RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The aims of the study were to investigate if feline middle ear anatomy can be visualized using endoscopy via a lateral bulla approach and to determine if scope-assistance increases rates of successful entry into the hypotympanum during feline total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy (TECA-LBO). METHODS: A total of 13 feline cadaver heads underwent CT to confirm the absence of pre-existing middle ear disease. For each head, an electronic coin toss was used to determine which ear would undergo endoscope-assisted TECA-LBO; a traditional TECA-LBO without the use of the scope was performed on the contralateral side. In endoscope-assisted procedures, a 1.9 mm scope was intermittently inserted into the tympanic bulla via a lateral bulla approach and used to identify middle ear structures, visualize the bony septum and confirm entry into the hypotympanum. After the bilateral TECA-LBO, the cadaver heads were imaged again and assessed for evidence of entry through the septum. RESULTS: Soft tissue and osseus structures of the middle ear were readily visualized with a 1.9 mm scope. Success rates for entry into the hypotympanum were high between both endoscope-assisted and traditional procedures, with entry confirmed for 12/13 ears in each group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Endoscope assistance can facilitate the identification and examination of middle ear structures but does not appear to increase the success rate of entry into the hypotympanum during feline TECA-LBO, as entry through the bony septum was consistently accomplished even without scope-assisted visualization. Alternative benefits to scope assistance may exist, and future studies to elucidate its impact on rates of intraoperative trauma to middle ear structures are indicated.
Assuntos
Vesícula , Doenças do Gato , Gatos/cirurgia , Animais , Vesícula/veterinária , Endoscopia/veterinária , Cadáver , Osteotomia/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças do Gato/cirurgiaRESUMO
Haloanisoles in wine have devastating effects on the aroma and quality of the wine. 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA) was discovered and coined as "cork taint" in 1982. However, we now understand that there are many more haloanisoles that contribute to these musty odors, including 2,4,6-Tribromoanisiole (TBA), 2,3,4,6-tetrachloroanisole (TeCA), and pentachloroanisole (PCA). While TCA, TeCA, and PCA can all be traced back to the cork, TBA's phenol precursor is ubiquitous in building material as a fire retardant, making it a much larger vector. All haloanisoles have the ability to aerosolize and resettle onto surfaces in the winery, making this a very difficult problem to eliminate. This literature review will cover the multiple haloanisoles found in wine, their sensory impacts, their effect on wine quality, and current methodologies with regard to their analysis.
RESUMO
RESUMEN Para comparar en los folículos preovulatorios de hembras bovinas de las razas Brahman (Br) y Romosinuano (RS) el desarrollo de los diferentes componentes foliculares, como el tamaño del antro folicular, el grosor y el volumen ocupado por la capa de células de la granulosa (CG) y de la teca interna (TI), y su posible relación con el desarrollo del cuerpo lúteo (CL) y la producción de progesterona P4, se utilizaron 5 hembras de la raza RS y 5 de la raza Br. A estas se les realizó seguimiento ecográfico durante 2 ciclos estrales y se les efectuó muestreo de suero sanguíneo para determinar por Elisa los niveles de P4. En el tercer estro se les extirpó el ovario que contenía el folículo preovulatorio y se realizó un corte diametral sobre el estigma del folículo para seccionarlo en 2 partes iguales. En una de las partes se hicieron cortes histológicos y se determinó la morfometría folicular. La duración del ciclo estral en las hembras de la raza Br osciló entre 18 y 21 días, con promedio de 19,9 ± 1,6 días, y en las vacas RS entre 18 y 24 días, con un promedio 21,2 ± 1,69 días. La duración del estro fue de 13,9 ± 6,98 y 9,60 ± 4,72 h para las razas RS y Br, respectivamente. El intervalo estro-ovulación fue de 21,20 ± 5,07 h para los animales de la raza Br y de 24,40 ± 6,43 para los RS. No se registraron diferencias entre razas ni en el grosor (RS: 55,12 ± 6,46 μm vs. Br: 49,48 ± 17,07 μm), p > 0,05, tampoco en el volumen ocupado por la capa de CG (RS: 27,93 ± 6,11 mm1 vs. Br: 25,40 ± 13,85 mm3) de los folículos preovulatorios p < 0,05, en el grosor (RS: 122,50 ± 20,53 μm vs. Br: 129,61 ± 84,85 μm) o en el volumen (RS: 64,97 ± 19,71 mm1 vs. Br: 59,83 ± 25,67 mm3) de las células de la TI. El máximo desarrollo de los CL para la totalidad de las hembras se alcanzó el día 12,6 ± 4,05 (día 0 = estro), con un diámetro promedio de 22,92 ± 3,60 mm. Para las de la raza RS el diámetro máximo fue 23,06 ± 3,9 mm y se observó en promedio el día 14,88 ± 3,4. Para las de la raza Br fue el día 10,00 ± 3,16 con un promedio de 22,75 ± 3,16 mm. En ese día, la concentración media de P4 fue de 5,37 ± 1,38 ng/ml para la raza RS y 5,74 ± 0,89 ng/ml para la raza Br. No se presentaron diferencias significativas entre razas (p > 0,05). Se concluyó que no existen diferencias en los eventos fisiológicos estudiados entre las razas RS y Br. Los hallazgos del presente estudio, sin duda, pueden servir de base para futuros análisis en los bovinos residentes en el trópico.
ABSTRACT To compare in the preovulatory follicles of bovine females of the Brahman (Br) and Romosinuano (RS) breeds the development of the different follicular components, such as the size of the follicular antrum, the thickness and volume occupied by the granulosa (CG) and theca interna cells (TI) layers and their possible relationships with the development of the corpus luteum (CL) and progesterone (P4) production, 5 RS and 5 Br females were used; ultrasound follow-up was performed during 2 estrous cycles and blood serum sampling was carried out to determine progesterone (P4) levels by Elisa, at the third estrus, the ovary containing the preovulatory follicle was removed, and a diametral cut was made on the stigma of the follicle to divide it into 2 equal parts. Histological sections were made of one of the parts and follicular morphometry was determined. Duration of the estrous cycle in Br females ranged between 18 and 21 days, with an average of 19,9 ± 1,6 days and between 18 and 24 with an average of 21,2 ± 1,69 days for RS cows. Estrus duration was 13,9 ± 6,98 and 9,60 ± 4,72 h for RS and Br breeds, respectively. The estrus-ovulation interval was 21,20 ± 5,07 h for the Br breed animals and 24,40 ± 6,43 RS. There were no differences between breeds or in thickness (RS: 55,12 ± 6,46 μm vs. Br: 49,48 ± 17,07 μm) p > 0,05, nor in the volume occupied by the granulosa cells layer (RS: 27,93 ± 6,11 mm3 vs. Br: 25,40 ± 13,85 mm3) of pre-ovulatory follicles; neither in the thickness (RS: 122,50 ± 20,53 vs. Br: 129,61 ± 84,85 μm) nor in the volume (RS: 64,97 ± 19,71 mm3 vs. Br: 59,83 ± 25,67 mm3) of the internal theca cells; p < 0,05. The maximum CL development for all the females was observed on day 12,6 ± 4,05 (day 0 = estrus), with an average diameter of 22,92 ± 3,60 mm. For those of the RS breed the maximum diameter was observed on average on day 14,88 ± 3,4, with 23,06 ± 3,9 mm, while for those of the Br breed it was day 10,00 ± 3,16 with an average diameter of 22,75 ± 3,16 mm; at this time the mean progesterone concentration was 5,37 ± 1,38 ng/ml for the RS breed and 5,74 ± 0,89 ng/ml for the Br breed. There were no significant differences between breeds (p-value: 0,5561). It was concluded that there are no differences in the physiological events studied between the studied breeds. Present results, undoubtedly, might serve as basis to future studies in bovines in tropical zones.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Reprodução , Células Tecais , Bovinos , Corpo Lúteo , Células da Granulosa , Progesterona , Ecossistema Tropical , Ciclo Estral , Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa , Soro , Grupos Raciais , Folículo OvarianoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The study hypotheses were as follows: (1) owing to the unique anatomy of the feline middle ear, the hypotympanum would be entered in less than 100% of cats during total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomies (TECA-LBOs); and (2) incomplete penetration of the septum and subsequent failure to enter the hypotympanum is more likely to occur in surgeries performed by a novice surgeon when compared with an experienced surgeon and may be under-recognized. METHODS: Head CT was performed in 12 feline cadavers to confirm absence of gross ear disease. A novice surgeon and an experienced surgeon were randomly assigned to perform TECA-LBO on the left or right ear. Surgeons were blinded to each other's surgical technique. CT of cadavers was performed after the procedure. Successful penetration of the septum, entry into the hypotympanic cavity and amount of bone removed in bulla osteotomy, quantified via CT, were compared between the novice surgeon and experienced surgeon. RESULTS: The novice surgeon entered the hypotympanum in 3/12 (25%) procedures, compared with 9/12 (75%) procedures performed by the experienced surgeon. The experienced surgeon performed a larger osteotomy than the novice surgeon (3301 mm vs 1376 mm, P <0.0023). Regardless of surgeon experience, more bone was removed in surgeries in which the hypotympanum was entered. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Our results underscore the need for familiarity with feline middle ear anatomy when performing TECA-LBOs. Postoperative CT is recommended for novice surgeons to confirm entry into the hypotympanum.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato , Otite Externa , Otite Média , Animais , Vesícula/veterinária , Gatos , Meato Acústico Externo/cirurgia , Orelha Média/cirurgia , Osteotomia/veterinária , Otite Externa/veterinária , Otite Média/veterináriaRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Production of Tectona grandis (teak) in integrated systems with livestock or agriculture demonstrates high potential of financial return. However, studies on the development of teak are still scarce, especially in the northern region state of Mato Grosso. In this study we sought to evaluate dendometric variables of a clonal population of teak in a forest-livestock integration system (LFIS), during a period of 53 months in the city of Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brazil. For this purpose, three installments were samples, a total of 360 individuals, and for each the diameter was measured at 1.3 meters from the base so as to calculate the total volume, the current annual increment (CAI) and mean annual increment (MAI), and five adjusted regression models. The Hoerl model provided the highest adjusted coefficient of determination (R2aj), lowest standard error of estimate (Syx), coefficient of variation (CV %), and from this the growth curves were developed. Clonal stands of teakin the forest-livestock system presented increases in DBH, height and volume were superior in relation to other scientific studies with teak, indicating their viability in integrated systems with pastures in the region.
RESUMO: A produção de madeira de Tectona grandis (teca) em sistemas integrados com pecuária ou agricultura demonstra alta perspectiva de retorno financeiro. Entretanto, estudos sobre o desenvolvimento da teca ainda são escassos, principalmente na região norte de Mato Grosso. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento das variáveis dendrométricos de um povoamento clonal de teca, em um sistema silvipastoril (iPF), ao longo de 53 meses, no município de Alta Floresta-MT, Brasil. Para isso, foram amostradas três parcelas, totalizando 360 indivíduos, sendo que em cada indivíduo foi mensurado o diâmetro a 1,3 m do solo e altura total. Em seguida realizou-se o cálculo do volume. Para descrever o crescimento da variável diâmetro, altura total e volume foi realizado o ajuste através de cinco modelos matemáticos que expressam o crescimento ao longo do tempo. Posteriormente, foram calculados o incremento corrente anual (ICA) e incremento médio anual (IMA). O modelo de Hoerl apresentou melhores resultados de R²aj, obteve menores valores para o erro padrão de estimativa (Syx) e para o CV%, com isso, foi selecionado para a elaboração das curvas de crescimento. O povoamento clonal de teca no iPF apresentou incremento em DAP, Altura e volume foram superiores em relação a outros estudos científicos com teca, indicando sua viabilidade em sistemas integrados com pastagens na região.
RESUMO
This study was designed to investigate the effect of 3D TECA hydrogel on the inflammatory-induced senescence marker, and to assess the influence of the gel on the periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) migration in wound healing in vitro. PDLFs were cultured with 20 ng/ml TNF-α to induce inflammation in the presence and absence of 50 µM 3D TECA gel for 14 d. The gel effect on the senescence maker secretory associated-ß-galactosidase (SA-ß-gal) activity was measured by a histochemical staining. Chromatin condensation and DNA synthesis of the cells were assessed by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine fluorescent staining respectively. For evaluating fibroblasts migration, scratch wound healing assay and Pro-Plus Imaging software were used. The activity of senescence marker, SA-ß-gal, was positive in the samples with TNF-α-induced inflammation. SA-ß-gal percentage is suppressed (>65%, P < 0.05) in the treated cells with TECA gel as compared to the non-treated cells. Chromatin foci were obvious in the non-treated samples. DNA synthesis was markedly recognized by the fluorescent staining in the treated compared to non-treated cultures. Scratch wound test indicated that the cells migration rate was significantly higher (14.9 µm2/h, P < 0.05) in the treated versus (11 µm2/h) for control PDLFs. The new formula of 3D TECA suppresses the inflammatory-mediated cellular senescence and enhanced fibroblasts proliferation and migration. Therefore, 3D TECA may be used as an adjunct to accelerate repair and healing of periodontal tissues.
RESUMO
The influence of different factors on shoot proliferation and the occurrence of hyperhydricity in teak (Tectona grandis L.) have been studied. Four concentrations of BA (2.22, 4.44, 6.66 and 8.88 µM) and a control treatment with 0 BA were examined. Aiming at reducing the costs during commercial propagation by using gelrite in stead of agar, the use of both gelling agent in the proliferation and hyperhydricity was tested. In order to evaluate if hyperhydricity can be reduced by increasing the gelrite concentration in the culture medium, three concentrations (2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 g L-1) were tested in combination with 4.44 µM BA. The proliferation and occurrence of hyperhydricity during 21 successive subcultures were evaluated. The highest proliferation was achieved in the treatments with 6.66 or 8.88 µM BA. They yielded 5.22 and 5.56 shoots/explant, respectively. But also, the highest percent of hyperhydric shoots was achieved in this treatment. Gelrite resulted in a higher proliferation, but also an almost two times higher hyperhydricity as compared to agar-solidified media. Satisfactory reduction in hyperhydricity (18%) was achieved with 3.0 g L-1 gelrite. However, the successive subcultures onto proliferation in this treatment favored hyperhydricity compromising shoot quality and it´s competence to proliferate. in vitro teak plants were ex vitro rooted and then transferred to greenhouse conditions for acclimatization; ten weeks after transfer they were ready for field plantation.
Se estudió la influencia de diferentes factores en la proliferación y la ocurrencia de la hiperhidricidad in teca (Tectona grandis L.). Se probaron cuatro concentraciones de BA (2,22; 4,44; 6,66 and 8,88 µM) y un control sin BA. Con el objetivo de reducir los costos durante la propagación comercial se experimentó sustituir el agar por el gelrite, para lo cual se estudió en efecto de ambos gelificantes en la proliferación y la hiperhidricidad de los brotes. Se estudiaron, tres concentraciones de gelrite (2,0; 2,5 and 3,0 g L-1) combinadas con 4,44 µM BA, con el objetivo de evaluar si la hiperhidricidad podía ser reducida incrementando la concentración de gelrite. Se evaluó la proliferación de brotes y la ocurrencia de la hiperhidricidad durante 21 subcultivos. Se logró una alta proliferación de brotes en los tratamientos con 6,66 y 8,88 µM BA (5,22 y 5,56 brotes), pero el porcentaje de brotes hiperhídricos también se incrementó. El gelrite resultó en una alta proliferación de brotes, pero con mayor incidencia de la hiperhidricidad que el medio gelificado con agar. Se obtuvo una reducción satisfactoria de la hiperhidricidad (18%), cuando la concentración de gelrite se incrementó hasta 3,0 g L-1. No obstante, la multiplicación de los brotes en este tratamiento más allá del 11no subcultivo favoreció la hiperhidricidad, lo que afectó la calidad de los brotes y su competencia para la proliferación. Las plantas fueron enraizadas ex vitro, transferidas a condiciones de invernadero para su aclimatización y diez semanas después de la transferencia estaban listas para la plantación en campo.
Assuntos
Agricultura Florestal , Células TecaisRESUMO
A ferrugem da teca, causada pelo fungo Olivea tectonae, foi constatada no estado do Mato Grosso em 2009, no município de Sinop e nos anos seguintes foi observada em outras regiões do estado. A doença causa manchas necróticas nas folhas da planta, que correspondem aos urediniósporos localizados abaixo da epiderme das folhas e, quando em grande intensidade, levam a desfolha precoce da planta. As plantas desfolhadas ficam debilitadas, o que afeta a produção de madeira. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (i) avaliar a influência da concentração e do fotoperíodo na germinação de urediniósporos de O. tectonae; (ii) avaliar a influência da temperatura de armazenamento dos urediniósporos, coletados de folhas caídas e de folhas ainda nas plantas, na germinação destes esporos. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os maiores níveis de germinação foram na concentração de 6,25 x 104 esporos mL-1 exposto à luz constante por 24 horas (92,75%). Porém quando submetidos ao escuro absoluto, houve germinação de 91,31%, o que significa que esporos de O. tectonae podem germinar na presença e na ausência de luz. Verificou-se que a percentagem de germinação foi maior nos esporos coletados de folhas ainda na planta e armazenados a temperatura de -2°C.
The teak rust, caused by the fungi Olivea tectonae, was found for the first time in Mato Grosso in 2009, in Sinop city and in the next years it was observed in another regions of the state. The pathology cause necrotics spots in plant leaves, that correspond to the urediniospores located below the leaves epidermis and, when they occurs in high intensity, lead to premature defoliation of the plant. The defoliated plants get weakened, what affects the wood production. The objectives of this work were: (i) to evaluate the influence of concentration and photoperiod in the germination of O. tectonae; (ii) to evaluate the influence of the storage temperature of urediniospores, collected from fallen leaves and leaves still on the plants, in the spores germination. The results showed that the higher levels of germination were in the concentration of 6,25 x 104 spores mL-1 exposed to constant light for 24 hours (92,75%). However, when they were submitted to total dark, there was also germination of 91,31%, what means that Olivea tectonae's spores can germinate in both the presence and absence of light. The germination percentual was higher in spores collected from leaves still in the plant and stored at a temperature of -2°C.
Assuntos
Árvores , Fotoperíodo , Lamiaceae , FungosRESUMO
O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a resistência natural da madeira de teca (Tectona grandis) a fungos e térmitas xilófagos em condições de laboratório. As árvores empregadas possuíam 15 anos de idade, provenientes de um plantio da Empresa Celulose Nipo Brasileira - CENIBRA S.A., localizada no município de Belo Oriente, Estado de Minas Gerais. Para a determinação da resistência natural da madeira a agentes xilófagos, foram realizados ensaios de apodrecimento acelerado em laboratório com os fungos Postia placenta, Neolentinus lepideus, Polyporus fumosus, e de preferência alimentar com cupins subterrâneos Nasutitermes sp. Corpos de prova foram retirados em quatro posições no sentido medula casca: cerne interno (próximo da medula), cerne intermediário, cerne externo (próximo ao alburno) e no alburno, na altura de 1,30m do nível do solo e submetidos à ação dos fungos por 13 semanas e cupins por 45 dias. Constatou-se que o cerne da madeira de teca proveniente do Vale do Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, foi altamente resistente, tendo o cerne interno sido menos resistente que as demais porções do cerne à ação dos agentes xilófagos, enquanto a madeira de alburno foi classificada como de resistência moderada (Polyporus fumosus) ou resistente (Postia placenta e Neolentinus lepideus).
This research aimed to evaluate the natural resistance of teak wood (Tectona grandis) to xylophagous fungi and termites in laboratory conditions. It was used trees with fifteen years old, from a plantation of the Forest Enterprise Celulose Nipo Brasileira - CENIBRA S.A., located in Belo Oriente, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. To determine the natural resistance of teak wood in laboratory were employed the Postia placenta, Neolentinus lepideus, Polyporus fumosus and Fomes connatus fungi and to termites resistance was employed the feeding preference assay with subterranean termites Nasutitermes sp. Samples were taken from four positions in the stem (heartwood near the pith, heartwood intermediate, outer heartwood and sapwood) at 1,30m to soil level and submitted to the action of fungi for thirteen weeks and termites for 45 days. It was found that the heartwood of teakwood from the Vale do Rio Doce, Minas Gerais State, Brazil was highly resistant. The internal heartwood was less resistant than the other portions of the heartwood to action of wood decay agents, while the sapwood was classified as moderately resistant (Polyporus fumosus) or resistant (Postia placenta and Neolentinus lepideus).
RESUMO
O trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a capacidade produtiva local da teca em Monte Dourado, Estado do Pará, Brasil, por meio da análise de curvas de índice de sítio. Os dados foram obtidos pela análise de tronco de dez árvores dominantes de um povoamento com 26 anos de idade. Foram ajustados dez modelos de regressão e o critério de seleção obedeceu ao menor erro padrão da estimativa, ao maior coeficiente de determinação ajustado, à significância do teste F e dos coeficientes de regressão e à análise gráfica dos resíduos. As curvas de índice de sítio foram confeccionadas pelo método da curva-guia. O modelo de Spillman apresenta o melhor ajuste, por meio do qual foram geradas três curvas de índice de sítio de 16m a 24m na idade-índice de 26 anos. A região de Monte Dourado, PA, apresenta potencial produtivo para o desenvolvimento da teca.
The study aims to determine the local productive capacity of teak in Monte Dourado, Pará State, Brazil, with the analysis of site index curves. The data were obtained by stem analysis of ten dominant trees in a stand with 26 years of age. Were adjusted ten regression models and the criterion for selection followed the lowest standard error of estimate, the highest adjusted coefficient of determination, the significance of F test and of regression coefficients and graphical analysis of the residuals. The site index curves were built by the guide-curve method. The Spillman model present the best fit, by which were generated three curves of site index from 16m to 24m, at 26 years of index-age. The region of Monte Dourado - PA showed a productive potential for the development of teak.
RESUMO
Nas áreas de produção de sementes de Tectona grandis em Cáceres, MT, ventos fortes podem causar queda precoce de frutos. Diásporos de três lotes de teca, um obtido após a queda natural e os outros dois após queda precoce, foram inicialmente qualificados quanto ao teor de água, massa de mil diásporos, número de diásporos por quilograma, emergência em canteiro e respectivo tempo médio. Essas duas últimas variáveis foram novamente determinadas em intervalos de 50 dias até 331 dias após a colheita com o uso de 200 diásporos divididos em quatro repetições. Para os diásporos de queda natural, a emergência de plântulas e o tempo médio não diferiram nos períodos de análise com média geral de 60,6% e 10,8 dias. Os diásporos dos lotes de colheita precoce apresentaram a emergência inicial de 23,5 e 17,5% e os tempos médios de 19,4 e 22,6 dias, respectivamente. Até 115 dias após a colheita, a emergência aumentou (55,5 e 59,5%) e o tempo médio diminuiu (15,0 e 14,1 dias) e a partir daí ocorreu o inverso. Os diásporos de colheita precoce derrubados pelo vento apresentam maturação e o maior potencial fisiológico aos 115 dias após a colheita. No período de 64 a 269 dias após a colheita, esses diásporos atingem o padrão mínimo estabelecido para a teca e o período entre 115 a 165 dias é o mais adequado para sua utilização.
In the seed production areas of Tectona grandis in Cáceres, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, strong winds cause the precocious fall of fruits. Diasporas of three lots of teak, one of then crop after the natural fall, and the others two after the precocious fall were characterized initially by the content of water, thousand diasporas mass, number of diasporas by kilogram, emergency in seedbeds and respective average time. With 200 diasporas divided in four replications and in periods of 50 days until 331 days after crop, the last two variables were determined again. To the diasporas of natural fall, the seedlings emergency and the average time were not different in periods of analyses with a general average of 60.6% and 10.8 days. The diasporas of the precocious crop lots presented respectively the initial emergency of 23.5 and 17.5% and the average time of 19.4 and 22.6 days. Until 115 days after crop, the emergency increased (55.5 and 59.5%) and the average time diminished (15.0 and 14.1 days) and on this point the inverse occurred. The diasporas of precocious crop fall by the wind present maturation and the greater physiological potential at 115 days after the crop. In the period at 64 to 269 days after crop, these diasporas reaches the established minimum standard for the teak and at 115 to 165 days is more adjusted period for its use.
Assuntos
Produtos Agrícolas , Lamiaceae , Emergências , Dispersão de Sementes , Células Tecais , VentoRESUMO
O efeito da intensidade do primeiro desbaste seletivo, após um ano, foi avaliado em dois povoamentos de teca sob espaçamento 3,0 x 3,0 m, e em duas diferentes idades. No povoamento com quatro anos de idade, o desbaste foi de 20 por cento, 30 por cento e 40 por cento, em número de indivíduos, e no de cinco anos, de 30 por cento, 40 por cento e 50 por cento, e as respectivas testemunhas (0 por cento). Cada tratamento foi aplicado ao acaso, com oito repetições, contendo cada parcela 35 árvores, além da bordadura. Um ano após o desbaste aplicado no povoamento com quatro anos, as variáveis DAP, altura total (H) e as médias por árvore de área transversal () e de volume (
) não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos; o incremento corrente anual (ICA V) não foi afetado pelas intensidades. No povoamento desbastado aos cinco anos, o ICA V e H foram semelhantes em todos tratamentos. As intensidade de desbaste testadas não afetaram o crescimento em DAP,
e
, mas apresentaram diferenças significativas em relação à testemunha. O primeiro desbaste seletivo pode ser aplicado aos cinco anos de idade, em povoamentos de Tectona grandis com condições semelhantes, com qualquer das intensidades testadas.
The intensity of the first selective thinning was evaluated in two plantations, 3.0 x 3.0 m. In the four year old plantation, the thinning was 20 percent, 30 percent and 40 percent in density and in the five year old, it was 30 percent, 40 percent and 50 percent, and the respective controls (0 percent). Each treatment was applied in eight random blocks of 35 trees, beyond the border. One year after thinning at the age of four, the DBH, total height (H), and average by tree of basal area () and of volume (
) presented no differences among the treatments; the current annual increment (CAIV) was not affected by the intensities. In the plantation thinned at the age of five, the CAIV and H were similar in all treatments; the DBH,
and
were not affected by the tested intensities, but they were greater than the control. The first selective thinning may be applied at the age of five, in Tectona grandis plantations with similar conditions, at any tested intensity.