Attracting Scelionidae egg parasitoids to enhance stink bug egg parasitisation in soybean crops using methyl salicylate and (E,E)-α-farnesene.

BACKGROUND: Plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a crucial role in mediating interactions between plants, herbivores and natural enemies. Among these VOCs, methyl salicylate and (E,E)-α-farnesene are emitted as herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) by soybean plants in response to feeding by the brown stink bug Eushistus heros. These HIPVs function as synomones, influencing the foraging behaviour of the egg parasitoid, Telenomus podisi, the main natural enemy of E. heros, one of the major soybean pests in Brazil. RESULTS: Laboratory experiments showed that two soybean cultivars, BRS 7580 and BRS 7880, produced similar qualitative blends of HIPVs, with methyl salicylate, (E,E)-α-farnesene and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate being produced by both cultivars. Soybean cultivar BRS 7580 produced a significant lower amount of HIPVs compared to BRS 7880 but this difference did not affect the attractiveness of the egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi. Field experiments using these two cultivars and synthetic applications of methyl salicylate and (E,E)-α-farnesene showed a substantial increase in egg parasitism in all treated areas. Parasitism rates ranged from 50% to 80% in areas where these HIPVs were deployed, compared to only 10% in untreated control areas. CONCLUSIONS: The egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi demonstrated an adept ability in recognising between HIPVs in soybean blends, even in the presence of significant quantitative differences. The results from the field experiment showed the potential of HIPVs in attracting natural enemies to specific target areas within fields. (E,E)-α-Farnesene showed an improved action during the later stages of soybean growth, notably at R6. In addition, this volatile attracted other families of natural enemies. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

The multispecies stinkbug iflavirus Halyomorpha halys virus detected in the multispecies stinkbug egg parasitoid microwasp, Telenomus podisi (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae).

Wasps are important parasitoids of stinkbugs and frequently exposed to various types of microorganisms through environmental contact and fecal-oral transmission route. Many parasitize stinkbug eggs and are commercially used in the field to control insect population. The parasitoid T. podisi is known for its high parasitism capacity and ability to target multiple species of stinkbugs. In this study we asked whether T. podisi exposed to eggs infected by a multispecies asymptomatic stinkbug virus, the Halyomorpha halys virus (HhV) would get infected. HhV is a geographically distributed multispecies iflavirus previously found to infect four stinkbug hosts, including three Brazilian species, Chinavia ubica, Euschistus heros and Diceraeus melacanthus, and T. posidi can parasitize all of them. As results, RT-PCR screening revealed positive samples for the HhV genome in two out of four tested pools of T. podisi, whereas the antigenome, indicative of replicative activity, was not detected. The wasps were raised in E. heros eggs that presented both the genome and the antigenome forms of the HhV genome. Subsequent RNA-deep sequencing of HhV positive T. podisi RNA pools yielded a complete genome of HhV with high coverage. Phylogenetic analysis positioned the isolate HhV-Tp (isolate Telenomus podisi) alongside with the stinkbug HhV. Analysis of transcriptomes from several hymenopteran species revealed HhV-Tp reads in four species. However, the transmission mechanism and the ecological significance of HhV remain elusive, warranting further studies to illuminate both the transmission process and its capacity for environmental propagation using T. podisi as a potential vector.

Is It Possible to Manipulate Scelionidae Wasps' Preference to a Target Host?

Parasitoid host selection is mainly mediated by chemical cues, which can be adjusted by experience, changing their innate behavior. Therefore, this study evaluated if immature experience (pre-imaginal conditioning) on eggs and volatiles from different host eggs has influence on parasitism and chemotaxic behavior of Telenomus podisi Ashmead and/or Trissolcus basalis Wollaston (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Both wasp species were submitted to a multiple-choice parasitism test among Euschistus heros (Fabricius), Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood), and Nezara viridula L. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) egg masses. Eggs from these three stink bugs were equally offered to female parasitoids. After that, adults which emerged from each host were also exposed to parasitism in a multiple-choice test for up to an additional generation. Moreover, in olfactometer "Y," the behavior of innate and experienced T. podisi females to volatiles from hosts' egg extracts was tested, to study their learning and memory ability. The original host had influence on T. podisi parasitism; however, T. basalis always parasitized more N. viridula eggs independently of its last rearing host. Innate T. podisi females responded positively to E. heros and P. guildinii egg volatiles, but this behavior was not observed in N. viridula. When T. podisi females were experienced on egg volatiles from a new host, they showed significant learning and memory ability for the specific host volatile for, at least, 24 h. Experienced wasps responded positively to N. viridula and through this result we have evidences about the possibility to manipulate wasp's preferences to a specific target host.

Egg parasitoids of Edessa meditabunda (Fabricius) (Pentatomidae) in lettuce crop

Egg parasitoids of Edessa meditabunda (Fabricius) (Pentatomidae) in lettuce crop. This study evaluated the occurrence of parasitoids in eggs of the stink bug, Edessa meditabunda (Fabricius, 1794) (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae) found on lettuce crop in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Samples were collected in the vegetable garden "Cheiro Verde", in the municipality of Tangará da Serra, in curly lettuce. A bed of lettuce was selected randomly, where the eggs of E. meditabunda were collected. Five-hundred and seventy eight eggs of E. meditabunda were collected, 86.3% of them parasitized by Telenomus podisi Ashmead, 1893 (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae), Trissolcus urichi Crawford, 1913 (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae) and Neorileya albipes Girault, 1913 (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae), representing respectively 57.0%, 38.2% and 4.8% of the emerged individuals. This is the first record of these three species parasitizing eggs of E. meditabunda in lettuce.

Número de gerações de um percevejo e seu parasitoide e da severidade da ferrugem asiática em soja, simulados em cenários de clima e manejo no norte do RS / Number of generations of a stink bug and its parasitoid and severity of soybean rust, simulated under climate and crop management scenarios in northern RS State, Brazil

Objetivou-se simular o número de gerações do percevejo Euschistus heros e seu parasitoide Telenomus podisi e da severidade da ferrugem causada por Phakopsora pachyrhizi na cultura da soja em função da data de semeadura, cultivar e momento de ocorrência desses organismos. A simulação foi feita em dois locais representativos de duas importantes regiões produtoras de soja no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Modelos bioclimáticos dos insetos e da doença foram integrados a um modelo de simulação da cultura da soja (DSSAT) e rodados para uma série temporal de dados meteorológicos diários para Passo Fundo (52 anos) e Santa Rosa (34 anos). Independente do grupo de maturação, quanto mais antecipada foi a data da semeadura e o estádio de ocorrência de E. heros na cultura, maior o número de gerações (de 2 a 3) até a maturação fisiológica da soja. Para T. podisi, um maior número de gerações (5 a 6) foi simulado para semeadura antecipada e cultivares de ciclo tardio. Para a ferrugem asiática não foram observadas tendências de redução nos níveis médios de severidade com o uso de práticas preconizadas, como plantio antecipado e cultivares de grupos mais precoces de maturação.

The objective of this study was to simulate the number of generations of a soybean insect pest (Euschistus heros) and its parasitoid (Telenomus podisi) and a fungal disease (soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi) as influenced by sowing date, cultivar and time of occurrence of the pest and the disease. Bioclimatic models that predict development of the organisms and severity of the disease were integrated into a crop simulation model of soybean (DSSAT) that predicted phenological stages of the crop for scenarios of sowing data and cultivar maturity group in a long time series of daily meteorological data to Passo Fundo and Santa Rosa, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The results showed that regardless of the maturity group, the earlier the sowing date and the time of occurrence of E. heros in the field, the greater its number of generations (2 to 3) until physiological maturity. For T. podisi, a higher number of generations (5 to 6) was estimated for the earlier sowing dates and late-maturing cultivars. For soybean rust no significant trends of reduction in the mean disease severity was observed when advocated practices such as early sowing and early-maturing cultivars were used.

Parasitismo de ovos de Tibraca limbativentris Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) em lavoura de arroz irrigado, Eldorado do Sul, RS / Egg parasitism of Tibraca limbativentris Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in irrigated rice crops, Eldorado do Sul, RS

O percevejo-do-colmo, Tibraca limbativentris Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), é uma importante praga da cultura do arroz no Brasil. O presente trabalho objetivou registrar a ocorrência de parasitoides de ovos de T. limbativentris em lavoura de arroz irrigado, situada no município de Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. A área (603 m2 ) foi vistoriada semanalmente, de 21/01/2010 a 03/03/2010, coletando-se posturas do percevejo-do-colmo. Constatou-se somente a ocorrência de Telenomus podisi (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) como parasitoide de ovos, sendo o índice de parasitismo de 75%. Este é o primeiro registro de T. podisi em ovos do percevejodo-colmo em lavouras de arroz no Rio Grande do Sul.

The rice stem stink bug, Tibraca limbativentris Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an important pest of rice in Brazil. This study aimed to register egg parasitoids of T. limbativentris in irrigated rice crop in Eldorado do Sul (state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). The area (603 m2 ) was inspected weekly from 01/21/2010 to 03/03/2010 and rice stem stink bug eggs were collected. It was observed only the occurrence of Telenomus podisi (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) as egg parasitoid and the parasitism rate was 75%. This is the first record of T. podisi in rice stem stink bug eggs collected in rice fields in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

Parasitismo de ovos de Tibraca limbativentris Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) em lavoura de arroz irrigado, Eldorado do Sul, RS

The rice stem stink bug, Tibraca limbativentris Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an important pest of rice in Brazil. This study aimed to register egg parasitoids of T. limbativentris in irrigated rice crop in Eldorado do Sul (state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). The area (603 m2) was inspected weekly from 01/21/2010 to 03/03/2010 and rice stem stink bug eggs were collected. It was observed only the occurrence of Telenomus podisi (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) as egg parasitoid and the parasitism rate was 75%. This is the first record of T. podisi in rice stem stink bug eggs collected in rice fields in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

O percevejo-do-colmo, Tibraca limbativentris Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), é uma importante praga da cultura do arroz no Brasil. O presente trabalho objetivou registrar a ocorrência de parasitoides de ovos de T. limbativentris em lavoura de arroz irrigado, situada no município de Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. A área (603 m2) foi vistoriada semanalmente, de 21/01/2010 a 03/03/2010, coletando-se posturas do percevejo-do-colmo. Constatou-se somente a ocorrência de Telenomus podisi(Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) como parasitoide de ovos, sendo o índice de parasitismo de 75%. Este é o primeiro registro de T. podisi em ovos do percevejo-do-colmo em lavouras de arroz no Rio Grande do Sul.

Número de gerações de um percevejo e seu parasitoide e da severidade da ferrugem asiática em soja, simulados em cenários de clima e manejo no norte do RS

The objective of this study was to simulate the number of generations of a soybean insect pest (Euschistus heros) and its parasitoid (Telenomus podisi) and a fungal disease (soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi) as influenced by sowing date, cultivar and time of occurrence of the pest and the disease. Bioclimatic models that predict development of the organisms and severity of the disease were integrated into a crop simulation model of soybean (DSSAT) that predicted phenological stages of the crop for scenarios of sowing data and cultivar maturity group in a long time series of daily meteorological data to Passo Fundo and Santa Rosa, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The results showed that regardless of the maturity group, the earlier the sowing date and the time of occurrence of E. heros in the field, the greater its number of generations (2 to 3) until physiological maturity. For T. podisi, a higher number of generations (5 to 6) was estimated for the earlier sowing dates and late-maturing cultivars. For soybean rust no significant trends of reduction in the mean disease severity was observed when advocated practices such as early sowing and early-maturing cultivars were used.

Objetivou-se simular o número de gerações do percevejo Euschistus heros e seu parasitoide Telenomus podisi e da severidade da ferrugem causada por Phakopsora pachyrhizi na cultura da soja em função da data de semeadura, cultivar e momento de ocorrência desses organismos. A simulação foi feita em dois locais representativos de duas importantes regiões produtoras de soja no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Modelos bioclimáticos dos insetos e da doença foram integrados a um modelo de simulação da cultura da soja (DSSAT) e rodados para uma série temporal de dados meteorológicos diários para Passo Fundo (52 anos) e Santa Rosa (34 anos). Independente do grupo de maturação, quanto mais antecipada foi a data da semeadura e o estádio de ocorrência de E. heros na cultura, maior o número de gerações (de 2 a 3) até a maturação fisiológica da soja. Para T. podisi, um maior número de gerações (5 a 6) foi simulado para semeadura antecipada e cultivares de ciclo tardio. Para a ferrugem asiática não foram observadas tendências de redução nos níveis médios de severidade com o uso de práticas preconizadas, como plantio antecipado e cultivares de grupos mais precoces de maturação.

Número de gerações de um percevejo e seu parasitoide e da severidade da ferrugem asiática em soja, simulados em cenários de clima e manejo no norte do RS

The objective of this study was to simulate the number of generations of a soybean insect pest (Euschistus heros) and its parasitoid (Telenomus podisi) and a fungal disease (soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi) as influenced by sowing date, cultivar and time of occurrence of the pest and the disease. Bioclimatic models that predict development of the organisms and severity of the disease were integrated into a crop simulation model of soybean (DSSAT) that predicted phenological stages of the crop for scenarios of sowing data and cultivar maturity group in a long time series of daily meteorological data to Passo Fundo and Santa Rosa, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The results showed that regardless of the maturity group, the earlier the sowing date and the time of occurrence of E. heros in the field, the greater its number of generations (2 to 3) until physiological maturity. For T. podisi, a higher number of generations (5 to 6) was estimated for the earlier sowing dates and late-maturing cultivars. For soybean rust no significant trends of reduction in the mean disease severity was observed when advocated practices such as early sowing and early-maturing cultivars were used.

Objetivou-se simular o número de gerações do percevejo Euschistus heros e seu parasitoide Telenomus podisi e da severidade da ferrugem causada por Phakopsora pachyrhizi na cultura da soja em função da data de semeadura, cultivar e momento de ocorrência desses organismos. A simulação foi feita em dois locais representativos de duas importantes regiões produtoras de soja no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Modelos bioclimáticos dos insetos e da doença foram integrados a um modelo de simulação da cultura da soja (DSSAT) e rodados para uma série temporal de dados meteorológicos diários para Passo Fundo (52 anos) e Santa Rosa (34 anos). Independente do grupo de maturação, quanto mais antecipada foi a data da semeadura e o estádio de ocorrência de E. heros na cultura, maior o número de gerações (de 2 a 3) até a maturação fisiológica da soja. Para T. podisi, um maior número de gerações (5 a 6) foi simulado para semeadura antecipada e cultivares de ciclo tardio. Para a ferrugem asiática não foram observadas tendências de redução nos níveis médios de severidade com o uso de práticas preconizadas, como plantio antecipado e cultivares de grupos mais precoces de maturação.

Parasitismo em ovos de percevejos da soja Euschistus heros (Fabricius) e Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) em São Gabriel do Oeste, MS

This work was carried out in the soybean growing seasons of 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 with the aim of evaluating the egg parasitism of stinkbugs Euschistus heros and Piezodorus guildinii at São Gabriel do Oeste region in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Stinkbugs egg masses were collected in areas not sprayed with chemical insecticides during the soybean reproductive stage. In the laboratory, the egg masses were individualized in Petri dishes with a wet cotton wick and kept at room temperature until the complete emergence of the parasitoid and/or stinkbug nymph. After parasitoid death, the parasitism per egg mass and the parasitism index were determined for each collecting period. The E. heros and P. guildinii egg masses collected in 2001 growing season showed an average of 62.5% and 23.8% parasitism, respectively. In 2002 growing season, the average parasitism of 59.3% and 39.5% for E. heros and P. guildinii, respectively. The main parasitoid species found in both E. heros and P. guildinii eggs was Telenomus podisi.

Este trabalho foi realizado nas safras 2000/2001 e 2001/2002 e teve como objetivo avaliar o parasitismo em ovos dos percevejos Euschistus heros e Piezodorus guildinii na Região de São Gabriel do Oeste, MS, Brasil. Coletaram-se massas de ovos dos percevejos durante o período reprodutivo da soja em áreas em que não havia sido efetuada aplicação de inseticidas químicos. No laboratório, as massas de ovos foram individualizadas em placa de Petri contendo algodão umedecido em água e mantidas à temperatura ambiente até a completa emergência do parasitóide e/ou eclosão de ninfas dos percevejos. Após a morte dos parasitóides, determinou-se a porcentagem de parasitismo em cada época de coleta. As posturas de E. heros e P. guildinii coletadas em 2001 apresentaram, em média, 62,5% e 23,8% de parasitismo nos ovos, respectivamente. Em, 2002 E. heros e P. guildinii apresentaram em média 59,3 % e 39,5% de parasitismo, respectivamente. A espécie predominante de parasitóide encontrada, em ovos de E. heros e de P. guildinii foi Telenomus podisi.

Parasitismo em ovos de percevejos da soja Euschistus heros (Fabricius) e Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) em São Gabriel do Oeste, MS

This work was carried out in the soybean growing seasons of 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 with the aim of evaluating the egg parasitism of stinkbugs Euschistus heros and Piezodorus guildinii at São Gabriel do Oeste region in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Stinkbugs egg masses were collected in areas not sprayed with chemical insecticides during the soybean reproductive stage. In the laboratory, the egg masses were individualized in Petri dishes with a wet cotton wick and kept at room temperature until the complete emergence of the parasitoid and/or stinkbug nymph. After parasitoid death, the parasitism per egg mass and the parasitism index were determined for each collecting period. The E. heros and P. guildinii egg masses collected in 2001 growing season showed an average of 62.5% and 23.8% parasitism, respectively. In 2002 growing season, the average parasitism of 59.3% and 39.5% for E. heros and P. guildinii, respectively. The main parasitoid species found in both E. heros and P. guildinii eggs was Telenomus podisi.

Este trabalho foi realizado nas safras 2000/2001 e 2001/2002 e teve como objetivo avaliar o parasitismo em ovos dos percevejos Euschistus heros e Piezodorus guildinii na Região de São Gabriel do Oeste, MS, Brasil. Coletaram-se massas de ovos dos percevejos durante o período reprodutivo da soja em áreas em que não havia sido efetuada aplicação de inseticidas químicos. No laboratório, as massas de ovos foram individualizadas em placa de Petri contendo algodão umedecido em água e mantidas à temperatura ambiente até a completa emergência do parasitóide e/ou eclosão de ninfas dos percevejos. Após a morte dos parasitóides, determinou-se a porcentagem de parasitismo em cada época de coleta. As posturas de E. heros e P. guildinii coletadas em 2001 apresentaram, em média, 62,5% e 23,8% de parasitismo nos ovos, respectivamente. Em, 2002 E. heros e P. guildinii apresentaram em média 59,3 % e 39,5% de parasitismo, respectivamente. A espécie predominante de parasitóide encontrada, em ovos de E. heros e de P. guildinii foi Telenomus podisi.