level of cultural diversity enhanced on-field performance. Meanwhile, increased level of shared team tenure further strengthened the effect associated with cultural diversity on team performance.

Scientists as spies?: Assessing U.S. claims about the security threat posed by China's Thousand Talents Program for the U.S. life sciences.

In 2008, the Chinese government created the Thousand Talents Program (TTP) to recruit overseas expertise to build up China's science and technology knowledge and innovation base. Ten years later, in 2018, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) announced a new "China Initiative" that aimed to counter the transfer by U.S.-based scientists involved in the TTP of knowledge and intellectual property that could support China's military and economic might and pose threats to U.S. national security. This initiative launched a number of investigations into major U.S. federal funding agencies and universities and charged several scientists, many of them life scientists, with failing to accurately report their work and affiliations with Chinese entities and illegally transferring scientific information to China. Although the FBI cases demonstrate a clear problem with disclosure of foreign contracts and research integrity among some TTP recipients, they have failed to demonstrate any harm to U.S. national security interests. At the heart of this controversy are core questions that remain unresolved and need more attention: What is required to transfer and develop knowledge to further a country's science and technology ambitions? And can the knowledge acquired by a visiting scientist be easily used to further a country's ambitions? Drawing on literature from the field of science and technology studies, this article discusses the key issues that should be considered in evaluating this question in the Chinese context and the potential scientific, intelligence, and policy implications of knowledge transfer as it relates to the TTP.

Psychological capital and breakthrough innovation: The role of tacit knowledge sharing and task interdependence.

Compared with incremental innovation, breakthrough innovation is essential to sustaining competitive advantage, but breakthrough innovation has the characteristics of high standards and strict requirements. As the main body and foundation of enterprises, the attitude and behavior of employees play a vital role in enterprise innovation. Based on the positive organizational behavior theory and knowledge management theory, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between psychological capital and breakthrough innovation, and we also integrate tacit knowledge sharing and task interdependence into the research framework, so as to further explore the influence mechanism of employees' psychological capital on breakthrough innovation. Utilizing a quantitative method, this study takes employees of Yunnan coffee enterprises as investigation objects, the data was analyzed using regression analysis through SPSS 24.0, and the existence of mediation was further verified by Bootstrap test. The results showed that the psychological capital of employees have a positive impact on breakthrough innovation; tacit knowledge sharing partially mediates the relationship between psychological capital and breakthrough innovation; and task interdependence plays a moderating role, that is, the stronger the task interdependence, the stronger the influence of employee psychological capital on breakthrough innovation. This study enriches the research on the influencing factors of breakthrough innovation of Yunnan coffee industry, expands the application scenarios of the related theory, emphasizes that the importance of psychological capital and the breakthrough innovation is the result of the interaction and value-added linkage of various internal and external resources.

Towards pilot's situation awareness enhancement: A framework of adaptive interaction system and its realization.

Adaptive interaction system in flight control always aims to enhance the pilot's situation awareness (SA) to achieve human-in-the-loop control. Most adaptive interaction systems are always activated according to the pilot's current workload state. However, the pilot may already lose important information during a high workload, and thus the corresponding reaction of the adaptive interaction system would lag. Moreover, most adaptive interaction systems adopt the expert's knowledge as a reference to generate information. Still, the tacit knowledge that reveals the information interrelationship is seldom studied, despite being the foundation of the interactive information display. To solve the above problems, we proposed an adaptive interaction system architecture with three subsystems. Firstly, we developed a workload level prediction subsystem, where physiological parameters are used to predict future workload levels, thus avoiding interaction system lag; Secondly, we developed a tacit expert knowledge mining subsystem to discover the interrelationship hidden in the expert's perceived information, which will guide the interactive information interface. Thirdly, we developed a tips information inference subsystem to provide the lost SA information based on expert knowledge and the pilot's online perceived information. The effectiveness of the proposed system is verified via a comparative experiment utilizing the control interface of a remotely piloted aircraft.