Descripción de la logística para una expedición humanitaria de alta producción quirúrgica de cirugías de cataratas / Logistics description of a high yield cataract surgery non-profitable expedition

Objetivo Describir el método logístico para realizar una campaña humanitaria de alto volumen quirúrgico. Método Estudio descriptivo basado en la experiencia tras múltiples campañas humanitarias con el objetivo de operar cataratas. Resultados El método se basa en la planificación, búsqueda de financiación, captación de voluntarios, acuerdo con el país a colaborar, organización y puesta en marcha de la campaña humanitaria a nivel clínico y quirúrgico. Conclusiones La ceguera por catarata puede ser evitada. Consideramos que con esta planificación otras organizaciones pueden adquirir conocimientos para tomar bases y poder realizar campañas humanitarias similares. La planificación, la coordinación, el apoyo económico, el esfuerzo y la buena voluntad es imprescindible para el buen funcionamiento y desarrollo de una campaña humanitaria exitosa (AU)

Purpose To describe the logistics and methodology of a high yield surgical non-profitable campaign. Methods A descriptive study based on previous non-profitable campaigns dedicated to cataract surgery. Results The method is based on planification, finance acquisition, volunteer support, foreign affairs with the collaborating country where the surgeries are going to be performed, team organization, and overall, summoning all the stated items to materialize a global humanitarian campaign to eradicate cataracts by clinical and surgical procedures. Conclusions Blindness due to cataracts can be over-ruled. We consider that through our planification and methodology, other organizations may acquire some knowledge to improve their methodology and carry out similar volunteering surgical campaigns. Planification, coordination, financial aid, determination, and a strong will power are altogether compulsory for a successful non-profitable surgical campaign (AU)

Logistics description of a high yield cataract surgery non-profitable expedition.

PURPOSE: To describe the logistics and methodology of a high yield surgical non-profitable campaign. METHODS: A descriptive study based on previous non-profitable campaigns dedicated to cataract surgery. RESULTS: The method is based on planification, finance acquisition, volunteer support, foreign affairs with the collaborating country where the surgeries are going to be performed, team organization, and overall, summoning all the stated items to materialize a global humanitarian campaign to eradicate cataracts by clinical and surgical procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Blindness due to cataracts can be over-ruled. We consider that through our planification and methodology, other organizations may acquire some knowledge to improve their methodology and carry out similar volunteering surgical campaigns. Planification, coordination, financial aid, determination, and a strong will power are altogether compulsory for a successful non-profitable surgical campaign.

"Please pay $800 to read this article": An open letter to paywall companies / "Por favor pague $800 para leer este artículo": Una carta abierta para las compañías de pago

Abstract Significant amounts of economic resources are spent by poor countries for access to scientific information that is blocked by pay-walls, and when fees are corrected for local economies, they can be the equivalent of hundreds of dollars per article. Pay-walls, is controlled by a small group of companies in rich countries, block knowledge from the societies that need it most. These companies should adjust their fees according to local economies: this would be fairer and would benefit everyone, including the same companies.

Resumen Los países pobres gastan cantidades significativas de recursos económicos en acceso a la información científica bloqueada por los llamados "muros de pago" o paywalls, y si se ajustan los precios según las economías locales, pueden ser equivalentes a cientos de dólares por artículo. Estos paywalls, controlados por un pequeño grupo de empresas de los países ricos, bloquean el conocimiento a las sociedades que más lo necesitan. Estas empresas deberían ajustar sus tarifas de acuerdo con las economías locales: eso sería más justo y beneficiaría a todos, incluidas las mismas empresas.

Esta puente, mi espalda: literatura y resistencia / This bridge called my back: Literature and Resistance

En este escrito recuperamos los principales enunciados del feminismo negro y del Tercer Mundo presentes en la obra literaria Esta puente, mi espalda. Voces de mujeres tercermundistas en los Estados Unidos compilada y editada por Norma Alarcón, Cherríe Morgara y Ana Castillo. La obra reúne gran cantidad de testimonios y experiencias personales que adquirieron la forma de producciones literarias, convirtiéndose en enunciados políticos y permitiendo la consolidación de dicho movimiento a partir de un entrecruzamiento entre su praxis política y artística y la producción de una teoría propia. En primer lugar, recopilamos las características del feminismo negro y del Tercer Mundo radicado en Estados Unidos, movimiento que comenzó a germinarse durante la esclavitud norteamericana y terminó de constituirse como un movimiento propiamente dicho en la década del sesenta. Dichos conceptos fueron construidos a partir de una larga trayectoria que reúne diversas formas de activismo, producciones artísticas y construcciones teóricas siendo Esta puente una de las que logró mayor trascendencia. Luego, tomamos algunos escritos de Esta puente para dar cuenta de las diversas experiencias personales y políticas relatadas por las feministas negras fortaleciendo la idea de la existencia de un feminismo negro y del Tercer Mundo radicado en Estados Unidos donde confluyeron mujeres inmigrantes, latinoamericanas, asiáticas, nativoamericanas y afrodescendientes.

In this paper we recover the main statements of black feminism and Third World present in the literary work This bridge called my back: Writings by Radical Women of Color compiled and edited by Norma Alarcón, Cherríe Morgara and Ana Castillo. The work brings together many testimonies and personal experiences that have acquired the form of literary productions, becoming political statements and allowing the consolidation of this movement from a cross between its political and artistic praxis and the production of a theory of its own. First, we compile the characteristics of Black and Third World feminism in the United States, a movement that began to germinate during American slavery and ended up as a movement proper in the 1960s. These concepts were built from a long trajectory that brings together diverse forms of activism, artistic productions and theoretical constructions being This bridge one of those that achieved greater transcendence. Second, we take a few writings from This bridge to account for the diverse personal and political experiences reported by black feminists, strengthening the idea of the existence of a black and Third World feminism in the United States where immigrant, Latin American, Asian, Native American and Afrodescendant.

[The Glivec® case: the first example of a global debate on the drug patent system]. / El caso Glivec®: primer ejemplo de debate global en torno al sistema de patentes de medicamentos.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the sequence of events involving the Glivec® case in India and to analyze the opinions generated in distinct settings. METHOD: We performed a systematic search for articles concerning the imatinib (Glivec®) patent in India. We selected those sources that described the events, decisions of the authorities involved, and press and scientific opinions. Dates and arguments presented by the involved parties were clearly identified. RESULTS: Of 886 documents initially obtained, we selected 40 documents published between 2003 and 2013. Most of them were press news and commentaries. The process lasted 7 years, starting in 2006 when the Indian Patent Office rejected the patent application filed by Novartis. It ended in 2013 when the Indian Supreme Court upheld this decision. It was argued that the Indian Patent Law would facilitate access to medicines in the Third World and the final decision has received support by the general population. Although the court's final decision has been supported by several institutions, an objective analysis should also take into account the arguments of the pharmaceutical companies and other entities. CONCLUSION: The Glivec® case gave rise to an intense debate on the appropriateness of international standards on patents, their applicability and how they should be adopted in each country. This case, as well as other cases, should serve to stimulate reflection on the international patent system and to achieve scenarios in which the health of the poorest populations is protected but also balanced against intellectual property protection and innovation.

O papel dos valores sociais e variáveis psicossociais no preconceito racial brasileiro / El rol de los valores sociales y variables psicossociales en el prejuicio racial brasileño / The role of social values and psychosocial variables in brazilian racial prejudice

Na ânsia de compreender o preconceito racial, psicologia social tem buscado identificar fatores que influenciam sua presença ou ausência nas sociedades. Um fator a ser explorado é sua relação com os valores sociais. Este artigo objetiva analisar a relação existente entre os valores sociais, determinadas expressões do preconceito (flagrante, simbólico) e variáveis político-ideológicas. Participaram deste estudo 420 universitários. Foram utilizados medidas clássicas para identificar as referidas formas de preconceito: o questionário de valores psicossociais, a escala de distâncias percebidas e a escala de atitudes favoráveis aos países de 1º e 3º mundo. Constatou-se que a adesão a valores hedonistas e materialistas, assim como a adoção de atitudes favoráveis a países de 1º mundo podem predizer a expressão do preconceito contra os negros. Por outro lado, a adesão aos valores de justiça social e a proximidade com pessoas de cor negra apresentaram uma relação com a não expressão do preconceito.

Con el afán de comprender el prejuicio racial, la psicología social ha buscado identificar factores que influencien su presencia o ausencia en las sociedades. Un factor para ser explotado es su relación con los valores sociales. Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la relación existente entre los valores sociales, determinadas expresiones del prejuicio (flagrante, simbólico) y variables político-ideológicas. Participaron de este estudio 420 universitarios. Fueron utilizados medidas clásicas para identificar las referidas formas de prejuicio: el cuestionario de valores psicosociales, la escala de distancias percibidas y la escala de actitudes favorables a los países del 1er y el 3er mundo. Se constató que la adhesión a los valores hedonistas y materialistas, así como la adopción de actitudes favorables a países del 1er mundo pueden pronosticar la expresión del prejuicio contra los negros. Por otro lado, la adhesión a los valores de justicia social y la proximidad con personas de color negra presentaron una relación con la no expresión del prejuicio.

In the drive of comprehending the racial prejudice, social psychology has sought to identify factors that influence their presence or absence in societies. A factor to be explored is its relationship to social values. This article aims to analyze the relationship between social values, certain expressions of prejudice (blatant, symbolical) and political-ideological variables. Four hundred and twenty university students took part in this research. Classic measures were used to identify the mentioned expressions of prejudice: a questionnaire of psychosocial values, a scale of perceived distances and a scale of positive attitudes towards the first and the third worlds. It was identified that the accession to hedonistic and materialistic values, as well as the adoption of favorable attitudes towards developed countries, might predict prejudice against black people. On the other hand, the adherence to social justice values, and the closeness to black people are related with the non-expression of prejudice.

O papel dos valores sociais e variáveis psicossociais no preconceito racial brasileiro / El rol de los valores sociales y variables psicossociales en el prejuicio racial brasileño / The role of social values and psychosocial variables in brazilian racial prejudice

Na ânsia de compreender o preconceito racial, psicologia social tem buscado identificar fatores que influenciam sua presença ou ausência nas sociedades. Um fator a ser explorado é sua relação com os valores sociais. Este artigo objetiva analisar a relação existente entre os valores sociais, determinadas expressões do preconceito (flagrante, simbólico) e variáveis político-ideológicas. Participaram deste estudo 420 universitários. Foram utilizados medidas clássicas para identificar as referidas formas de preconceito: o questionário de valores psicossociais, a escala de distâncias percebidas e a escala de atitudes favoráveis aos países de 1º e 3º mundo. Constatou-se que a adesão a valores hedonistas e materialistas, assim como a adoção de atitudes favoráveis a países de 1º mundo podem predizer a expressão do preconceito contra os negros. Por outro lado, a adesão aos valores de justiça social e a proximidade com pessoas de cor negra apresentaram uma relação com a não expressão do preconceito.

Con el afán de comprender el prejuicio racial, la psicología social ha buscado identificar factores que influencien su presencia o ausencia en las sociedades. Un factor para ser explotado es su relación con los valores sociales. Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la relación existente entre los valores sociales, determinadas expresiones del prejuicio (flagrante, simbólico) y variables político-ideológicas. Participaron de este estudio 420 universitarios. Fueron utilizados medidas clásicas para identificar las referidas formas de prejuicio: el cuestionario de valores psicosociales, la escala de distancias percibidas y la escala de actitudes favorables a los países del 1er y el 3er mundo. Se constató que la adhesión a los valores hedonistas y materialistas, así como la adopción de actitudes favorables a países del 1er mundo pueden pronosticar la expresión del prejuicio contra los negros. Por otro lado, la adhesión a los valores de justicia social y la proximidad con personas de color negra presentaron una relación con la no expresión del prejuicio.

In the drive of comprehending the racial prejudice, social psychology has sought to identify factors that influence their presence or absence in societies. A factor to be explored is its relationship to social values. This article aims to analyze the relationship between social values, certain expressions of prejudice (blatant, symbolical) and political-ideological variables. Four hundred and twenty university students took part in this research. Classic measures were used to identify the mentioned expressions of prejudice: a questionnaire of psychosocial values, a scale of perceived distances and a scale of positive attitudes towards the first and the third worlds. It was identified that the accession to hedonistic and materialistic values, as well as the adoption of favorable attitudes towards developed countries, might predict prejudice against black people. On the other hand, the adherence to social justice values, and the closeness to black people are related with the non-expression of prejudice.

Gubernamentalidad, dispositivos de género, raza y trabajo: la conducción de la conducta de las mujeres trabajadoras / Governmentality, Gender and Race Devices and Work: The Conduct of Conduct of Working Women

Este artículo se ocupa del problema del gobierno de las mujeres trabajadoras, acercándose en particular a las formas de gubernamentalidad que operan sobre las trabajadoras del llamado tercer mundo. Abordamos este objetivo, delineando el campo de los estudios sobre la gubernamentalidad (governmentality studies), continuando con discusiones sobre la utilización del concepto, que se han hecho desde los estudios de las organizaciones y el trabajo. Por último, consideramos las problematizaciones y críticas que tanto el feminismo como el feminismo poscolonial han hecho a estas aproximaciones, para acercamos a la delimitación del problema del gobierno de las mujeres, dentro de los órdenes laborales contemporáneos.

In this article we consider problems regarding the government of working women. Specifically, we focus on particular forms of governmentality that operate on women of the third world. We tackle this objective, firstly, by delineating the field of governmentality studies, then we approach the debate about how this concept has been used within the field of work and organization studies. Lastly, based on the problematizations and critiques formulated by both feminism and postcolonial feminism to those approaches we delimited the problem of the government of women within the contemporary work regimes.