COVID-19-related temporary disability in healthcare workers in Spain during the four first pandemic waves.

Healthcare workers (HCW) have been the professional category most exposed to SARS-CoV-2. The pandemic's impact on HCW was analyzed in terms of COVID-19-related temporary disability (TD) between February 15th, 2020 and May 1st, 2021. TDs in HCW for COVID-19 infection or quarantine were described. TD quarantine/infection ratios and TDs per 100,000 affiliated HCW were compared with the cumulative incidence (CI) of COVID-19 cases notified to the National Network of Epidemiological Surveillance. TDs rates by economic activity and occupation were computed. A total of 429,127 TDs were recorded, 36,6% for infection. Three-quarters (76%) were women. The median TD quarantine/infection ratio was 2.5 (Interquartile range [IQR] 1.5-3.9). TDs rates in HCW were always above the CI except for the last two months of the fourth wave. Hospital activities accounted for 84% of TDs and showed the highest TD rate for infection (8,279/100,000). Nursing professionals and midwifery, Physicians, and Nursing assistants accounted for 26, 18 and 17 % of the conceded TD respectively, whereas the highest TDs rates were registered among Nursing assistants, Nursing professionals and Physicians: 7,426, 6,925 and 5,508/100,000, respectively. The results indicate the high impact of COVID-19 on HCW in Spain and it's inequalities. They also confirm that TDs represent a complementary source of information for epidemiological and public health surveillance and could provide an early warning of new emerging infections.

Assessment of the length of sick leave in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. / Evaluación de la duración de la baja laboral en pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal.

INTRODUCTION: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disorder that can lead to periods of work-related temporary disability (TD), which may result in the need for permanent disability. The objective was to assess the impact of IBD on patients' temporary disability by analyzing periods, duration, and causes. It also investigates risk factors influencing the severity, frequency, and duration of flare-ups and associated complications in IBD patients. METHOD: The study includes patients aged 18 to 65, with at least 1 day of TD in 2019 (Pre-COVID), referred or not by UMEVI, due to reasons related to IBD. RESULTS: A total of 172 patients were included, and in all cases, TD was associated with IBD. TD was higher in patients over 30 years old, with anxious depressive disorder, who required hospitalization and did not receive prednisone treatment (p<0.05). TD duration was longer in patients belonging to the Special Regime for Self-Employed Workers (RETA): 67 days (IQR: 22-160) versus the General Regime (RG): 33 days (IQR: 8-110), with no statistically significant difference (p=0.120). The mean cost (€) per worker in this series was €745.5 (IQR: 231-2608.2). CONCLUSIONS: IBD has a significant impact on patients' temporary work disability. The duration of TD was longer in patients older than 30 years, with anxious-depressive disorder, who required hospital admission and did not receive steroid treatment.

Impacto Laboral, Económico, y Clínico Funcional en la Artrodesis Lumbar / Labor, economic, and clinical functional impact of lumbar arthrodesis

Introducción: El dolor lumbar, constituye un grave problema de salud, en España ocupa el primer puesto como causa de Incapacidad Temporal (IT). Diversos estudios han intentado responder a la cuestión de si compensa realizar intervenciones más intensivas. El objetivo del proyecto es analizar el gasto sanitario ocasionado, valorando los costes de IT al emplear el tratamiento conservador y con tratamiento quirúrgico. Material y Métodos: Estudio prospectivo comparativo entre pacientes con patología degenerativa lumbar tratados quirúrgicamente, y de manera conservadora. Se recogieron la edad y sexo, hábitos tóxicos, tratamiento farmacológico, actividad laboral, los segmentos afectados, y el número de días en situación de IT, con un seguimiento de 3 años. Resultados: Un total de 94 pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio (55 pertenecían al grupo control, y 39 al grupo artrodesis). Los pacientes que fueron operados llevaban más días de IT, y entrañaban más costes de IT (p=0,018). Comparando los costes de la intervención quirúrgica para el grupo artrodesis vemos que no existen diferencias entre los pacientes jubilados/ en situación de incapacidad permanente. Después de tres años de seguimiento, el 89,1% del grupo control y el 52,6% del grupo artrodesis recibieron el alta. Conclusión: Los costes de incapacidad transitoria fueron mayores en los pacientes sometidos a tratamiento quirúrgico. Los pacientes que no recibieron el alta supusieron mayores costes de IT. En los pacientes que recibieron el alta no hubo diferencias en los costes, descontando el coste del proceso quirúrgico. (AU)

Introduction: Low back pain is a serious health problem, and in Spain it occupies first place as a cause of Temporary Disability (TD). Several studies have tried to answer the question of whether it is worthwhile to carry out more intensive interventions. The project aims to analyze the health care costs incurred, assessing the costs of TD when conservative treatment and surgical treatment are used. Material and methods: Prospective comparative study between patients with lumbar degenerative pathology treated surgically and conservatively. Age and sex, toxic habits, pharmacological treatment, work activity, affected segments, and the number of days on TI were recorded, with a follow-up of 3 years. Results: A total of 94 patients were included in the study (55 belonged to the control group and 39 to the arthrodesis group). Patients who underwent surgery had more days of TD and more TD costs (p=0.018). Comparing the costs of surgery for the arthrodesis group, we see that there are no differences between retired/permanently disabled patients. After three years of follow-up, 89.1% of the control group and 52.6% of the arthrodesis group were discharged. Conclusion: Transitional disability costs were higher in patients who underwent surgical treatment. Patients who were not discharged had higher TD costs. In patients who were discharged, there were no differences in costs, discounting the cost of the surgical process. (AU)

[TOPICAL ISSUES OF MEDICAL REHABILITATION OF PATIENTS WITH THE CONSEQUENCES OF SEVERE TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY AT THE MUNICIPAL LEVEL].

The article presents the age-sex structure of people who have suffered severe traumatic brain injury on the example of a municipal medical organization providing medical care and medical rehabilitation in outpatient settings. The high prevalence of this type of injury among males of working age has been established. The duration of temporary disability and the timing of referral of this category of people for medical and social examination are reflected. There is a high level of disability among people who have suffered severe traumatic brain injury, and in most cases they are assigned more severe first and second disability groups. The article reflects the personnel problems of a municipal medical organization providing outpatient medical care in the formation of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation team, which require their resolution at the regional level.

[The morbidity with temporary disability and its regional characteristics in the Russian Federation in 2000-2018].

The article presents the results of analysis of dynamics of morbidity of working population with temporary disability in the Russian Federation in 2000-2018 according its causes, assessment of gender and age differences and in the context of Federal Okrugs and subjects The Russian Federation. The significant changes in rate and duration of temporary disability indices on National and Regional levels are considered. The absence of differences in structure of causes and average duration of morbidity with temporary disability is analyzed. The most "damaging" gender and age groups of working population in cases and days are determined, that determines need in development of target efficient measures of preventing and reducing temporary disability in Russia.

Morbilidad laboral con incapacidad temporal en pacientes con artritis reumatoide / Work morbidity with temporary disability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Introducción: La artritis reumatoide es una enfermedad autoinmune, progresiva que sin tratamiento deriva en discapacidad significativa y deterioro en la calidad de vida. Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia de morbilidad laboral con incapacidad temporal en pacientes con diagnóstico de artritis reumatoide evaluados en el Centro de Reumatología. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo prospectivo de corte longitudinal en 86 personas con artritis reumatoide durante octubre del 2018 a octubre del 2019. Los pacientes fueron evaluados a través del DAS 28, el HAQ-CU y la pérdida de días laborables (costos indirectos). Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 53,1 ± 6,6 años; predominó el sexo femenino (80,2 por ciento), con menos de un año de evolución (48,8 por ciento) y los pacientes universitarios (39,5 por ciento). El 69,8 por ciento presentó una actividad clínica moderada con discapacidad moderada (58,1 por ciento). Se presentó una media de 49,6 días perdidos por paciente, con un coste indirecto promedio de 883,9 cup. Se evidenció una relación débil positiva entre el índice de discapacidad y la duración de los certificados (coeficiente=0,407; p=0,000). Además, relación moderada entre la actividad clínica con el total de días perdidos (coeficiente=0,511; p=0,000); y relación débil positiva entre la duración del certificado (coeficiente=0,381; p=0,000) y la cantidad de certificados (coeficiente=0,342; p=0,001). Conclusión: Los pacientes con artritis reumatoide presentan importante morbilidad laboral con incapacidad temporal debido a la limitación funcional y discapacidad que genera la enfermedad(AU)

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis is a progressive autoimmune Disease that without treatment leads to significant disability and deterioration in quality of life. Methods: An observational, descriptive, prospective, longitudinal - cut study was conducted in 86 people with Rheumatoid Arthritis from October 2018 to October 2019. The patients were evaluated through DAS 28, HAQ CU and lost working days (indirect costs). Results: The average age was 53,1±6,6 years, the female sex predominated (80.2 percent), with less than 1 year of evolution (48.8 percent), university education level (39.5 percent). Most of the patients are in clinical activity and moderate disability. There was an average of 49.6 days lost per patient, with an average indirect cost of 8983.9 cup. A weak positive relationship was evidenced between the disability index and the duration of the certificates (coefficient ꞊0,407 p=0,000). In addition, moderate relationship between Clinical Activity and total days lost (coefficient = 0,511 p=0,000). With a weak positive relationship between the duration of the certificate (coefficient = 0,381 p=0,000) and the number of certificates (coefficient = 0,342 p=0,001). Conclusions: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis present significant work morbidity with temporary disability due to functional limitation and disability generated by the disease(AU)

[Study of workers with vulnerability to COVID-19 in teaching staff of Palma de Mallorca.] / Estudio de la vulnerabilidad a COVID-19 en personal docente de Palma de Mallorca.

OBJECTIVE: During this year, in relation to the health crisis triggered by COVID-19, a total of 532 people have been evaluated by the Teaching Staff Prevention Service of the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training of the Balearic Islands, most of them which were women, as is usually the case in the teaching community. After some time of reflection, there are some questions that we would like to answer, such as knowing the most frequent pathologies with vulnerability to COVID-19 in our service and the work adaptations made. To answer these questions, we carried out this descriptive study. METHODS: This study was made with sample of 508 people from Prevention Service of teachers during the course 2020-2021. We studied differences between sex, age, job, developed actuation, pathology. Statistical calculations were performed with Libreoffice's numerical calculation processor. RESULTS: From the several pathologies included among the vulnerable groups to COVID-19 according to the Health Ministry, the one with more prevalence is chronic pulmonar disease (25.39%). CONCLUSIONS: The pulmonar disease is the most frequent in our study, but due to the presence of many workers with pluripathology, this datum should be keepen in mind with some caution.

OBJETIVO: Durante este año, en relación a la crisis sanitaria desencadenada por la COVID-19, desde el Servicio de Prevención del Personal Docente de la Conselleria de Educación y Formación Profesional de las Islas Baleares se han evaluado un total de 532 personas, la mayoría de las cuales eran mujeres, como suele ser en el colectivo de la docencia. Existen ciertas cuestiones a las que intentamos dar respuesta, como es saber las patologías más frecuentes que han hecho reconocer una vulnerabilidad a COVID-19 en nuestro servicio y las consecuencias que han tenido en cuanto a las adaptaciones laborales establecidas. Para dar respuesta a estas cuestiones, realizamos este estudio descriptivo. METODOS: El estudio se desarrolló con una muestra de 508 personas del Servicio de Prevención del Personal Docente de Palma durante el curso 2020-2021. Para lo cual evaluamos las diferencias según sexo, edad, puesto de trabajo, actuación llevada a cabo y patología. Los cálculos estadísticos se realizaron con el procesador de cálculo numérico de Libreoffice. RESULTADOS: Del desglose de las patologías incluidas dentro de los grupos vulnerables frente a COVID-19 según el Ministerio de Sanidad, la más prevalente fue la enfermedad pulmonar crónica (25,39%). CONCLUSIONES: La patología pulmonar fue la más frecuente de nuestro estudio, pero debido a la presencia de muchos trabajadores con pluripatología, este dato debe ser tenido en cuenta con cierta cautela.

Predicting Absenteeism and Temporary Disability Using Machine Learning: a Systematic Review and Analysis.

The main objective of this paper is to present a systematic analysis and review of the state of the art regarding the prediction of absenteeism and temporary incapacity using machine learning techniques. Moreover, the main contribution of this research is to reveal the most successful prediction models available in the literature. A systematic review of research papers published from 2010 to the present, related to the prediction of temporary disability and absenteeism in available in different research databases, is presented in this paper. The review focuses primarily on scientific databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, and ResearchGate. A total of 58 articles were obtained from which, after removing duplicates and applying the search criteria, 18 have been included in the review. In total, 44% of the articles were published in 2019, representing a significant growth in scientific work regarding these indicators. This study also evidenced the interest of several countries. In addition, 56% of the articles were found to base their study on regression methods, 33% in classification, and 11% in grouping. After this systematic review, the efficiency and usefulness of artificial neural networks in predicting absenteeism and temporary incapacity are demonstrated. The studies regarding absenteeism and temporary disability at work are mainly conducted in Brazil and India, which are responsible for 44% of the analyzed papers followed by Saudi Arabia, and Australia which represented 22%. ANNs are the most used method in both classification and regression models representing 83% and 80% of the analyzed works, respectively. Only 10% of the literature use SVM, which is the less used method in regression models. Moreover, Naïve Bayes is the less used method in classification models representing 17%.

[The organization of medical service of the Interior Ministry of Russia in 2017].

The article presents a comprehensive analysis and assessment of the state of regional characteristics of morbidity with temporary disability, disability and mortality of employees of the internal affairs bodies of Russia. The source of the data was medical statistical reports generated by the medical and sanitary units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia using lexical analysis of medical documentation.

[The Organization of Functioning of Traumatological Station of Municipal Clinical Hospital: the Structure of Resort of Patients on the Occasion of Traumas].

The analysis of the structure of treatment of patients with injuries in traumatological station of municipal clinical hospital established that the percentage of females was slightly higher than that one of males, 50.9% and 49.1% respectively. In all patients, 24.1% were of age group 30-39 years. This age group was also the largest one in males men and amounted up to 29.4%. In women, the largest age group was that one of 50-59 years (19.2%). In male patients 84.6% were in the age range of 18-60 years. Among female patients 60.0% were in the range of 18-55 years. Among males, the predominant localization of injury was wrist and hand (24.0%) and chest injuries (14.4%). Among females, the most frequently injured areas were ankle and foot, (26.8%) and knee and shin (17.4%). The duration of treatment of the patient and number of visits to traumatologist depends on localization and severity of the injury. The analysis demonstrated that the average duration of treatment of patient in the traumatological station made up to 4.2±0.13 days. The average duration of treatment of males was shorter (3.7±0.17 days) than that one of females (4.6±0,18 days). From those who applied to the traumatological station during the year, medical certificate was made out to 12.7% of patients. The average duration of medical certificate for all types of injuries made up to 28.9±1.2 days (28.1±1.1 days in males and 29.6±1.2 days in females) and ranged from 11.5±0.5 days in case of head injuries to 35.7±1.4 days in case of injuries of hip and thigh. In general, in case of single temporary disability, patient visited the traumatological station 3.7±0.2 times.

[Maxillofacial diseases prevalence among patients of working age living in the Republic of Tatarstan]. / Rasprostranennost' zabolevanii cheliustno-litsevoi oblasti u patsientov trudosposobnogo vozrasta v Respublike Tatarstan.

The aim of the study was to analyze temporary disability cases among the patients suffering from maxillofacial diseases who were treated in dental medical centers over the 2007 to 2016 period. There were determined groups of incapacitating or disabling maxillofacial diseases among adults living in the Republic of Tatarstan: inflammatory (odontogenic and nonodontogenic), traumatic, benign and malignant neoplasms, secondary adentia as a result of tooth loss, as well as diseases associated with teeth eruption. The major part of temporary disability cases is due to odontogenic inflammatory maxillofacial diseases (66.1%), injuries (13.9%) and secondary adentia as a result of tooth loss (7.4%). Analysis revealed that there is a statistically significant difference in the structure of temporary disability cases in the pathology groups depending on gender, age and year of assessment.

Benefit Duration and Return to Work Outcomes in Short Term Disability Insurance Programs: Evidence from Temporary Disability Insurance Program.

Purpose The Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act strengthens the vocational rehabilitation program's focus on providing early intervention services to keep workers with disabilities in the workforce. At the same time, some have suggested that short-term disability insurance (STDI) programs may hold promise as an early intervention service, helping people with disabilities stay in the labor force and avoid needing longer-term benefits. Rhode Island is one of five states with a mandatory STDI program. We examine the extent to which Rhode Island STDI claimant characteristics are correlated with partial return-to-work (PRTW) benefit receipt and certain STDI benefit receipt duration measures.Methods Our study used administrative data from 2011 to 2014 to explore Rhode Island's STDI program-called the Temporary Disability Insurance program-and regression analysis to estimate the correlations of interest. Results Regression adjusted estimates revealed that claimants opting to receive PRTW benefits earned more and received benefits for fewer weeks than claimants opting to not receive PRTW benefits. We also observed significant correlations between duration of benefit receipt and claimant characteristics such as diagnosis and treating healthcare provider specialty. Conclusions Findings suggest that STDI claimants with certain characteristics are more likely to receive benefits for a long duration or not receive PRTW benefits, signaling that they might benefit from early Vocational Rehabilitation supports and services that would allow them to remain productive members of the workforce and avoid long term benefit receipt.

A multifactorial study on duration of temporary disabilities in Spain.

The extreme variability of temporary disability duration has a deep effect in public health. We tried to understand what factors duration of disability depends on. Through cohort study with data of temporary disabilities collected by Ibermutuamur from 2008 to 2012, we used statistical multivariate methods. The most reliable and convenient algorithm to predict duration was a categorical classification tree that distinguished between brief and long disabilities, taking into account both medical-biological and socioeconomic factors. The influence of socioeconomic factors in the disability process made numeric predictive models not accurate enough. Some of these socioeconomic factors were isolated and their influences were quantified. In particular, the one we named factor unemployment could explain a huge increase in duration for certain common diagnoses such as anxiety, low back pain, headache, and depression.

The effects of paid maternity leave: Evidence from Temporary Disability Insurance.

This paper investigates the effects of a large-scale paid maternity leave program on birth outcomes in the United States. In 1978, states with Temporary Disability Insurance (TDI) programs were required to start providing wage replacement benefits to pregnant women, substantially increasing access to antenatal and postnatal paid leave for working mothers. Using natality data, I find that TDI paid maternity leave reduces the share of low birth weight births by 3.2 percent, and the estimated treatment-on-the-treated effect is over 10 percent. It also decreases the likelihood of early term birth by 6.6 percent. Paid maternity leave has particularly large impacts on the children of unmarried and black mothers.

[Effect of the sociodemographic, occupational, organisational and environmental variables on the duration of temporary sick leave in Spain]. / Grado de efecto de las variables sociodemográficas, laborales, organizativas y del entorno en la duración de la incapacidad temporal por contingencias comunes en España.

OBJECTIVES: This study examines the relationship, and relevance of the effect between the duration of the cases of temporary sick leave, as an indicator of absenteeism, and several characteristics (sociodemographic, labor, organizational and the environment) of workers covered by the Social Security System in Spain. METHOD: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 598,988 processes, between 15 and 365days. The relationships between length of absence, and several characteristics such as demographic, sociodemographic, occupational, organizational and environment characteristics were determined (using P values). The mean duration for each of the features is described, and the size effect is calculated to estimate the importance of the relationships found. RESULTS: There were significant relationships between the duration of temporary sick leave and several demographic characteristics (gender, age, nationality and length of service), occupational (wages, type of contract), organizational (economic sector, activity and size company), the environmental (region, state) characteristics. The age also showed a significant size effect (rxy=.134), especially after age 44. CONCLUSIONS: Only age had a significance effect on the duration of work absence, although there was also a relationship with the rest of the demographic, occupational and work environment characteristics. There was also evidence of a cross-effects between the variables, which could cause errors in interpreting the results.

[Costs of temporary disability in Spain related to diabetes mellitus and its complications]. / Costes por incapacidad temporal en España derivados de la diabetes mellitus y sus complicaciones.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To ascertain the socioeconomic impact of diabetes, it is essential to estimate overall costs, including both direct and indirect costs (premature retirements, working hours lost, or sick leaves). This study analyzed indirect costs for temporary disability (TD) due to diabetes and its complications in Spain in 2011 by assessing the related ICD-9 MC codes. MATERIAL AND METHOD: For this purpose, the number of TD processes and their mean duration were recorded. The indirect costs associated to loss of working days were also estimated. RESULTS: In 2011, diabetes and its complications were related to 2.567 TD processes, which resulted in the loss of 154.214 days. In terms of costs, this disease represented for Spanish public health administrations an expense of 3,297.095.3 €, with an estimated cost per patient and year of 141 €. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest an urgent need to devise plans for prevention and early diagnosis of diabetes and its complications, as well as programs to optimize the available health care resources by creating multidisciplinary teams where occupational medical services assume an important role. A decrease in absenteeism would result in benefits for diabetic patients, society overall, and companies or public institutions.