Intención de uso de estrategias fiscales en empresas familiares en el sur de Tamaulipas, México / Tax strategies' intention of use in family-owned business in southern Tamaulipas, Mexico

RESUMEN Las empresas familiares tienen gran importancia social y económica en el mundo, ya que representan casi el 90 % de los negocios en diversas regiones, generan más de la mitad del empleo y producen más de dos terceras partes del Producto Interno Bruto en muchos países. Suelen basarse en su experiencia comercial y en el conocimiento de su clientela, pero deben contar con un plan de estrategias fiscales para asegurar su supervivencia, ya que se desarrollan en ambientes cada vez más competitivos e impredecibles. El objetivo de esta investigación fue mostrar la intención de uso de estrategias fiscales por las empresas de corte familiar en el municipio de El Mante, ubicado al sur de Tamaulipas, México, y su relación con el conocimiento empresarial, legal y directivo de sus propietarios. Se recogieron las respuestas obtenidas en entrevista directa con los propietarios o directores de negocios, utilizando un cuestionario con escalas de Likert validado y se aplicaron las pruebas estadísticas recomendadas. Se encontró suficiente dominio de los empresarios en los temas de administración del negocio familiar, normas y actores relacionados con el comercio, así como suficiente grado de acuerdo en la intención del uso de estrategias fiscales y planes de negocios, competencias que pueden acrecentarse laborando para la empresa familiar. El principal hallazgo es la evidencia de una débil correlación entre el conocimiento legal y directivo de los propietarios de empresas familiares con el uso de las estrategias fiscales, así como una muy débil correlación con el conocimiento empresarial. La intención de uso de estrategias fiscales requiere de tales conocimientos por parte de los empresarios, quienes toman decisiones considerando los intereses de la familia, estiman necesaria la planeación financiera y aprovechan la bondad de las estrategias fiscales.

ABSTRACT Family-owned businesses have paramount social and economic importance worldwide since they represent almost 90 % of businesses in various regions, generate more than half of the employment and produce more than two-thirds of the Gross Domestic Product in many countries. Decisions are based on their commercial experience and knowledge of their customer base. However, they must also employ a fiscal strategy to ensure their subsistence, since they face each more competitive and unpredictable environment. The objective of this research was to show the intention to use tax strategies by family businesses in the municipality of El Mante, located in Southern Tamaulipas, Mexico, and its relationship with the entrepreneurial, legal, and managerial knowledge of their owners. Responses were collected through a direct interview with the business owners or the CEO. Additionally, a questionnaire with validated Likert scales was used, and the recommended statistical tests were administered. Findings indicate that there is sufficient mastery of entrepreneurs in areas such as the management of the family business, regulations and actors related to trade, as well as a sufficient degree of agreement regarding the intention to use fiscal strategies and business plans, competencies that can be increased by working for the family business. The main finding is the evidence of a weak correlation between the legal and managerial knowledge of family business owners with the use of tax strategies, as well as a very weak correlation with entrepreneurial knowledge. The intention to use tax strategies requires such knowledge by business owners, who make decisions based on family's interests, consider financial planning as necessary and take advantage of the benevolence of tax strategies.

Características y factores de riesgo de mortalidad por COVID-19 en Tamaulipas, a un año de pandemia / Characteristics and risk factors of COVID-19 mortality in Tamaulipas, one year after the pandemic

Resumen Coronavirus 19 (COVID-19), es una enfermedad viral prevalente y diseminada a nivel mundial, considerada una pandemia con alta tasa de mortalidad. A la fecha no existen estudios que describan la influencia de las variables asociadas a la enfermedad en el estado fronterizo de Tamaulipas, México. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar y analizar las características, complicaciones, tasas de letalidad y factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad en paciente positivos a COVID-19 en el estado de Tamaulipas, a un año de la emergencia local. Se utilizó la frecuencia de casos observados en relación a características, complicaciones y comorbilidades para estimar prevalencias y tasas de letalidad. Se ajustó un modelo de regresión logística multivariada para estimar los factores de riesgo significativos y se utilizaron curvas de supervivencia de Kaplan-Meier para describir las comorbilidades más importantes. Los análisis indicaron una mayor infección en pacientes en edad productiva, con una probabilidad significativa de muerte a partir de los 40 años, más evidente en pacientes masculinos. Los riesgos asociados a la hospitalización, como intubación endotraqueal y neumonía, son factores muy importantes. Las comorbilidades con alta prevalencia (diabetes, hipertensión y obesidad) y enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) están asociados significativamente (P < 0.01) a mayor mortalidad por COVID-19 en pacientes positivos. El presente estudio demostró algunos patrones generales de prevalencia y tasas de letalidad por COVID-19, por lo que se sugieren particularidades en los factores asociados a mortalidad en la población de Tamaulipas que requieren atención en sus grupos vulnerables, sobre todo en posibles casos de rebrotes de la enfermedad.

Abstract Coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) is a prevalent and globally disseminated viral disease that has become a pandemic associated with a high case fatality rate. To date, there are no published studies that describe the influence of the variables associated with the disease, specifically in the border state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. The objective of the present study was to assess the characteristics, complications, fatality rates and risk factors associated to mortality in patients positive to COVID-19 in Tamaulipas, one year after the local emergency. Descriptive frequency of characteristics, complications for prevalence and case fatality rates were used. A multivariate logistic regression model was adjusted to estimate the meaningful risk factors, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to describe the most important comorbidities. The analysis indicated higher infection rates in patients of productive age, with a significant death probability in male patients from the age of 40. The risks associated with hospitalization, such as endotracheal intubation and the presence of pneumonia are important risk factors. Comorbidities with high prevalence; diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) were significantly associated (P < 0.01) with higher COVID-19 mortality risk in the assessed population. The present study demonstrated some COVID-19 general patterns on frequency and mortality rates. It also suggested particularities in factors associated to mortality in the Tamaulipas population, which require proper attention in vulnerable groups, especially in future outbreaks of the disease.

Status and distribution of jaguarundi in Texas and Northeastern México: Making the case for extirpation and initiation of recovery in the United States.

The jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi) is a small felid with a historical range from central Argentina through southern Texas. Information on the current distribution of this reclusive species is needed to inform recovery strategies in the United States where its last record was in 1986 in Texas. From 2003 to 2021, we conducted camera-trap surveys across southern Texas and northern Tamaulipas, México to survey for medium-sized wild cats (i.e., ocelots [Leopardus pardalis], bobcats [Lynx rufus], and jaguarundi). After 350,366 trap nights at 685 camera sites, we did not detect jaguarundis at 16 properties or along 2 highways (1050 km2) in Texas. However, we recorded 126 jaguarundi photographic detections in 15,784 trap nights on 2 properties (125.3 km2) in the northern Sierra of Tamaulipas, Tamaulipas, México. On these properties, latency to detection was 72 trap nights, with a 0.05 probability of detection per day and 0.73 photographic event rate every 100 trap nights. Due to a lack of confirmed class I sightings (e.g., specimen, photograph) in the 18 years of this study, and no other class I observations since 1986 in the United States, we conclude that the jaguarundi is likely extirpated from the United States. Based on survey effort and results from México, we would have expected to detect jaguarundis over the course of the study if still extant in Texas. We recommend that state and federal agencies consider jaguarundis as extirpated from the United States and initiate recovery actions as mandated in the federal jaguarundi recovery plan. These recovery actions include identification of suitable habitat in Texas, identification of robust populations in México, and re-introduction of the jaguarundi to Texas.

Edible native plants of the Gulf of Mexico Province.

Background: Currently, at the global level, human food is mainly based on a few crops extensively cultivated as monocultures. Climate change, changes in land to agriculture and cattle raising, as well as the scarcity of water all affect and reduce the possibility of cultivating alternative crops. One way to face this global problem is to promote the knowledge, production and consumption of native food species on a regional scale.For this study, two databases were constructed for the Gulf of Mexico Province: 1) edible plant species with their corresponding common name, category of use, plant organ(s) utilised as food and type of management; 2) distribution records of these edible species. These species, in addition to being part of the biological diversity of Mexico are of high nutritional, cultural and gastronomical value and have been present in the diet of the inhabitants and ethnic groups in the region since pre-Hispanic times. New information: This study presents the native edible plants of the Gulf of Mexico Province, an area inhabited by 15 ethnic groups. The main novelty of this contribution is the edible plant species database, which includes the records of 482 species that belong to 101 families and 268 genera. We also present information rarely reported in an ethnobotanical inventory: 1) category of food use, 2) category of plant organ used, 3) common name, 4) type of management and 5) the georeferenced distribution of species occurrence in the Gulf of Mexico Province.

Estado del conocimiento de la historiografía de la educación en Tamaulipas siglo XIX / State of knowledge of 19th Century higher education historiography in Tamaulipas

Resumen El estado de Tamaulipas está ubicado al noreste de México, región geográfica colonizada años más tarde que el centro y el sur del país. Se ha documentado poco del devenir histórico de las primeras instituciones educativas del nivel superior de la entidad. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue presentar el estado actual que guarda el conocimiento de la historiografía de la educación en Tamaulipas del siglo XIX. Se localizaron 22 obras editadas y publicadas entre 1948 y 2018, que recogieron las memorias y experiencias educativas. Se sometieron a un procedimiento, con base en criterios historiográficos, que permitió ordenarlas en historias, biografías, crónicas o memorias. Se agruparon en correspondencia a espacios y temporalidades, en generales o regionales y por periodos históricos. Se describen las obras que hablan de las dos etapas: la inicial, referente a la fundación de las primeras instituciones por maestros republicanos ilustrados; escritas por sus egresados, historiadores por vocación, autores de las primeras historias de la educación estatal, que trabajaron en un marco ilustrado, liberal, republicano y juarista, promotor de ofrecer al pueblo una educación pública, laica, gratuita y obligatoria, en el que quedó institucionalizada la educación superior del estado. La segunda etapa ocurre en el siglo XX, con la creación de la Universidad de Tamaulipas, que sería después la Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, institución que permite formar historiadores de profesión, maestros e historiadores de raigambre decimonónica, que complementan el marco histórico educativo. Este trabajo permite un punto de partida al investigador interesado en continuar con la línea de la historia e historiografía de este tiempo y espacio.

Abstract The state of Tamaulipas is located in the northeast geographical region of Mexico, which was colonized several years after the center and south of the country. Little has been documented of the historical evolution of the first higher education institutions of the state. The aim of this work is to show the current state of knowledge of the historiography of education in Tamaulipas in the 19th century. Twenty-two edited and published works, which collected memories and educational experiences between 1948 and 2018 were found. They underwent a procedure, based on historiographic criteria, which allowed their classification into histories, biographies, chronicles, or memoirs. They were grouped according to spaces and temporalities in general or regional, and by historical periods of education. The works that discuss each of the stages are described as follows: those of the initial stage, referring to the founding of the first institutions by illustrated republican teachers were written by its graduates, historians by vocation, authors of the first histories of state education, who worked within an enlightened, liberal, republican and juarista framework, promoter of offering the people a public, secular, free and compulsory education, in which higher education in the state was institutionalized. The second stage occurred in the 20th century, with the creation of the University of Tamaulipas, which would later become the Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, an institution that educates professional historians, history teachers and historians of nineteenth-century roots, which complement the historical educational framework. This work provides a starting point for the researcher who is interested in continuing with the line of history and historiography of this time and space.

El capital estructural y su relación estratégica con el desempeño organizacional en el estado de Tamaulipas (México) / Structural capital and its strategic relationship with organizational performance in the state of Tamaulipas (Mexico) / Capital estrutural e sua relação estratégica com o desempenho organizacional no estado de Tamaulipas (México)

RESUMEN La finalidad del presente trabajo es determinar empíricamente la relación entre el capital estructural (CE) y el desempeño organizacional en el estado de Tamaulipas. El estudio es cuantitativo, de alcance correlacional con un diseño transversal. Se emplearon las técnicas de investigación de análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) y la correlación de Rho de Spearman. Se aplicaron 253 encuestas de manera presencial y online. Se determinó una estructura de dos factores para el CE (I. estructura formal y proceso desarrollo humano y 2. cultura innovadora) y de tres factores para el desempeño organizacional (I. desempeño financiero [DF], 2. desempeño operativo [DO], y 3. desempeño de mercado [DM]). Se comprobó que ambos factores del CE tienen una asociación positiva y significativa con cada uno de los tres factores que componen el desempeño organizacional. La investigación realizada puede influir en el diseño de posteriores modelos estratégicos que auxilien a los estrategas en la dirección estratégica organizacional. Asimismo, para los gestores de políticas públicas podría constituir un referente empírico inicial para la creación de políticas proactivas enfocadas en el fortalecimiento de la competitividad estatal. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL L21, L25, M10

ABSTRACT The purpose of this work is to empirically determine the relationship between structural capital (SC) and organizational performance in the state ofTamaulipas. The study is quantitative, correlational in scope with a transversal design. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) research techniques and Spearman's Rho correlation were used. 253 surveys were applied in person and online. A two-factor structure was determined for the EC (I. formal structure and human development process and 2. innovative culture) and three factors for organizational performance (I. financial performance [FP], 2. operational performance [OP], and 3. market performance [MP]). It was found that both factors of the SC have a positive and significant association with each of the three factors that make up the organizational performance. The research carried out can influence the design of subsequent strategic models that help strategists in the strategic organizational direction. Likewise, for public policy managers it could constitute an initial empirical reference for the creation of proactive policies focused on strengthening state competitiveness. JEL CLASSIFICATION L21, L25, M10

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar empiricamente a relação entre capital estrutural (SC) e desempenho organizacional no estado de Tamaulipas. O estudo é quantitativo, com um escopo correlacional com um desenho transversal. Foram utilizadas técnicas de pesquisa de análise de fatores exploratórios (AFE) e correlação de Spearman's Rho. Um total de 253 inquéritos foram aplicados de forma presencial e online. Foi determinada uma estrutura de dois fatores para a CE (I. estrutura formal e processo de desenvolvimento humano e 2. cultura inovadora) e uma estrutura de três fatores para o desempenho organizacional (I. desempenho financeiro [DF], 2. desempenho operacional [DO], e 3. desempenho de mercado [DM]). Ambos estes factores da CE foram considerados como tendo uma associação positiva e significativa com cada um dos três factores que compõem o desempenho organizacional. A pesquisa realizada pode influenciar o desenho de modelos estratégicos subsequentes que auxiliem os estrategistas na direção estratégica da organização. Da mesma forma, para os gestores de políticas públicas poderia constituir uma referência empírica inicial para a criação de políticas proactivas centradas no reforço da competitividade do Estado. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL L21, L25, M10

Molecular detection of Rickettsia species in ticks collected in the Mexico-USA transboundary region.

Zoonotic tick-borne diseases, including those caused by Rickettsia species, continue to have serious consequences for public health worldwide. One such disease that has emerged as a major problem in several countries of the American continent is the Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) caused by the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii. Several tick species are capable of transmitting R. rickettsia, including Amblyomma cajennense, A. aureolatum, A. imitator, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor andersoni, D. variabilis and possibly A. americanum. Despite previous reports in Mexico linking new outbreaks of RMSF to the presence of these tick species, no robust measures have tackled transmission. In the present study, we amplified R. rickettsii from 109 test DNA samples extracted from ticks collected from several animals and humans of Tamaulipas, Mexico, between November 2015 and December 2017. Our analysis revealed the presence of R. rickettsii in six samples and these findings contribute to a spatial distribution map that is intended to minimize the risk of transmission to humans.

Genetic diversity of HLA system in two populations from Tamaulipas, Mexico: Ciudad Victoria and rural Tamaulipas.

We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 148 Mexicans from the state of Tamaulipas living in Ciudad Victoria (N = 23) and rural communities (N = 125), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We found that the most frequent haplotypes in the state of Tamaulipas include ten Native American, three European and one African haplotypes. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in the state of Tamaulipas are Native American (54.69 ±â€¯0.93% by ML; 47.65% of Native American haplotypes) and European (34.66 ±â€¯5.62% by ML; 33.56% of European haplotypes), and a relatively high African genetic component (10.65 ±â€¯5.05% by ML; 12.42% of African haplotypes).

Current knowledge on Mexican tardigrades with a description of Milnesium cassandrae sp. nov. (Eutardigrada: Milnesiidae) and discussion on the taxonomic value of dorsal pseudoplates in the genus Milnesium Doyère, 1840.

Mexico is a megadiverse country, however its tardigrade fauna is poorly known and to date 44 species have been reported from this region. In the present paper, an update of the reported Mexican tardigrades is presented, increasing the number of recorded tardigrades to 55 species (11 new records). Moreover, we describe Milnesium cassandrae sp. nov. from State of Nuevo León in northern Mexico. The new species is most similar to Mil. krzysztofi Kaczmarek Michalczyk, 2007 and Mil. beasleyi Kaczmarek, Jakubowska Michalczyk, 2012, but it differs from them mainly by details of the dorsal sculpture and some morphometric characters. We also discuss the taxonomic value of a recently described feature, 'pseudoplates', for differentiating the taxa within the genus Milnesium Doyère, 1840. [Zoobank URL: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0684AE18-0510-4F7B-B75D-AE5177FBF2A2].

Las redes sociales como factor criminógeno de la venta ilegal de especies en Tamaulipas (México): el caso de Facebook / Social media as a criminogenic factor for the illegal sale of species in Tamaulipas (Mexico): the case of Facebook

RESUMEN Las redes sociales, como Facebook, son herramientas útiles para el comercio, por lo que la venta ilegal de animales y plantas, siendo el tercer mayor comercio ilegal del mundo, está aprovechando este nuevo mecanismo para la compraventa y distribución ilegal de especies amenazadas, en peligro de extinción o sin procedencia legal, en el estado de Tamaulipas, con una ventaja considerable, la de no poder iniciar un proceso legal in situ. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el uso activo de Facebook como factor criminógeno en la compra y venta de flora y fauna enlistadas en categorías de riesgo o que no hayan sido adquiridas de manera legal y sostenible, de acuerdo a la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, en Tamaulipas, México. Se realizó la búsqueda digital de las páginas de Facebook que se dedican a la venta de especies en la zona sur, centro y norte del estado, durante el periodo de enero a noviembre 2016. Mediante un método mixto de carácter retrospectivo, se analizó la venta ilegal de especies, como parte de la criminodinámica de una conducta antisocial que contraviene el patrimonio colectivo y el bien común. Se encontró que se movieron $ 176 260 del comercio ilegal en esta red en el periodo estudiado: la zona norte con un 96 % de la participación económica, seguida por la zona sur con un 3 %, y por último la zona centro, con el 1 %. La utilización de la perspectiva criminológica permitió establecer la criminodinámica existente en el comercio ilegal de especies, a través de las redes sociales. Este conocimiento puede servir a las autoridades correspondientes para fincar responsabilidades legales a los participantes, así como para impartir educación ambiental y orientación a la población, para no verse involucrado en delitos del fuero común y federal.

ABSTRACT Social media platforms such as Facebook are useful tools for trade. However, the illegal sale of animals and plants, which is the third biggest illegal trade in the world, is taking advantage of this new mechanism of illegal sale and distribution of threatened or illegal species in the state of Tamaulipas mainly due to the lack of legal proceedings to prosecute violators in situ. The objective of this study was to determine the active use of Facebook as a criminogenic factor in the buying and selling of flora and fauna species that have been either listed as endangered in the Mexican Official norm NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 or not acquired legally and sustainably in Tamaulipas, Mexico. The digital search of the Facebook pages dedicated to the sale of species in the southern, central and northern areas of the state was carried out during the period from January to November 2016. Through a mixed retrospective method, the illegal sale of species as part of the criminodynamics of antisocial behavior that violates the collective heritage and the common good was analyzed. It was found that more than $ 176 260 were earned through illegal trade in this platform during the period under study: the Northern Zone with 96 % of the economic participation, followed by the Sout-hern Zone with 3 %, and finally the Central Zone with the 1 %. The use of a criminogenic perspective has enabled us to characterize the existing criminodynamics in the illegal trade of species through social media platforms. This knowledge can help the corresponding authorities develop legal initiatives to be able to prosecute violators. Similarly, the knowledge generated here can also be used to develop environmental education programs that can prevent the population from getting involved in either local or federal crimes.

Interacciones temporales y espaciales de mesocarnívoros simpátricos en una Reserva de la Biosfera: ¿coexistencia o competencia? / Temporal and spatial interactions of sympatric mesocarnivores at a Biosphere Reserve: coexistence or competition?

Resumen Las interacciones interespecíficas entre especies de mesocarnívoros tropicales han sido poco estudiadas, a pesar de tener implicaciones importantes en la supervivencia, estructura, demografía, y distribución de estas especies. En este estudio se analizaron las interacciones espacio-temporales de tres mesocarnívoros simpátricos que se encuentran en el límite Noreste de su distribución geográfica en México, con el objetivo de determinar si estas especies coexisten o compiten. Con un periodo de muestreo de enero 2015 a diciembre 2016 y con un total de 26 estaciones de trampeo equipadas con dos trampas-cámara puestas frente a frente y ubicadas en caminos y veredas dentro de los diferentes tipos de vegetación que presenta la Reserva de la Biosfera El Cielo, se determinó el patrón de actividad y uso de hábitat de L. wiedii (margay), L. pardalis (ocelote) y P. yagouaroundi (yaguarundi). Las fotografías independientes de cada especie se agruparon en tres categorías temporales (día, noche y crepúsculo) y en seis categorías espaciales (tipo de vegetación) para el uso del hábitat; Bosque de Encino, Bosque de Pino Encino, Bosque de Encino Pino, Bosque Mesófilo de Montaña, Selva Baja Caducifolia y Selva Mediana. El solapamiento entre especies (o interacciones) temporales y espaciales se obtuvieron con el índice de Czekanowski y el índice de Pianka, respectivamente. Estos índices son simétricos y toman valores de cero a uno, donde los resultados cercanos a cero indican que no hay solapamiento entre especies y los valores cercanos o con valor de uno indican solapamiento. Se obtuvieron un total de 379 fotografías independientes, de las cuales 239 correspondieron al margay, 118 a ocelote y 22 para el yaguarundi. Se documentó que el margay y el ocelote fueron nocturnos, más del 80 % de sus registros se presentaron en esta categoría y fueron también los que mostraron un solapamiento temporal alto (0.85), en contraste, el yaguarundi fue una especie con actividad totalmente diurna, lo que muestra que probablemente coexiste con las otras dos especies. El yaguarundi utilizó tipos de hábitat similares al ocelote y al margay (con un solapamiento de 0.81 y 0.72, respectivamente), mientras que el solapamiento espacial entre el margay y el ocelote fue intermedio (0.53), debido a que utilizaron distintos tipos de hábitat en la mayoría de los casos. Los resultados indican que no hay competencia interespecífica entre las especies de mesocarnívoros tropicales de este estudio, esto probablemente se debe a las interacciones antagonistas que exhiben entre ellos ya sea en el eje temporal o espacial. Estas estrategias pueden favorecer positivamente a las poblaciones de estos mesocarnívoros, los cuales se caracterizan por tener un comportamiento territorial alto.

Abstract Interspecific interactions among tropical mesocarnivorous species and other mammalian trophic guilds have been poorly studied, despite they have important implications in the survival, structure, demography, and distribution of these species. In this study we analyzed spatio-temporal interactions of three sympatric mesocarnivores that are located in the Northeastern limit of their geographic distribution in Mexico, with the objective of analyzing if these species coexist or compete in the axis of the temporal and spatial niche. With a sampling period from January 2015 to December 2016 and 26 camera-trapping stations (with in a set of two camera traps opposite to each other) and located along roads and animal trails, we determined the activity pattern and habitat use of L. wiedii (margay), L. pardalis (ocelote) y P. yagouaroundi (yaguarundi). All independent photographs of each species were grouped into three temporal categories (day, night and twilight) and six habitat categories; Oak Forest, Oak-Pine Forest, Cloud Forest, Pine-Oak Forest, Tropical Deciduous Forest and Medium Forest. Temporal and spatial overlap between species (i.e. interactions) was obtained with the Czekanowski index and the Pianka index, respectively. These indices are symmetrical and take values from zero to one, where the results close to zero indicate that there is no overlap between species and values close to one indicate overlap. We obtained a total of 379 independent photographs, of which 239 corresponded to margay, 118 to ocelot and 22 to yaguarundi. Margay and ocelot were nocturnal, with 75 % of their records in this category showing a high temporal overlap (0.85); whereas yaguarundi was fully diurnal, suggesting it may be able to coexist with the other two species (margay and ocelot). Moreover, the yaguarundi used habitat similar to ocelot and margay (with high spatial overlap of 0.81 and 0.72, respectively), while the spatial overlap between the margay and ocelot was intermediate (0.53), since they used in most cases different habitat types. Our results suggest that there is no interspecific competition among these tropical mesocarnivorous species, probably due to antagonistic interactions among them on the temporal and spatial axis. These strategies may positively favor populations of mesocarnivores, which are characterized by having a high territorial behavior. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 996-1008. Epub 2018 September 01.

Evaluación de los cultivos acuícolas en Tamaulipas, México / Evaluation of aquaculture farming in Tamaulipas, Mexico

RESUMEN El desarrollo acuícola en Tamaulipas se ha basado en experiencias de otros estados con cultivos acuícolas de las mismas especies, y ha estado supeditado a las estrategias y a los programas de apoyo del gobierno mexicano. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la viabilidad económica y financiera de los cultivos de camarón blanco del Pacífico (Litopenaeus vannamei), tilapia (Oreochromis spp.), bagre de canal (Ictalurus punctatus) y ostión americano (Crassostrea virginica) a pequeña y mediana escala, y su posible sinergia con los programas de gobierno, orientados a apoyar la acuicultura en México. Se realizaron análisis financieros para los cultivos mencionados con base en estadísticas proporcionadas por CONAPESCA. Para el caso de camarón y bagre, los análisis se ajustaron utilizando los resultados de encuestas a productores de estas especies; a través de entrevistas se identificaron las posibles fuentes de financiamiento de los programas gubernamentales. Se determinó que parte de las estrategias gubernamentales buscan apoyar actividades de microescala, beneficiando a personas con niveles de ingreso menores a cinco salarios mínimos y de activos por debajo de los US$ 10 000. Sin embargo, los resultados no parecen ser adecuados, ya que a la fecha no se tienen registros de producción acuícola de ninguna microempresa de dicho estrato socioeconómico. Además, se encontró que los apoyos son exclusivamente para las inversiones en activos fijos a cultivos con altas necesidades de capital de trabajo, propiciando inoperancia por falta de recursos en el sector socioeconómico más vulnerable. Con las técnicas de cultivo analizadas en este trabajo, el cultivo de ostión representa una opción adecuada para los sectores socioeconómicos bajo y medio (pequeño escalamiento) en el estado, mientras que para el sector socioeconómico alto, además del cultivo de ostión, se pueden considerar los cultivos de bagre y camarón que requieren mayores inversiones en capital de trabajo.

ABSTRACT Aquaculture development in Tamaulipas has been based on aquaculture farming experiences of other Mexican states and has been subject to Mexican government programs and strategies aimed at supporting farmers. The main objective of this study was to determine the economic and financial feasibility of small and medium scale Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), tilapia (Oreochromis spp.), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and american oyster (Crassostrea virginica) products as well as possible synergies with government programs aimed at supporting Mexican aquaculture. Based on statistics developed by CONAPESCA, financial analyses for such products were carried out. In regards to the shrimp and catfish, their analyses were adjusted taking into consideration survey data from farmers of these species. In addition to this, interview data were used to identify possible sources of funding from government programs. It was determined that one portion of government strategies are focused on micro-scale activities, benefitting people with incomes below five times the minimum wage in Mexico, and who have assets of below US$ 10 000. However, the results have not been positive and to date there is no aquaculture production on record for any microscale business from the aforementioned socioeconomic segment. Furthermore, it was found that this support would be exclusively granted towards supporting investments in fixed assetsfor aquaculture farms with high working capital needs, promoting the development of farms that cannot be operated due to lack of resources in this vulnerable socioeconomic segment. With the culture techniques analyzed in this study, oyster farming could be an appropriate option for the development of aquaculture in the state's low and medium socioeconomic segments, while shrimp, catfish and oyster farming could be successful options for the high socioeconomic segment.

El jaguar Panthera onca (Carnivora: Felidae) en la Reserva de la Biosfera "El Cielo", Tamaulipas, México / The jaguar Panthera onca (Carnivora: Felidae) in "El Cielo" Biosphere Reserve, Tamaulipas, Mexico

Resumen:Existe poca información acerca de la ecología del jaguar (Panthera onca) para la Reserva de la Biosfera El Cielo, en el Estado de Tamaulipas, México. Los trabajos con los que se cuenta se limitan a experiencias anecdóticas y pocas publicaciones. Los objetivos de la presente investigación fueron: a) determinar la estructura y densidad poblacional del jaguar, b) analizar sus patrones de actividad y su traslape temporal con el puma (Puma concolor), c) determinar las abundancias de presas potenciales, y d) evaluar los daños por depredación en animales domésticos en el Municipio de Gómez Farías. Entre abril 2013 y abril 2014 se colocaron cámaras trampa con un esfuerzo de muestreo de 8 580 días cámaras trampa. Adicionalmente, se aplicaron 136 encuestas semi-estructuradas entre residentes de las comunidades del municipio de Gómez Farías y Llera con el objeto de recabar información sobre daños en animales domésticos por ataques de jaguar y otros carnívoros silvestres. Se identificaron ocho individuos de jaguar; cuatro hembras adultas, una hembra juvenil, dos machos adultos y un macho juvenil. La densidad estimada fue de 5.9 ± 1.3 ind/100 km². Con respecto a los patrones de actividad del jaguar y el puma, se encontró que existe un traslape en el que ambas especies mostraron un comportamiento nocturno-crepuscular. Las especies presa más abundantes fueron: Crax rubra, Cuniculus paca, Mazama temama, Odocoileus virginianus y Didelphis virginiana, mientras que las menos abundantes fueron Mephitis macroura y Procyon lotor. Los resultados de las encuestas mostraron que después de las aves de corral, los perros, los gatos y los cerdos fueron los animales de traspatio más depredados por los jaguares (n = 107). Este estudio representa el primer esfuerzo que aporta información sobre la ecología de la especie para la reserva, sin embargo, es evidente que se necesita incrementar el monitorio para determinar la situación actual de la población, generando estrategias adecuadas para su conservación. Finalmente, consideramos que la Reserva de la Biosfera "El Cielo" representa una unidad ecológicamente importante para las poblaciones de jaguares de la Sierra Madre Oriental, por la Vertiente del Golfo de México, ya que puede funcionar como un corredor biológico entre las poblaciones de San Luis Potosí y Nuevo León, México.

Abstract:Information on the ecology of jaguars (Panthera onca) in "El Cielo" Biosphere Reserve in Tamaulipas, Mexico is scant and limited to anecdotic records in a handful of publications. The objectives of our study were to: a) determine population density and structure of jaguars, b) compare their activity patterns with that of pumas (Puma concolor), c) ascertain potential prey relative abundance, and d) evaluate local resident's perception on loss of domestic animals due to jaguar predation. Between April 2013 and April 2014 we conducted camera trapping in Gomez Farias Township with a total sampling effort of 8 580 camera trap days. Besides, we completed 136 semi-structured interviews among local residents of Gomez Farias and Llera Townships to gather information on domestic animal losses attributed to jaguars and other carnivores. We identified eight different jaguar individuals during a complete year of camera-trapping, composed of four adult females, one juvenile female, two adult males and one juvenile male. We estimated a jaguar density of 5.9 ± 1.3 jaguars/100 km². Activity patterns for jaguars and pumas were similar as both were nocturnal and crepuscular in nature. The most abundant potential prey species for jaguars in the study site were Crax rubra, Cuniculus paca, Mazama temama, Odocoileus virginianus and Didelphis virginiana; while the rarest were Mephitis macroura and Procyon lotor. Interview results suggested that chickens, dogs, and house cats were the most consumed domestic animals from all reported losses by local residents (n= 107). This study represents the first attempt to describe jaguar ecology in "El Cielo" Biosphere Reserve; however, there is a need of additional monitoring efforts to determine the current status of jaguars in a larger area in order to establish conservation strategies. Finally, this jaguar population may have an important role in maintaining the species in the Sierra Madre Oriental biological corridor connecting populations in Nuevo Leon and San Luis states in Northeastern Mexico. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (4): 1451-1468. Epub 2016 December 01.

Tuberculosis-diabetes epidemiology in the border and non-border regions of Tamaulipas, Mexico.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a re-emerging risk factor for TB development and adverse TB outcomes. As a follow-up of our previous study in 1998-2004, we reassessed prevalence of DM and its associated factors among 8431 TB patients using surveillance data from 2006 to 2013 for the Mexican state of Tamaulipas, across the border with Texas. Prevalence of DM was 25.2%, with an increase of at least 2.8% over the study period. Newly discovered factors associated with TB-DM (versus no DM) were lower education and higher unemployment (p < 0.001), which are reportedly associated with poorer DM management. At least 15% of the DM patients were newly-diagnosed and younger than those previously diagnosed, showing the importance of early DM diagnosis at TB clinics. TB-DM patients were more likely to have smear-positive, pulmonary (versus extra-pulmonary) and drug-resistant TB (1.9-, 3.8- and 1.4-fold, respectively). During treatment, TB-DM patients were more likely to be smear-positive, and less likely to die or abandon TB treatment. Thus, the increasing prevalence of DM among TB, and its association with low education, features of a more contagious TB, and drug resistance, highlight the need for design of TB management programs in DM patients, blood testing of all new TB patients for DM, and if positive for DM, testing for drug resistance.

Mosquito Records from Mexico: The Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Tamaulipas State.

To document the diversity and distribution of mosquito species inhabiting the Mexican state of Tamaulipas, collection trips were conducted to all physiographic regions (Grand Northamerican Plains, Coastal Plain of North Gulf, and Sierra Madre Oriental) and subregions across the state. Additionally, we re-examined mosquito specimens in two Mexican entomological collections: the Collection of Insects and Mites of Medical Importance and the Collection of Arthropods of Medical Importance. In total, 3,931 specimens were collected. These represent the two Culicidae subfamilies Anophelinae and Culicinae, 10 tribes, 17 genera, 27 subgenera, 80 named species, and 2 undescribed species. Of these, 3 tribes, 6 genera, 7 subgenera, and 20 species are new records for the mosquito fauna of Tamaulipas. Fourteen species recorded in the historical records were not found in collections made for this study. Taxonomic notes, new distribution limits, and comments about the medical importance of some of the species collected are reported.

Hábitos alimenticios y dieta invernal de Charadrius melodus (Charadriiformes: Charadriidae) en Boca Ciega, Tamaulipas, México / Food habits and winter diet of Charadrius melodus (Charadriiformes: Charadriidae) in Boca Ciega, Tamaulipas, Mexico

The Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) is a migratory endangered species that arrives, along with a great number of other winter migratory birds, to Boca Ciega every year. In spite of the importance of this ecosystem, these species, are threatened by the current habitat change caused by the dredging activities in the area. With the aim to generate new information about the importance of this area during winter, we studied C. melodus activities during the winter season in Laguna Madre, from December 2009 to March 2010. Our objectives were: 1) determine the importance of the area during winter, 2) describe C. melodus ethology, feeding substrate preferences and food items, 3) to analyze and describe the sympatric diversity associated with C. melodus. A total of ninety nine individuals were observed during the monitoring. The Cochran and Kendall test showed a high significance of the species with the substrate and signs tests using a binomial distribution that indicated a high preference for algal type of substrate. The highest activity recorded for this species during this winter season was feeding. The principal food items found in sediments were larvae of Diptera: Chironomidae and Ephydridae. The sympatric species of C. melodus were two families of Charadriiforms: Scolopacidae (nine species) and Charadriidae (two species). We concluded that this is an important area for feeding, protection and rest sites for this species, and its protection and management is recommended.

Charadrius melodus es una especie migratoria en peligro de extinción. Cada año, la Laguna Madre recibe aves migratorias invernales, incluyendo a la especie antes mencionada, sin embargo su estabilidad se encuentra amenazada por el cambio de hábitat ocasionado por el dragado que se está realizando en la zona. La falta de estudios sobre C. melodus durante el invierno en la Laguna Madre, motivó la realización del trabajo (diciembre 2009-marzo 2010). Los objetivos fueron: 1) determinar la importancia del área invernal, 2) describir la etología y preferencias de sustrato en la alimentación, 3) analizar ítems alimenticios potenciales y describir la diversidad simpátrica asociadas a C. melodus. Se observaron 99 individuos durante el muestreo. Las pruebas de Cochran y Kendall presentaron una alta significancia de la especie con un tipo de sustrato y las pruebas de signos utilizando una distribución binomial indicaron que existe una alta preferencia hacia un tipo de sustrato. La mayor actividad registrada durante el periodo de muestreo fue la de alimentación. Los recursos alimenticios encontrados en las muestras de sedimentos fueron larvas de Dípteros. Las especies simpátricas a C. melodus pertenecen al orden Charadriiformes con dos familias: Charadriidae nueve especies y Scolopacidae dos especies. Por la importancia de la zona, se recomienda proteger Boca Ciega, pues representa sitios de alimentación, protección y descanso para el Chorlo melódico.

Zoogeografía de los gasterópodos terrestres del sur de Tamaulipas, México / Terrestrial gastropods zoogeography in Southern Tamaulipas, México

Terrestrial gastropods zoogeography in Southern Tamaulipas, México. Biogeography of Mexican terrestrial mollusks is poorly known, although many studies have described some of their biological aspects. This study aimed to contribute with new information on the distribution of terrestrial mollusks in this region of high altitudinal, topographic and climatic variations of Southern Tamaulipas State, México. For this, terrestrial gastropods were surveyed from December 1990 to November 2006. A total of 525 samples were obtained from 121 localities, characterized with different vegetation types. The primary zoogeographical feature was the presence of many endemic taxa, with 45 species or subspecies, representing the 43%, the highest value for Northeastern México. In addition, a total of 24 species (23%), were of Neotropical and Neartic distributions, and 15 species or subspecies (14%) exhibited Neotropical distributions. Furthermore, the family Spiraxidae showed the largest number of endemic species, with 17 species and two subspecies, and had the largest number of endemic species (27) for Northeastern México.

La biogeografía de los moluscos terrestres mexicanos es pobremente conocida. Entre diciembre 1990 y noviembre 2006 se estudiaron los gasterópodos terrestres de la región sur del estado de Tamaulipas, México. Esta región posee una gran variación altitudinal, topográfica y climática. Los muestreos (525) fueron obtenidos en 121 localidades en diferentes tipos de vegetación. La principal característica zoogeográfica fue el endemismo, con 45 especies o subespecies (43% de la malacofauna, el valor más alto se dio en el noreste de México). Además, un total de 24 especies (23%) tuvo una distribución neotropical y neártica, y 15 especies o subespecies (14%) una distribución exclusivamente neotropical. La familia Spiraxidae fue la que presentó mayor endemismo (17 especies y dos subespecies). Esta familia tiene el mayor número de especies endémicas (27) en el noreste de México.

New species and records of ortholasmatine harvestmen from México, Honduras, and the western United States (Opiliones, Nemastomatidae, Ortholasmatinae).

The genus Trilasma Goodnight & Goodnight, 1942 is reinstated for Mexican ortholasmatines, and Cladolasma Suzuki, 1963 is reinstated for two species from Japan and Thailand, Cladolasma parvula Suzuki, comb. n. and Cladolasma angka (Schwendinger & Gruber), comb. n. Eight new species in the subfamily Ortholasmatinae Shear & Gruber, 1983 are described, as follows: Ortholasma colossussp. n. is from California, Trilasma tempestadosp. n., Trilasma hidalgosp. n., Trilasma trispinosumsp. n., Trilasma ranchonuevosp. n., Trilasma petersprouseisp. n. and Trilasma chipinquensis, sp. n. are from México, and Trilasma tropicumsp. n. from Honduras, the farthest south for a dyspnoan harvestman in the New World. A new distribution record for Martensolasma jocheni Shear 2006 is given. The recently described Upper Cretaceous amber fossil Halitherses grimaldii Giribet & Dunlop 2005 is not a member of the Ortholasmatinae, but is likely a troguloidean of an undiagnosed family.