A 12-week Taijiquan practice improves balance control and functional fitness in fall-prone postmenopausal women.

Purpose: Falls are the leading cause of accidental death among older persons, with postmenopausal women facing a greater hazard of falling due to osteoporosis. This study aimed to examine the effects of Taijiquan practice on balance control and functional fitness in at-risk females. Methods: Chinese women who self-reported a tendency to fall and had a baseline one-leg stand test time (4.1 s in the Taijiquan group) below the national average for their age group (60-64 years: 10.9 s, 65-69 years: 9.9 s) were assigned to either a control group (n = 26, mean age = 63.9 years) or a Taijiquan group (n = 24, mean age = 63.9 years). The Taijiquan group participated in a 12-week supervised intervention, while the control group maintained their daily activities. The average duration of each exercise session was 52 min. Static balance and functional fitness were assessed at the beginning and end of the intervention. Results: After 12 weeks, the Taijiquan group significantly outperformed the control group in terms of balance, flexibility, and muscular fitness (all p < 0.05). Participants in the Taijiquan group improved their one-leg stand by 61.0% (+2.5 s, Hedge's g = 0.85), arm curl by 8.3% (+1.7 repetitions, g = 0.53), handgrip strength by 8.3% (+1.9 kg, g = 0.65), and sit-and-reach by 163.2% (+6.2 cm, g = 1.17). Conclusion: The improvement in balance, coupled with other functional fitness benefits, suggests that Taijiquan could serve as a useful exercise for older women with an elevated risk of falling.

Tai Chi Chuan evidence related to impulsivity and impulse related disorders: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to review the evidence for the potential of Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) as a model of meditative movement in benefiting people with impulsivity related disorders and provide guidance for future research. METHODS: A scoping review of the literature was conducted in five databases. Eligibility criteria were original articles reporting TCC based interventions or included TCC techniques and provided any assessment on impulsivity or related measures, impulse control disorders, or other psychiatric disorders related to impulsivity (e.g., addictive disorders, ADHD, and other conduct disorders). Twenty-eight out of 304 studies initially retrieved were reviewed. The reports concentrated mostly on neurodegenerative conditions, cognitive decline, and substance use disorders (SUD). RESULTS: TCC had several positive effects in cognitive domains resulting in improvements in memory, executive functions, inhibitory control, attention, and verbal fluency. These improvements in memory, executive function, including inhibitory control and attention, and verbal fluency were associated with changes in the brain plasticity, resting activity, and other neurobiological markers. CONCLUSION: Albeit no study was found on the use of TCC in impulse control disorders or impulse related conditions, other than SUD, the findings suggest that considering the behavioral impact of TCC, especially the improvement of executive functions, it could be a valuable therapeutic tool for approaching impulse control related disorders.

The effect of Tai Chi lower extremity exercise on the balance control of older adults in assistant living communities.

BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi (TC) is an evidence-based fall prevention training for older adults, its effective movements remain unclear, which may limit the practice of TC. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of TC lower extremity exercise (TC LEE), the 8-form Tai Chi (8-form TC), and a stretching control intervention for improving balance and functional mobility among older adults. METHODS: This was a randomized controlled trial. A total of 102 participants (79 ± 6 years old) were recruited from assisted living facilities. All participants were randomly assigned to the TC LEE (n = 40), 8-form TC (n = 31), and stretching (n = 31) groups in which they received the respective interventions for 16 weeks. The Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, and center of pressure (COP) measurements during quiet stance were collected prior to and following the 16-week interventions. Comparisons on all measurements were conducted among all groups. RESULTS: Significant improvements were found in BBS (P = 0.002), TUG test (P = 0.001), root mean square amplitude of COP displacement in the anterior-posterior (P = 0.001) and medial-lateral (P = 0.001) directions, and average COP speed in the anterior-posterior (P = 0.001) and medial-lateral (P = 0.001) directions after training in the TC intervention groups compared with the stretching group. The upper limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of differences in change scores on the BBS (-0.8 - 1.3 points) between the TC LEE group and the 8-form TC group was within equivalence margins (1.8 points), while the upper limit of the 95% CI of differences in change scores on the TUG test (0.1 - 2.1 s) exceeded the equivalence margin (0.7 s) with the TC LEE group having the larger change scores. CONCLUSION: TC LEE can improve balance and functional mobility in older adults, and may have greater effect than the 8-form TC on improving functional mobility as measured by the TUG test. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR2300070600 retrospectively registered.

Using telehealth to deliver Qi Gong and Tai Chi programs: A mixed-methods systematic review on feasibility, acceptability and participant engagement factors.

INTRODUCTION: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of digitally delivered exercise classes to promote physical activity has become widespread amongst various populations as an alternative to in-person activities. OBJECTIVES: To examine the feasibility, acceptability, and participant engagement variables to delivering Qi Gong and Tai Chi programs through telehealth interventions. METHODS: Ten databases (Seven English databases; three Chinese databases) were searched between October and November 2021. Studies published in English or Chinese, or having translations in English or Chinese, were included. Titles and abstracts of identified articles were screened, relevant studies were then retrieved for full-text screening. Study selection, assessment of methodological quality, data extraction, data transformation, and data synthesis were completed following a convergent integrated approach to mixed method systematic reviews. RESULTS: Seven articles were included in review. Digital literacy of both participants and providers was found to be a significant hurdle towards digital program implementation. There were no notable issues pertaining to access to an internet connection, participant safety, program costs, or connectivity. A major theme for sustaining program engagement was found to be individual perceived relevance for intervention involvement. Online social involvement was noted to be both a facilitator for participant acceptability and engagement. Overall, participants expressed satisfaction with the use of telehealth, while providers expressed acceptability concerns regarding quality of care. CONCLUSION: It is recommended that planned measures be taken prior to program commencement to decrease digital literacy requirements while also including a participatory approach to encourage uptake. During the program, provision of technical support alongside appropriate social-environmental engagement facilitators would promote sustained adherence.

The use of Qigong and Tai Chi in the management of temporomandibular joint dysfunction: A systematic review.

Background and Aims: Qigong and Tai Chi (QTC) are mind-body exercises involving a sequence of graceful movements, which promote self-healing, meditation, and self-cultivation. There is growing evidence that Qigong and/or Tai Chi therapy may improve the physical and psychological health among adults with multiple health conditions including joint movement. This systematic review aims to synthesize the available evidence on the type and effectiveness of QTC therapies used in the management of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction. Methods: This systematic review followed the AMSTAR-2 guideline, and it was reported based on guidelines in the PRISMA checklist. The review involved a systematic search of nine electronic databases. After deduplication and screening of the literature retrieved from the search, only one article was included based on the review's inclusion criteria. Data was extracted from this article and synthesized. Results: The only included article was on a non-randomized control trial which investigated the role of Tai Chi Qigong (a form of Qigong) therapy in improving joint mobility and alleviating trismus among 52 survivors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma who had TMJ disorders. The study reported, at different time intervals (at pretest; at mid-intervention; at posttest; and at follow-up posttest), that no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed concerning mouth opening capacity between the intervention group and the control group. However, over time, less severe deterioration in mouth-opening was noted among the participants in the intervention group (p = 0.181) as compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The role of QTC therapies in improving joint mobility and alleviating trismus is not yet fully understood, but it seems promising. The available evidence is inadequate to categorically conclude on the efficacy of these therapies. Further studies will be required to fully assess the effectiveness of QTC therapies in the management of TMJ dysfunction.

Tai Ji on Cognitive Function Improvement in Parkinson's Disease: A Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Tai Ji (TJ) can improve cognitive function, which in turn brings life quality to Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Cognitive function is thus important for PD patients. Analyzing the cognitive function and obtaining precise TJ exercise prescriptions are effective in treating PD patients. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this review was to discuss the current Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) of TJ and cognitive function improvement in PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Wan Fang, and CNKI, were searched. Cochrane systematic evaluation method was adopted wherein 6 RCTs met the final inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Among the 6 included RCTs, 3 were of high quality, and the rest were of medium quality. Quantitative analysis exhibited that TJ intervention improved the cognitive function of PD patients. TJ promoted the global cognitive function (p < 0.05) and the executive function (p = 0.09) compared with the control. However there was no significant improvement in cognitive motor. TJ training intervention doses of two times a week with 45-60 min sessions over ≤12 weeks could improve the cognitive function of PD patients. CONCLUSIONS: TJ affects the cognitive function of PD patients. However, this effect may have a reduced or no significant impact as the disease increases. PD patients can choose TJ as an intervention for 45-60 min twice a week for at least 12 weeks to accomplish maximum improvement in cognitive function.

Falls and Fall-Related Injuries in an Evidence-Based Tai Ji Quan Intervention in Rural West Virginia Churches.

Background: This paper identifies the independent predictors of falls in an implementation study of Tai Ji Quan: Moving for Better Balance® (TJQMBB) in older adults in rural West Virginia churches. Methods: Falls and injuries were identified via calendars, questionnaire, and verbal reports. Results: Fall predictors were gait speed (OR 0.27; 95% CI 0.08, 0.90); low back pain (OR 8.04; 95% CI 1.71, 37.79); and pain, stiffness, or swelling limiting activity (OR 2.44; 95% CI 1.09, 5.45). Conclusions: Determining differences between fallers and non-fallers may identify people with different fall risk profiles and ultimately better tailor fall-prevention programming to individual needs.

Effects of Tai Chi on Postural Control in People with Peripheral Neuropathy: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Effects of Tai Chi on people with peripheral neuropathy (PN) are not yet apparent. This systematic review was conducted to evaluate the effects of Tai Chi on postural control in people with PN. METHODS: Literature was screened in seven databases for relevant randomized controlled trials. The reports and methodological quality were evaluated. A meta-analysis was performed using RevMan5.4 software. RESULTS: Ten reports were included, involving a total of 344 subjects. The meta-analysis found that Tai Chi therapy for people with PN resulted in a smaller sway area, in the double-leg stance with eyes closed test (SMD = -2.43, I2 = 0%), than that observed in the control group, greater distance covered in the six-minute walking test (SMD = -0.46, I2 = 49%) and faster performance in the timed-up-and-go test (SMD = 0.68, I2 = 50%), than the baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Tai chi effectively enhanced dynamic postural control in people with PN. However, no better effects on postural control from Tai Chi than from other rehabilitation approaches were observed in this study. Further high-quality trials are needed to better understand Tai Chi's effects on individuals with PN.

Effects of Tai Chi Yunshou on upper-limb function and balance in stroke survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Physical rehabilitation plays an important role in the recovery of motor function after a stroke. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Tai Chi Yunshou (TCY), a form of physical therapy, on upper-limb function and balance in stroke survivors. METHODS: MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL and five Chinese databases were retrieved from inception to July 1, 2020 (updated on March 31, 2022). Randomized controlled trials of TCY versus no-treatment for stroke were included. The RoB-2 was used to evaluate the quality of included studies. Upper-limb motor impairment, balance, and activities of daily living (ADLs) were measured by Fugl-Meyer Assessment Upper Extremity Scale (FMA-UE), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and Barthel Index (BI), respectively. Data synthesis was performed using RevMan (v5.3), and expressed as mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Seven studies with 529 participants were included. Compared with no-treatment, TCY improved FMA-UE (MD = 7.31, 95% CI: 5.86-8.77, minimal clinically important difference [MCID]: 9-10), BBS (MD = 4.68, 95% CI: 0.28-9.07, MCID: 4), and BI (MD = 4.12, 95% CI: 3.28-4.96, MCID: 1.85) in stroke survivors. CONCLUSION: TCY may benefit balance and ADLs in rehabilitation after a stroke, but it may not improve upper-limb function clinically.

Tai chi as an adjunctive therapy for individuals who plateau after vestibular rehabilitation.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of tai chi on balance in patients with improved but persistent dizziness and imbalance following completion of traditional vestibular rehabilitation therapy. METHOD: Patients who completed vestibular rehabilitation therapy with persistent imbalance were prospectively enrolled in a tai chi programme comprising eight weekly classes. Balance was assessed before the first and after the eighth session using the Dynamic Gait Index, Activities-Specific Balance Confidence scale and Dizziness Handicap Inventory. RESULTS: A total of 37 participants (34 females, 3 males) completed the programme with balance testing. Mean age was 76.8 years (range, 56-91 years). Mean Dynamic Gait Index significantly increased after completion of tai chi (p < 0.00001). Mean Activities-Specific Balance Confidence scale score increased from 63.6 to 67.9 per cent (p = 0.046). A subset (n = 18) of patients completed a Dizziness Handicap Inventory without significant post-therapeutic change (p = 0.62). Most (36 of 37; 97.3 per cent) patients demonstrated post-therapy improvement on one or more assessments. CONCLUSION: Tai chi is a viable adjunct to improve balance in patients who complete a vestibular rehabilitation therapy programme.

Influence of tai chi softball on body composition and bone density / Influência do tai chi softball sobre a composição corporal e a densidade óssea / Influencia del tai chi softball en la composición corporal y la densidad ósea

ABSTRACT Introduction Tai Chi Softball fully reflects the most complete and coherent concept of Tai Chi exercise, round and smooth, natural and continuous, and is very suitable for the daily exercise of middle-aged and elderly people. Objective Explore the effect of Tai Chi Softball exercise on body shape and bone mineral density of middle-aged and elderly women. Methods 45 volunteers were recruited and divided into a Tai Chi Softball group and a control group; the Tai Chi Softball group was guided by professional trainers to perform Tai Chi Softball exercises for six months. The control group did not perform Tai Chi Softball exercises and tested various physical indicators for comparison. Results The weight and BMI of middle-aged and elderly women showed a decreasing trend. The abdominal and arm skinfold measurements were significantly different from those before the experiment (P < 0.01). Body fat percentage decreased significantly, and muscle weight increased, showing statistical significance (P < 0.05). Conclusion Tai Chi Softball exercise can alleviate the rapid decline in bone mineral density and bone mineral content in middle-aged and elderly women. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução O Tai Chi Softball reflete integralmente o conceito mais completo e coerente do exercício de Tai Chi, redondo e suave, natural e contínuo, sendo muito adequado para o exercício diário de pessoas de meia-idade e idosas. Objetivo Explorar o efeito do exercício de Tai Chi Soft Ball na composição corporal e densidade mineral óssea de mulheres de meia-idade e idosas. Métodos 45 voluntários foram recrutados e divididos em um grupo de Tai Chi Softball e um grupo de controle, o grupo de Tai Chi Softball foi orientado por treinadores profissionais para realizar exercícios de Tai Chi Softball por 6 meses. O grupo de controle não realizou o exercício de Tai Chi Softball, e testou vários indicadores físicos para comparação. Resultados O peso e o IMC das mulheres de meia-idade e idosas mostraram uma tendência decrescente. Entre elas, as medidas de dobra cutânea do abdômen e braço foram significativamente diferentes daquelas anteriores à experiência (P < 0,01). O percentual de gordura corporal diminuiu significativamente e o peso muscular aumentou, apresentando significância estatística (P<0,05). Conclusão O exercício de Tai Chi Softball pode aliviar o rápido declínio da densidade mineral óssea e do conteúdo mineral ósseo em mulheres de meia-idade e idosas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción El Tai Chi Softball refleja plenamente el concepto más completo y coherente del ejercicio de Tai Chi, redondo y suave, natural y continuo, y es muy adecuado para el ejercicio diario de las personas de mediana edad y mayores. Objetivo Explorar el efecto del ejercicio de Tai Chi Softball sobre la composición corporal y la densidad mineral ósea de mujeres de mediana edad y mayores. Métodos Se reclutaron 45 voluntarias y se dividieron en un grupo de Tai Chi Softball y un grupo de control, el grupo de Tai Chi Softball fue guiado por entrenadores profesionales para realizar ejercicios de Tai Chi Softball durante 6 meses. El grupo de control no realizó el ejercicio, y se sometió a varios indicadores físicos para su comparación. Resultados El peso y el IMC de las mujeres de mediana edad y de edad avanzada mostraron una tendencia a la baja. Entre ellos, las medidas de los pliegues cutáneos abdominales y del brazo fueron significativamente diferentes de las anteriores al experimento (P < 0,01). El porcentaje de grasa corporal disminuyó significativamente y el peso muscular aumentó, mostrando significancia estadística (P < 0,05). Conclusión El ejercicio de Tai Chi Softball puede aliviar el rápido descenso de la densidad mineral ósea y del contenido mineral óseo en mujeres de mediana edad y mayores. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Effects of tai ji on the physical health of female university students / Efeitos do tai chi chuan sobre a saúde física das estudantes universitárias / Efectos del taichi chuan en la salud física de las estudiantes universitarias

ABSTRACT Introduction Tai Ji is a martial art rich in traditional Chinese ethnic characteristics. Its flexible, free and open movements make its practice popular and esteemed by many female college students. However, there is a demand for experimental research on the impacts of the art on the physical and mental health of its college practitioners. Objective Verify the effects of Tai Ji practice on the physical health of university students. Methods This study used the methods of literature, experimental and mathematical statistics, through the influence of Tai Ji style number 24 on the physical health of female university students in different groups. Results The research shows that under the intervention of this style, with the same content, intensity, and time of exercise, the physical health of female college students in the low-fitness group was significantly improved. Conclusion Female college students in the medium and high fitness group improved their physical health indicators due to their physical preconditioning. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução O Tai Chi Chuan é uma arte marcial rica em características étnicas tradicionais chinesas. Seus movimentos flexíveis, livres e abertos fazem com que a sua prática seja popular e estimada por uma ampla gama de estudantes universitárias. Porém, há uma demanda de pesquisas experimentais sobre os impactos da arte sobre a saúde física e mental de seus praticantes universitários, no intuito de conduzir e orientar os seus praticantes durante a realização dos eventos esportivos. Objetivo Verificar os efeitos da prática de Tai Chi Chuan sobre a saúde física das estudantes universitárias. Métodos Este estudo utilizou os métodos da literatura, experimental e estatística matemática, através da influência do Tai Chi Chuan estilo número 24 na saúde física das estudantes universitárias femininas em diferentes grupos. Resultados A pesquisa mostra que sob a intervenção desse estilo, com o mesmo conteúdo, intensidade e tempo de exercício, a saúde física de estudantes universitárias do sexo feminino no grupo de baixa aptidão física foi significativamente aprimorada. Conclusão Estudantes universitárias do sexo feminino no grupo de aptidão física média e alta melhoraram seus indicadores de saúde física devido ao seu pré-condicionamento físico. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción El Taichi Chuan es un arte marcial rico en características étnicas tradicionales chinas. Sus movimientos flexibles, libres y abiertos hacen que su práctica sea popular y apreciada por un amplio abanico de estudiantes universitarios. Sin embargo, existe una demanda de investigación experimental sobre los impactos del arte en la salud física y mental de sus practicantes universitarios, con el fin de conducir y guiar a sus practicantes durante los eventos deportivos. Objetivo Verificar los efectos de la práctica de Taichi Chuan en la salud física de estudiantes universitarios. Métodos Este estudio utilizó los métodos de la literatura, experimental y estadística matemática, a través de la influencia de Taichi Chuan estilo número 24 en la salud física de las estudiantes universitarias en diferentes grupos. Resultados La investigación demuestra que, bajo la intervención de este estilo, con el mismo contenido, intensidad y tiempo de ejercicio, mejoró significativamente la salud física de las estudiantes universitarias del grupo de baja forma física. Conclusión Las estudiantes universitarias del grupo de aptitud física media y alta mejoraron sus indicadores de salud física gracias a su preacondicionamiento físico. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Effect of tai-ji practice on the health of the elderly / Efeito da prática de tai-ji sobre a saúde dos idosos / Efecto de la práctica de tai-ji en la salud de las personas mayores

ABSTRACT Introduction: The practice of Tai-ji has shown a positive effect on the physical functions of the elderly and has been promoted as a recommended daily activity for middle-aged and elderly individuals. However, there is still no scientific evidence about its cardiorespiratory benefits. Objective: Study the effect of Tai-ji on the cardiorespiratory function and physical fitness of the elderly. Methods: A group of elderly people from the same community and in good health, considered suitable for sports experiments was divided into the experimental group for Tai-ji exercise and the control group for vigorous walking exercise. Each week, the Tai-ji exercise with eight steps and the vigorous walking exercise was performed three times in each group. Results: After six weeks of Tai-ji exercise with eight steps of five methods, the vital capacity, maximal oxygen consumption, maximal voluntary ventilation, and oxygen pulse of the experimental group were significantly increased, and the systolic and diastolic pressures were significantly reduced, evidencing an improvement in the performance of the cardiopulmonary function. Conclusion: Tai-ji exercise is beneficial for the cardiopulmonary function and physical health of the elderly and is scientifically useful for improving the mental health level and quality of life of the elderly. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: A prática do Tai-ji tem demonstrado um efeito positivo nas funções físicas dos idosos, tendo sido promovida como atividade diária recomendada aos indivíduos de meia-idade e idosos. Porém ainda não há evidências científicas sobre seus benefícios cardiorrespiratórios. Objetivo: Estudar o efeito do Tai-ji sobre a função cardiorrespiratória e a aptidão física do idoso. Métodos: Um grupo de idosos da mesma comunidade e boa saúde, considerados adequados para os experimentos esportivos foi dividido em grupo experimental para o exercício de Tai-ji e no grupo de controle para o exercício de caminhada vigorosa. A cada semana, o exercício de Tai-ji com oito etapas e o vigoroso exercício de caminhada foram realizados três vezes em cada grupo. Resultados: Após seis semanas de exercício Tai-ji com oito etapas do método de cinco, a capacidade vital, o consumo máximo de oxigênio, a ventilação voluntária máxima e o pulso de oxigênio do grupo experimental foram significativamente aumentados, e as pressões sistólica e diastólica foram significativamente reduzidas, evidenciando uma melhora no desempenho da função cardiopulmonar. Conclusão: O exercício de Tai-ji é benéfico para a função cardiopulmonar e a saúde física dos idosos, mostrando-se cientificamente útil para melhorar o nível de saúde mental e a qualidade de vida dos idosos. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La práctica del Tai-ji ha demostrado un efecto positivo en las funciones físicas de las personas mayores, habiéndose promovido como actividad diaria recomendada a los individuos de mediana y avanzada edad. Sin embargo, aún no existen pruebas científicas sobre sus beneficios cardiorrespiratorios. Objetivo: Estudiar el efecto del Tai-ji sobre la función cardiorrespiratoria y la forma física de los ancianos. Métodos: Un grupo de ancianos de la misma comunidad y en buen estado de salud, considerados aptos para experimentos deportivos, se dividió en el grupo experimental para el ejercicio Tai-ji y el grupo de control para el ejercicio de caminata vigorosa. Cada semana, se realizaron ejercicios de Tai-ji con ocho pasos y ejercicios de caminata vigorosa tres veces en cada grupo. Resultados: Después de seis semanas de ejercicio Tai-ji con ocho pasos de cinco métodos, la capacidad vital, el consumo máximo de oxígeno, la ventilación voluntaria máxima y el pulso de oxígeno del grupo experimental aumentaron significativamente, y las presiones sistólica y diastólica se redujeron significativamente, lo que evidencia una mejora en el rendimiento de la función cardiopulmonar. Conclusión: El ejercicio Tai-ji es beneficioso para la función cardiopulmonar y la salud física de los ancianos, y está científicamente demostrado que mejora el nivel de salud mental y la calidad de vida de los ancianos. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Tai chi influence on cardiopulmonary function in the elderly / Influência do tai chi na função cardiopulmonar de idosos / Influencia del tai chi en la función cardiopulmonar de las personas mayores

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cardiopulmonary function testing is a fundamental component of the physical examination and an elementary indicator for measuring physical fitness. With advancing age, the cardiopulmonary system will undergo a series of aging changes in morphology and function. Objective: Explore the effect of Tai Chi exercise on cardiopulmonary function in middle-aged and elderly people. Methods: A total of 73 50-75 years old from 5 areas in our city were recruited. A total of 63 healthy subjects were selected, 37 in the exercise group and 26 in the non-exercise group. The heart rate, lung capacity, and 6-min walking distance of each subject were measured in a calm state during the recovery time after walking 10 min after recovery. Results: In a calm state, Tai Chi practitioners had better lung capacity and a lower heart rate than non-practitioners (p0.05). In the immediate recovery time after walking, Tai Chi exercise elevated lung capacity more than non-exercisers (p0.01). Conclusion: Tai Chi exercise can improve the adaptability of cardiopulmonary function in middle-aged and elderly people after exercise. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Studies - Outcome Investigation.

RESUMO Introdução: O teste de função cardiopulmonar é um elemento fundamental no exame físico, e também um indicador elementar corrente para medir a aptidão física. Com o avanço da idade, o sistema cardiopulmonar passará por uma série de mudanças de envelhecimento na morfologia e função. Objetivo: Explorar o efeito do exercício de Tai Chi sobre a função cardiopulmonar de pessoas de meia-idade e idosas. Métodos: Um total de 73, 50-75 anos de idade de 5 áreas em nossa cidade foram recrutados. Foram selecionados 63 sujeitos saudáveis, 37 no grupo de exercícios e 26 no grupo de não-exercício. O ritmo cardíaco, a capacidade pulmonar e a distância de caminhada de 6 minutos de cada sujeito foram medidas em um estado calmo, durante o tempo de recuperação após a caminhada, e 10 minutos após o período de recuperação. Resultados: Em um estado calmo, os praticantes de Tai Chi apresentam uma melhor capacidade pulmonar e uma frequência cardíaca menor do que os não praticantes (p0,05). No tempo de recuperação imediata após a caminhada, o exercício de Tai Chi elevou a capacidade pulmonar mais do que os não-exercitantes (p0,01). Conclusão: O exercício de Tai Chi pode melhorar a adaptabilidade da função cardiopulmonar em pessoas de meia-idade e idosos após o exercício. Nível de evidência: Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação dos Resultados.

RESUMEN Introducción: La prueba de función cardiopulmonar es un elemento fundamental en el examen físico, y también un indicador elemental actual para medir la aptitud física. Con el avance de la edad, el sistema cardiopulmonar sufrirá una serie de cambios de envejecimiento en su morfología y función. Objetivo: Explorar el efecto del ejercicio de Tai Chi sobre la función cardiopulmonar en personas de mediana y avanzada edad. Métodos: Se reclutó a un total de 73 personas de 50 a 75 años de edad de 5 zonas de nuestra ciudad. Se seleccionó un total de 63 sujetos sanos, 37 en el grupo de ejercicio y 26 en el grupo de no ejercicio. Se midieron la frecuencia cardíaca, la capacidad pulmonar y la distancia recorrida en 6 minutos de cada sujeto en estado de calma, durante el tiempo de recuperación tras la marcha y 10 minutos después del periodo de recuperación. Resultados: En un estado de calma, los practicantes de Tai Chi tenían una mejor capacidad pulmonar y una menor frecuencia cardíaca que los no practicantes (p0,05). En el tiempo de recuperación inmediata tras la marcha, el ejercicio de Tai Chi aumentó la capacidad pulmonar más que los no practicantes (p0,01). Conclusión: El ejercicio de Tai Chi puede mejorar la adaptabilidad de la función cardiopulmonar en personas de mediana y avanzada edad después del ejercicio. Nivel de evidencia: Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Lower limb balance characteristics during tai chi chuan / Características de equilíbrio dos membros inferiores durante o tai chi chuan / Características del equilibrio de los miembros inferiores durante el tai chi chuan

ABSTRACT Introduction: Tai chi chuan training claims to not only promote the circulation of internal energy in the body to achieve a preventive and healing effect of diseases, but also to improve static and dynamic body balance. While the former claims are not validable, the question about the effectiveness of improving balance remains valid. Objective: Verify the characteristics of lower limb balance during tai chi chuan practice. Methods: Selected volunteers underwent a bioelectricity testing system via noninvasive surface electromyography to evaluate muscle activity during the exercises. The results were collected, cataloged and statistically work on corresponding graphs according to different content of literature research for objective analysis. Results: The variation of the displacement of the center of gravity was controlled within 0.1M, the most unstable time of the center of gravity was about 0.65s before the start of balance. In temporal terms, it is found that the order of discharge of each muscle tested in the vertical balance and unilateral support was as follows: the tibialis anterior muscle discharges first, the rectus femoris and biceps femoris second, finally gastrocnemius, gluteus medius and gluteus maximus joint discharge almost at the same time. Conclusion: Some benefit is perceived in the validity of improving lateral balance velocity, shortening the action completion time, and improving balance stability, improving the quality of action in practitioners of this exercise modality. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O treinamento do tai chi chuan alega não só promover a circulação de energia interna no corpo para alcançar um efeito preventivo e curador de doenças, mas também aprimorar o equilíbrio estático e dinâmico corporal. Enquanto as primeiras afirmações não são validáveis, o questionamento sobre a eficácia no aprimoramento do equilíbrio permanece válido. Objetivo: Verificar as características do equilíbrio nos membros inferiores durante a prática do tai chi chuan. Métodos: Voluntários selecionados passaram por um sistema de testes com bioeletricidade via eletromiografia superficial não invasiva para avaliar a atividade muscular durante os exercícios. Os resultados foram coletados, catalogados e estatisticamente trabalhos sobre gráficos correspondentes, de acordo com diferentes conteúdos de pesquisa literária, para análise objetiva. Resultados: A variação do deslocamento do centro gravitacional foi controlada dentro de 0,1M, o tempo mais instável do centro de gravidade foi cerca de 0,65s antes do início do equilíbrio. Em termos temporais, constata-se que a ordem de descarga de cada músculo testado no equilíbrio vertical e apoio unilateral foi a seguinte: o músculo tibial anterior descarrega primeiro, o reto femoral e bíceps femoral em segundo lugar, finalmente conjunto gastrocnêmico, glúteos médios e glúteo máximo descarregam quase ao mesmo tempo. Conclusão: Percebe-se algum benefício na validade de aprimorar a velocidade de balanço lateral, encurtar o tempo de conclusão da ação e melhorar a estabilidade do equilíbrio, melhorando a qualidade da ação em praticantes dessa modalidade de exercício. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El entrenamiento de Tai chi chuan pretende no sólo promover la circulación de la energía interna en el cuerpo para lograr un efecto preventivo y curativo contra las enfermedades, sino también mejorar el equilibrio corporal estático y dinámico. Mientras que las primeras afirmaciones no son válidas, la pregunta sobre la eficacia de la mejora del equilibrio sigue siendo válida. Objetivo: Verificar las características del equilibrio de los miembros inferiores durante la práctica del tai chi chuan. Métodos: Los voluntarios seleccionados se sometieron a un sistema de pruebas de bioelectricidad mediante electromiografía de superficie no invasiva para evaluar la actividad muscular durante los ejercicios. Los resultados fueron recogidos, catalogados y trabajados estadísticamente en los gráficos correspondientes según los diferentes contenidos de la investigación literaria para su análisis objetivo. Resultados: La variación del desplazamiento del centro de gravedad se controló dentro de 0,1M, el tiempo más inestable del centro de gravedad fue de unos 0,65s antes del inicio del equilibrio. En términos temporales, se encontró que el orden de descarga de cada músculo probado en el equilibrio vertical y el apoyo unilateral fue el siguiente: el músculo tibial anterior descarga primero, el recto femoral y el bíceps femoral segundo, finalmente el gastrocnemio, el glúteo medio y el glúteo mayor descargan casi al mismo tiempo. Conclusión: Se percibe algún beneficio en la validez de mejorar la velocidad de equilibrio lateral, acortar el tiempo de finalización de la acción y mejorar la estabilidad del equilibrio, mejorando la calidad de la acción en los practicantes de esta modalidad de ejercicio. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Concepts and Application of Tai Ji in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Narrative Review.

Stroke remains a leading cause of adult disability, and it decreases the health-related quality of life due to functional disability and poor functional recovery in stroke. Tai Ji has been recently introduced to overcome disabilities. This review aims to explain the effects of Tai Ji on functional recovery in stroke patients, linking it to current approaches, concepts and therapies such as Bobath and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques. A compilation of recent literature on Tai Ji's use in stroke rehabilitation from Google scholar and PubMed Central (2018 to 2022). The benefits of Tai Ji in stroke functional recovery were studied and explained based on its similarity in concepts to current conventional stroke rehabilitation approaches. There were few randomized controlled trials on Tai Ji in functional recovery among stroke patients. However, all literature identified Tai Ji as beneficial in stroke rehabilitation. However, there was no literature on explaining the Tai Ji movement based on current conventional stroke rehabilitation approaches. Tai Ji carries similar theories to the current neurorehabilitation approach. Tai Ji can be modified and incorporated into stroke rehabilitation programs based on patients' needs to produce promising outcomes.

Responses of tai chi in upper limb sports injuries rehabilitation on young people / Respostas do tai chi na reabilitação de lesões esportivas dos membros superiores em jovens / Respuestas del tai chi en la rehabilitación de lesiones deportivas de los miembros superiores en jóvenes

ABSTRACT Introduction Practicing sports can strengthen the body both physically and mentally. Although Tai Chi can help injured athletes to recover quickly and shorten the return to sports training and competition, there are still no detailed studies about its effectiveness in lower limb injuries in young people. Objective Analyze the effects of Tai Chi in upper limb sports injuries rehabilitation on young people. Methods 91 patients with sports injuries are selected and randomly divided into a control group (n=44) and an experimental group (n=47). The control group received regular exercises for rehabilitation, while the experimental group used Tai Chi exercises. Mathematical statistics are used to analyze the effects before and after the activities. Results There are considerable statistical differences in the effects of exercise on the two groups of patients. Conclusion Tai Chi exercise can help young people recover from upper limb sports injuries. Evidence level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the results.

RESUMO Introdução Praticar esportes pode fortalecer o corpo tanto física quanto mentalmente. Apesar do Tai Chi poder ajudar os atletas lesionados a se recuperarem rapidamente e abreviar o retorno ao treino esportivo e a competição ainda não há estudos detalhados sobre sua eficácia nas lesões de membros superiores em jovens. Objetivo Analisar os efeitos na reabilitação esportiva de jovens lesionados nos membros superiores sob os fundamentos do Tai Chi. Métodos Foram selecionados 91 pacientes com lesões esportivas que foram divididos aleatoriamente em grupo controle (n=44) e grupo experimental (n=47). O grupo controle recebeu exercícios regulares para reabilitação enquanto o grupo experimental utilizou exercícios de Tai Chi. Estatísticas matemáticas foram empregadas para analisar os efeitos antes e depois das atividades. Resultados Existem diferenças estatísticas consideráveis nos efeitos do exercício nos dois grupos de pacientes. Conclusão O exercício de Tai Chi pode auxiliar os jovens a recuperarem-se de lesões esportivas nos membros superiores. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação de resultados.

RESUMEN Introducción La práctica del deporte puede fortalecer el cuerpo tanto física como mentalmente. Aunque el Tai Chi puede ayudar a los atletas lesionados a recuperarse rápidamente y a acortar la vuelta al entrenamiento y la competición deportiva, todavía no hay estudios detallados sobre su eficacia en las lesiones de las extremidades superiores en los jóvenes. Objetivo Analizar los efectos en la rehabilitación deportiva de los jóvenes con lesiones en las extremidades superiores bajo los fundamentos del Tai Chi. Métodos Se seleccionaron 91 pacientes con lesiones deportivas que se dividieron aleatoriamente en el grupo de control (n=44) y el grupo experimental (n=47). El grupo de control recibió ejercicios regulares de rehabilitación mientras que el grupo experimental utilizó ejercicios de Tai Chi. Se utilizaron estadísticas matemáticas para analizar los efectos antes y después de las actividades. Resultados Existen considerables diferencias estadísticas en los efectos del ejercicio en los dos grupos de pacientes. Conclusión El ejercicio de Tai Chi puede ayudar a los jóvenes a recuperarse de las lesiones deportivas de las extremidades superiores. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Tai chi impacts on neuromuscular functions in the lower limbs of the elderly / Efeito do tai chi sobre as funções neuromusculares nos membros inferiores dos idosos / Efecto del tai chi en las funciones neuromusculares de los miembros inferiores de los ancianos

ABSTRACT Introduction: Exercise can retard the effects of aging and improve the physical function of the elderly. Tai Chi is a widespread exercise practice among the elderly in China. Although studies show the positive effects of Tai Chi practice, there is no consensus about compared studies. Objective: Evaluate the impact of regular Tai Chi exercise on neuromuscular stability in the lower limbs of elderly people, comparing the results of practitioners between sedentary and walking elderly groups. Methods: Twenty-two Tai Chi practitioners were selected, with a mean age of 59.3±3.5 years and a mean practice time of 18.4±13.2 years. This experiment mainly tests the balance ability compared to individuals practicing walking and other sedentary individuals. Results: The muscle strength of the knee flexors and extensors in the Tai Chi group was significantly greater than in the sedentary group (p=0.001 to 0.00160°/sec; P=0.002 to 60°/sec extensors; p=0.002 to 120°/sec; 120°/sec flexors, p=0.003). Similarly, there was a significant difference in muscle strength between the Tai Chi group and the walking group (the P values of the flexors and extensors at both speeds were less than 0.001). Conclusion: Tai Chi, as a regular exercise, can increase muscle strength of the general knee flexors and extensors and improve the neuromuscular stability of lower limbs in the elderly. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.

RESUMO Introdução: Exercícios podem retardar os efeitos do envelhecimento e melhorar a função física dos idosos. O Tai Chi é uma prática popular de exercício entre os idosos na China. Embora haja estudos que evidenciem os efeitos positivos da prática de Tai Chi, ainda não há um consenso sobre os estudos comparados. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do exercício regular de Tai Chi sobre a estabilidade neuromuscular nos membros inferiores em idosos, comparando os resultados dos praticantes entre grupos idosos de sedentários e praticantes de caminhada. Métodos: Foram selecionados vinte e dois praticantes de Tai Chi, com idade média de 59,3±3,5 anos com tempo médio de prática de 18,4±13,2 anos. Este experimento testa principalmente a capacidade de equilíbrio comparando aos indivíduos que praticam caminhada e outros sedentários. Resultados: A força muscular dos flexores e extensores do joelho no grupo Tai Chi foi significativamente maior do que no grupo sedentário (p=0,001 a 0,00160°/s; P=0,002 a extensores de 60°/s; p=0,002 a 120°/s; flexores de 120°/seg, p=0,003). Similarmente, houve uma diferença significativa na força muscular entre o grupo Tai Chi e o grupo de caminhada (os valores P dos flexores e extensores em ambas as velocidades foram inferiores a 0,001). Conclusão: Exercícios regulares, como o Tai Chi, podem alterar a força muscular dos flexores e extensores gerais do joelho, e melhorar a estabilidade neuromuscular dos idosos nos membros inferiores. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los ejercicios pueden retrasar los efectos del envejecimiento y mejorar la función física de las personas mayores. El Tai Chi es una práctica de ejercicio muy popular entre las personas mayores de China. Aunque hay estudios que demuestran los efectos positivos de la práctica del Tai Chi, todavía no hay consenso sobre los estudios comparativos. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto del ejercicio regular de Tai Chi en la estabilidad neuromuscular de las extremidades inferiores en ancianos, comparando los resultados de los practicantes entre grupos de ancianos sedentarios y caminantes. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 22 practicantes de Tai Chi, con una edad media de 59,3±3,5 años y un tiempo medio de práctica de 18,4±13,2 años. Este experimento pone a prueba principalmente la capacidad de equilibrio en comparación con los individuos que practican caminata y otros sedentarios. Resultados: La fuerza muscular de los flexores y extensores de la rodilla en el grupo de Tai Chi fue significativamente mayor que en el grupo sedentario (p=0,001 a 0,00160°/seg; p=0,002 a 60°/seg extensores; p=0,002 a 120°/seg; 120°/seg flexores, p=0,003). Del mismo modo, hubo una diferencia significativa en la fuerza muscular entre el grupo de Tai Chi y el grupo de caminantes (los valores P de los flexores y extensores a ambas velocidades fueron inferiores a 0,001). Conclusión: Los ejercicios regulares, como el Tai Chi, pueden modificar la fuerza muscular de los flexores y extensores generales de la rodilla y mejorar la estabilidad neuromuscular de los ancianos en las extremidades inferiores. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Adaptation of an evidence-based, fall-prevention, Tai Ji Quan exercise program for adults with traumatic brain injury: focus group results.

INTRODUCTION: Fall risk is increased in people with traumatic brain injury (TBI). PURPOSE: This study adapted an evidence-based fall-prevention program Tai Ji Quan: Moving for Better Balance (TJQMBB) for adults with TBI and convened an online focus group with the target population for input on its delivery, content/safety, and potential benefits. METHODS: Fall prevention and TBI experts adapted TJQMBB. Eight adults with TBI were recruited. Participants watched demonstrations of the adapted TJQMBB exercises online over ZOOM©. Themes, subthemes, and participant quotes were extracted. RESULTS: Five women (71%) and 2 men (29%) participated with a mean age of 45 years. Nine themes and 5 subthemes were identified. Participants recommended a learning sequence of exercise demonstration with verbal directions and visual cues, followed by simple written instructions. Participants identified physical and cognitive barriers to participation and recognized that possible balance loss during exercise was a safety issue. Potential benefits included improved balance, navigation of challenging terrain, quality of life, and social inclusion. CONCLUSION: Participants viewed the adapted program as safe and appropriate, given modifications for physical (e.g. balance) and cognitive impairments. The TJQMBB program may be underutilized in this population due to the complexity of the exercises, but is possible with modifications.

Virtual Tai Chi program for patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation: Proof-of-concept feasibility trial.

BACKGROUND: Satisfaction with current treatment options for irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) is low, with many patients turning to complementary treatments. Tai Chi is a mind-body medicine practice with proven efficacy in other functional disorders. As a proof-of-concept, we tested the feasibility and preliminary clinical outcomes associated with a Tai Chi program designed for IBS-C. METHODS: A total of 27 IBS-C patients participated in a single-arm trial of 8 sessions of Tai Chi delivered weekly over 7 weeks via live videoconferencing in group format. Clinical improvement was assessed via change in IBS Symptom Severity Score (IBS-SSS) from baseline to 4 weeks posttreatment (week 11) with secondary outcomes exploring symptom ratings, IBS-related quality of life (IBS-QOL), GI-specific anxiety, abdominal distention, and psychological factors. KEY RESULTS: Despite substantial dropout (n = 7; 26%), the treatment protocol had moderate to excellent feasibility for other criteria. Treatment satisfaction was excellent. Exit interviews confirmed high satisfaction with the program among completers, but a high burden of data collection was noted. One participant experienced an adverse event (mild, exacerbation of sciatica). There was a significant improvement in intra-individual IBS-SSS between baseline and posttreatment (average change -66.5, 95% CI -118.6 to -14.3, p = 0.01). Secondary outcomes were notable for improvements in other IBS symptom scoring measures, IBS-QOL, measured abdominal diameter, and leg strength. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES: Our data provide preliminary evidence of the feasibility of a Tai Chi intervention for IBS-C, show promise for improving outcomes, and identify more streamlined data collection as an area for further program improvement.