Insecticidal action, repellency, and toxicity mechanism of the essential oil of Lippia turbinata against the stored product pest Rhipibruchus picturatus (F.).

The use of essential oils (EOs) in the development of alternative management methods for bruchid control under storage conditions aroused great interest because they have proven to be effective, less toxic, and less persistent in the ecosystem than synthetic pesticides. In this sense, leaves of Lippia turbinata (Griseb.) Moldenke EO were studied in the present work. The monoterpene limonene and the monoterpenoid eucalyptol were its main constituents. EO showed a potent insecticidal activity, both in contact and fumigant conditions, against Rhipibruchus picturatus (F.) which is one of the main pests of Prosopis alba pods in stored conditions. Moreover, the EO produces repellency in these insects. Additionally, the toxicity mechanism of action was studied. In this regard, the EO inhibits the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in in vitro assays, alters the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase, and produces an increase in the lipid peroxidation reactions. This is the first report of the use of the L. turbinata EO against R. picturatus insect pest. The data obtained demonstrate its potential for developing more efficient and natural storage pest control strategies.

Effect of octreotide on oxidative stress in the erythrocyte and kidney tissue in adriamycin-induced experimental nephrotic syndrome model / Efeito do octreotide no estresse oxidativo em eritrócitos e no tecido renal no modelo de síndrome nefrótica experimental induzida por adriamicina

Abstract Introduction: Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is one of the reasons of end-stage kidney disease, and elucidating the pathogenesis and offer new treatment options is important. Oxidative stress might trigger pathogenesis systemically or isolated in the kidneys. Octreotide (OCT) has beneficial antioxidant effects. We aimed to investigate the source of oxidative stress and the effect of OCT on experimental NS model. Methods: Twenty-four non-uremic Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups. Control group, 2 mL saline intramuscular (im); NS group, adriamycin 5 mg/kg intravenous (iv); NS treatment group, adriamycin 5 mg/kg (iv) and OCT 200 mcg/kg (im) were administered at baseline (Day 0). At the end of 21 days, creatinine and protein levels were measured in 24-hour urine samples. Erythrocyte and renal catalase (CAT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) were measured. Renal histology was also evaluated. Results: There was no significant difference among the 3 groups in terms of CAT and TBARS in erythrocytes. Renal CAT level was lowest in NS group, and significantly lower than the control group. In treatment group, CAT level significantly increased compared with NS group. In terms of renal histology, tubular and interstitial evaluations were similar in all groups. Glomerular score was significantly higher in NS group compared with control group and it was significantly decreased in treatment group compared to NS group. Conclusions: Oxidative stress in NS might be due to the decrease in antioxidant protection mechanism in kidney. Octreotide improves antioxidant levels and histology in renal tissue and might be a treatment option.

Resumo Introdução: Síndrome nefrótica (SN) é uma das causas de doença renal em estágio terminal. É importante elucidar a patogênese e oferecer novas opções de tratamento. Estresse oxidativo pode desencadear a patogênese sistemicamente ou isoladamente nos rins. O octreotide (OCT) tem efeitos antioxidantes benéficos. Nosso objetivo foi investigar a fonte de estresse oxidativo e efeito do OCT no modelo experimental de SN. Métodos: Dividimos 24 ratos albinos Wistar não urêmicos em 3 grupos. Grupo controle, 2 mL de solução salina intramuscular (im); grupo SN, adriamicina 5 mg/kg intravenosa (iv); grupo tratamento SN, adriamicina 5 mg/kg (iv) e OCT 200 mcg/kg (im) foram administrados no início do estudo (Dia 0). Aos 21 dias, mediram-se os níveis de creatinina e proteína em amostras de urina de 24 horas. Mediu-se a catalase (CAT) eritrocitária e renal e a substância reativa ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). Avaliou-se também histologia renal. Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa entre os três grupos em termos de CAT e TBARS em eritrócitos. O nível de CAT renal foi menor no grupo SN e significativamente menor que no grupo controle. No grupo tratamento, o nível de CAT aumentou significativamente em comparação com o grupo SN. Quanto à histologia renal, as avaliações tubular e intersticial foram semelhantes em todos os grupos. O escore glomerular foi significativamente maior no grupo SN em comparação com o grupo controle e diminuiu significativamente no grupo de tratamento em comparação com o grupo SN. Conclusões: Estresse oxidativo na SN pode ser devido à diminuição do mecanismo de proteção antioxidante nos rins. O octreotide melhora níveis de antioxidantes e histologia do tecido renal e pode ser uma opção de tratamento.

Comparative Assessment of Oxidative and Antioxidant Parameters in Mule and Horse Neonates during Their First Month of Extrauterine Adaptation.

After parturition, a rapid transition occurs from the intrauterine to the extrauterine milieu, exposing neonates to physiological circumstances characterized by oxidative conditions that instigate the generation of reactive oxygen species. These free radicals play pivotal roles in physiological processes; however, an imbalance between their production and the removal of antioxidants can result in severe cellular damage. The main objective of this study was to compare the oxidative and antioxidant profiles in mule and horse neonates immediately post-parturition, as well as at subsequent time points (1, 6, 12, and 24 h, 7 and 30 days) during their extrauterine existence. The parameters assessed included the systemic concentrations of Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) and carbonyl groups; the activities of the antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx); and the levels of the total, indirect, and direct bilirubin. Our results showed no interaction effect between the neonatal groups and the assessed time points for the variables under investigation. Notably, the concentrations of TBARS, as a marker of lipid peroxidation, and bilirubin were consistently lower in the mules, whereas the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity exhibited higher levels in this group. The bilirubin levels were notably reduced in the mule neonates. The TBARS demonstrated a progressive decrease over the observation period in both groups, while the GPx activity remained relatively stable from birth to 7 days, with a substantial increase evident at the 30-day mark. Protein oxidation was not affected by the group and time, while for the SOD values, all times were statistically similar, except for the lower activity at T1h. Consequently, our findings lead us to the conclusion that neonatal mules and horses manifest distinct patterns of oxidative activity and antioxidant capacity during the initial month of their extrauterine existence, potentially indicative of different adaptation mechanisms to the extrauterine environment.

Fish Oil - Omega-3 Exerts Protective Effect in Oxidative Stress and Liver Dysfunctions Resulting from Experimental Sepsis.

Background: Sepsis is a severe global health problem, with high morbidity and mortality. In sepsis, one of the main affected organs is the liver. Hepatic alterations characterize a negative prognostic. Omega-3 fatty acids (ω3), eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid, are part of the main families of polyunsaturated fatty acids. ω3 has been used in studies as sepsis treatment and as a treatment for non-alcoholic liver disease. Aim: We aimed to evaluate the effects of treatment with fish oil (FO) rich in ω3 on liver changes and damage resulting from experimental sepsis. Methodology: A model of severe sepsis in Wistar rats was used. Oxidative stress in the liver tissue was evaluated by means of tests of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, 2,7-dihydrodichlorofluorescein diacetate , catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, in the serum TBARS, DCF, thiols and, to assess liver dysfunction, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Hepatic tissue damage was evaluated using H&E histology. Results: In assessments of oxidative stress in liver tissue, a protective effect was observed in the tests of TBARS, DCF, CAT, and GPx, when compared the sepsis versus sepsis+ω3 groups. Regarding the oxidative stress in serum, a protective effect of treatment with ω3 was observed in the TBARS, DCF, and thiols assays, in the comparison between the sepsis and sepsis+ω3 groups. ω3 had also a beneficial effect on biochemical parameters in serum in the analysis of ALT, creatinine, urea, and lactate, observed in the comparison between the sepsis and sepsis+ω3 groups. Conclusion: The results suggest ω3 as a liver protector during sepsis with an antioxidant effect, alleviating injuries and dysfunctions.

4-Phenylselanyl-7-chloroquinoline attenuates hepatic injury triggered by neonatal exposure to monosodium glutamate in rats.

AIMS: Obesity is associated with a spectrum of hepatic abnormalities that can be experimentally induced by injections of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in neonatal rodents. We investigated the protective actions of the repeated therapy with 4-phenylselenyl-7-chloroquinoline (4-PSQ), a quinoline derivative containing selenium, on damage to the liver triggered by early postnatal administration of MSG in male Wistar rats. MAIN METHODS: Neonatal rats received MSG (4 g/kg, subcutaneous route) or saline (1 ml/kg) from 5 to 14 postnatal day (PND) to induce obesity with consequent damages in the liver. 4-PSQ treatment (5 mg/kg) or canola oil (1 ml/kg) was administered from 60 to 76 PND by the intragastric route. On 76 PND, animals were anesthetized for blood and liver collection. Plasma markers of hepatic function, hepatic lipoperoxidation levels and histology analysis of liver tissue were assessed. KEY FINDINGS: Our data revealed that treatment with 4-PSQ reverted the increase in plasma transaminases activities observed in MSG rats. Treatment with 4-PSQ reduced plasma lactate levels in obese rats. In the liver, MSG elevated the content of lipoperoxidation which was reverted by 4-PSQ administrations. Lastly, 4-PSQ therapy attenuated the histological alterations induced by MSG. SIGNIFICANCE: Together, the results indicate a hepatoprotective action of repeated treatment with 4-PSQ in obese rats.

Antioxidant Properties of Lyophilized Rosemary and Sage Extracts and its Effect to Prevent Lipid Oxidation in Poultry Pátê.

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activities (AA) of lyophilized rosemary extract and lyophilized sage extract, and their effects on the oxidative stability of poultry pátê. For this purpose, four poultry pátê formulations with rosemary, sage, sodium erythorbate and a control (without antioxidants) were produced. The rosemary and sage were characterized according to total phenolic compounds (TPC) and AA by several methods. The poultry pátês stored at 4 °C were evaluated by the lipid oxidation. High concentrations of TPC were detected in the rosemary extract and sage extract (46.48 and 41.61 mg GAE/g (Gallic acid equivalent), respectively). The AA of the rosemary and sage extracts determined by free radical-scavenging were 4745.72 and 2462.82 µmol TE/g (Trolox equivalents), respectively. The high concentrations of catechin, rutin, myricetin and p-coumaric acids in these extracts may be responsible for the strong inhibitory action against food pathogens. Besides this, these compounds can be responsible for the best performance in inhibiting lipid oxidation in poultry pátês during storage. This study suggests that rosemary and sage extracts may be used as a natural antioxidant in meat products.

The potential role of sesquiterpene lactones isolated from medicinal plants in the treatment of the metabolic syndrome - A review.

Metabolic syndrome comprises a cluster of metabolic disorders related to the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In latter years, plant secondary metabolites have become of special interest because of their potential role in preventing and managing metabolic syndrome. Sesquiterpene lactones constitute a large and diverse group of biologically active compounds widely distributed in several medicinal plants used for the treatment of metabolic disorders. The structural diversity and the broad spectrum of biological activities of these compounds drew significant interests in the pharmacological applications. This review describes selected sesquiterpene lactones that have been experimentally validated for their biological activities related to risk factors of metabolic syndrome, together with their mechanisms of action. The potential beneficial effects of sesquiterpene lactones discussed in this review demonstrate that these substances represent remarkable compounds with a diversity of molecular structure and high biological activity, providing new insights into the possible role in metabolic syndrome management.

Reduction of hippocampal IL-6 levels in LPS-injected rats following acute exendin-4 treatment.

Preclinical evidence on the role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1r) agonists in the brain led to an increased interest in repurposing these compounds as a therapy for central nervous system (CNS) disorders and associated comorbidities. We aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of acute treatment with exendin (EX)-4, a GLP-1r agonist, in an animal model of inflammation. We evaluated the effect of different doses of EX-4 on inflammatory, neurotrophic, and oxidative stress parameters in the hippocampus and serum of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injected animals. Male Wistar rats were injected with LPS (0.25 mg/kg i.p.) and treated with different doses of EX-4 (0.1, 0.3, or 0.5 µg/kg i.p.). Sickness behavior was assessed by locomotor activity and body weight, and depressive-like behavior was also evaluated using forced swim test (FST). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), and interleukin (IL)-6 were quantified in the serum and hippocampus. Glycemia was also analyzed pre- and post-EX-4 treatment. LPS groups exhibited decreased frequency of crossing and reduced body weight (p < 0.001), while alterations on FST were not observed. The higher dose of EX-4 reduced IL-6 in the hippocampus of LPS-injected animals (p = 0.018), and EX-4 per se reduced TBARS serum levels with a modest antioxidant effect in the LPS groups (p ≤ 0.005). BDNF hippocampal levels seemed to be increased in the LPS+EX-4 0.5 group compared with LPS+Saline (p > 0.05). Our study provides evidence on acute anti-inflammatory effects of EX-4 in the hippocampus of rats injected with LPS, contributing to future studies on repurposing compounds with potential neuroprotective properties.

Effects of dietary lycopene on the protection against oxidation of muscle and hepatic tissue in finishing pigs.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of lycopene supplementation on the carcass traits, meat quality, concentration of lipid oxidation products and antioxidant potential in the meat and liver of finishing barrows and gilts. METHODS: A total of 40 barrows and 40 gilts were allotted in a completely randomized block design, arranged in a 2×5 factorial scheme, consisting of two sexes (barrows and gilts) and five dietary levels of lycopene (0, 12.5, 25.0, 37.5, and 50.0 mg/kg). In addition, four storage times (0, 24, 48, and 72 h), at 4°C, were added to the model to evaluate the longissimus lumborum muscle. RESULTS: An interaction (p = 0.010) was observed between storage periods and dietary lycopene levels. The unfolding of the interaction (lycopene×period) showed a decreasing concentration of malondialdehyde concentration as the dietary lycopene increased, at all storage periods. No interactions (p>0.050) were observed for the 2,2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in the pork. However, the percentage of DPPH radical inhibition reduced (p = 0.001) up to 72 h. Additionally, there was a linear increase (p = 0.001) in the capture of DPPH radicals by antioxidants, as the dietary lycopene increased. No interactions were observed (p>0.05) between the evaluated factors in liver. However, lipid oxidation was reduced by supplementing lycopene in pig diets. The capture of the DPPH radical, resulted increase in the antioxidant power exerted by lycopene in the liver (p = 0.001). The concentrations of the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and DPPH in the liver were affected by sex (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Dietary supplementation of lycopene reduced the water loss during thawing and was effective in protecting against oxidation of the longissimus lumborum muscle and liver until 72 hours of storage, and the best results were obtained by supplementing with 50.0 mg of lycopene/kg of diet.

Rice bran as a substitute for soy protein and erythorbate in chicken nuggets / Farelo de arroz como substituto de proteína de soja e eritorbato em nuggets de frango

Rice bran is a byproduct with high biological value protein, fiber and phytic acid content. The nutritional and technological properties of rice bran have been highlighted and are attractive for food application. This research aimed at replacing soy protein (SP) and sodium erythorbate (SE) by defatted rice bran (DRB) in chicken nuggets. Three formulations were prepared: T1 with SP and SE; T2 with SP and without SE; and T3 with total SP and SE replacement by DRB. Lipid stability was evaluated by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) on storage days 0, 30, and 60 (-18 °C). Physicochemical and microbiological parameters were also evaluated. Color, aroma, flavor, texture acceptance, and overall impression was evaluated using a 9-point hedonic scale for 60 days of storage. T3 presented lipid stability comparable to T1 in all intervals evaluated reinforcing the antioxidant potential of DRB. However, T2 showed the lowest lipid stability due to the absence of antioxidants, presenting rancid aroma and flavor not allowing for its sensorial evaluation. Physico-chemical and microbiological parameters were either not influenced or positively influenced by DRB addition. For all attributes, T3 and T1 presented similar acceptance sensory means, with > 72.4% acceptability index. DRB is a rice byproduct potentially suitable for its use by the meat industry.(AU)

O farelo de arroz é um subproduto que contém proteína de alto valor biológico, fibra e ácido fítico. As propriedades nutricionais e tecnológicas do farelo de arroz têm sido destacadas e se mostrado vantajosas para a aplicação em alimentos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi substituir a proteína de soja (SP) e o eritorbato de sódio (SE) por farelo de arroz desengordurado (DRB) em nuggets de frango. Três formulações foram preparadas: T1 com SP e SE; T2 com SP e sem SE; e T3 com substituição total de SP e SE por DRB. A estabilidade lipídica foi avaliada por substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico aos 0, 30 e 60 dias de armazenamento (-18 °C). Os parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos, e a aceitação também foram analisados. Na análise sensorial, os atributos de cor, aroma, sabor, textura e impressão global foram avaliados usando-se a escala hedônica de 9 pontos após 60 dias de armazenamento. O T3 apresentou estabilidade lipídica comparável ao T1 em todos os intervalos analisados reforçando o potencial antioxidante do DRB. Entretanto, T2 apresentou menor estabilidade lipídica devido à ausência de antioxidantes, apresentando aroma e sabor de ranço que não permitiram sua avaliação sensorial. Os parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos não foram influenciados, ou foram positivamente influenciados pela adição de DRB. Para todos os atributos, T3 e T1 apresentaram médias sensoriais de aceitação semelhantes, com índice de aceitabilidade superior a 72,4%. O DRB é um subproduto do arroz com potencial para ser usado pela indústria da carne.(AU)

Plasma antioxidant substances apparently do not influence the radiodermatitis occurrence / Substâncias antioxidantes do plasma aparentemente não influenciam a ocorrência de radiodermatite

AIMS: Radiation affects not only tumors but also healthy tissues through the increment of oxidative stress. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the oxidative stress degree as well as non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses in the plasma of patients submitted to radiotherapy and to verify if these parameters are modified in those patients who develop radiodermatitis. METHODS: Forty-one patients submitted to radiotherapy for treatment of breast cancer were followed. From these patients, plasma samples were obtained at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the treatment, for analysis of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP). RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in terms of TBARS and FRAP in plasma harvested from these patients at the beginning and at the middle of the treatment. There was lower incidence of grade two radiodermatitis among patients undergoing radiotherapy with hypofractionated doses. There were no differences in FRAP or TBARS among patients who developed radiodermatitis of any degree in relation to those who did not develop this side effect. No differences of FRAP or TBARS were observed between patients that presented grade two radiodermatitis regarding to the others studied. CONCLUSION: There was no clear relationship between changes in TBARS or FRAP with the occurrence or severity of radiodermatitis.

Andean Prumnopitys Andina (Podocarpacae) Fruit Extracts: Characterization of Secondary Metabolites and Potential Cytoprotective Effect.

The fruits from the Chilean Podocarpaceae Prumnopitys andina have been consumed since pre-Hispanic times. Little is known about the composition and biological properties of this fruit. The aim of this work was to identify the secondary metabolites of the edible part of P. andina fruits and to assess their antioxidant activity by means of chemical and cell-based assays. Methanol extracts from P. andina fruits were fractionated on a XAD7 resin and the main compounds were isolated by chromatographic means. Antioxidant activity was determined by means of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), ferric reducing power (FRAP), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. The cytoprotective activity of the extract against oxidative and dicarbonyl stress was evaluated in human gastric epithelial cells (AGS). The total intracellular antioxidant activity (TAA) of the extract was determined in AGS cells. The inhibition of meat lipoperoxidation was evaluated under simulated gastric digestion conditions. Rutin, caffeic acid ß-glucoside and 20-hydroxyecdysone were identified as major components of the fruit extract. Additional compounds were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography diode-array detector mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MSn) and/or co-injection with standards. Extracts showed dose-dependent cytoprotective effects against oxidative and dicarbonyl-induced damage in AGS cells. The TAA increased with the pre-incubation of AGS cells with the extract. This is the first report on the composition and biological activity of this Andean fruit.

Inspiratory threshold loading reduces lipoperoxidation in obese and normal-weight subjects.

Obesity is related to increased oxidative stress. Although low-intensity physical exercise reduces oxidative stress, obese subjects may show exercise intolerance. For these subjects, inspiratory threshold loading could be an alternative tool to reduce oxidative stress. We investigated the effects of inspiratory threshold loading on biomarkers of oxidative stress in obese and normal-weight subjects. Twenty obese (31.4 ± 6 years old, 10 men and 10 women, 37.5 ± 4.7 kg/m2) and 20 normal-weight (29.4 ± 8 years old, 10 men and 10 women, 23.2 ± 1.5 kg/m2) subjects matched for age and gender participated in the study. Maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) was assessed by a pressure transducer. Blood sampling was performed before and after loading and control protocols to assess thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonylation, and reduced glutathione. Inspiratory threshold loading was performed at 60% MIP and maintained until task failure. The 30-min control protocol was performed at 0 cmH2O. Our results demonstrated that inspiratory threshold loading reduced TBARS across time in obese (6.21 ± 2.03 to 4.91 ± 2.14 nmol MDA/ml) and normal-weight subjects (5.60 ± 3.58 to 4.69 ± 2.80 nmol MDA/ml; p = 0.007), but no change was observed in protein carbonyls and glutathione in both groups. The control protocol showed no significant changes in TBARS and protein carbonyls. However, reduced glutathione was increased across time in both groups (obese: from 0.50 ± 0.37 to 0.56 ± 0.35 µmol GSH/ml; normal-weight: from 0.61 ± 0.11 to 0.81 ± 0.23 µmol GSH/ml; p = 0.002). These findings suggest that inspiratory threshold loading could be potentially used as an alternative tool to reduce oxidative stress in both normal-weight and obese individuals.

Some Quality Parameters of Powdered Soups Prepared from Different Fish Species

Abstract In this study, we aim to determine the shelf life of dried and ready to use-powdered soup samples obtained from different types of fish species such as Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), sea bream (Sparusaurata L.) and sea bass (Dicentrarchuc labrax). For this purpose, the chemical (moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate, ash, pH, Thiobarbituric acid (TBA), Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), microbiological (total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, total yeast and mold, total coliform, Staphylococcus spp. and Salmonella spp.) and sensory properties of fish soup samples were determined during 6-month storage period. The pH, TBA and TVB-N values of all samples increased during the storage period, but these values were within the consumption limits. Additionally, the microbiological properties of all fish soup samples were found within the consumption limits during storage. As a result, a product has been obtained with high nutritional value and rich with regard to protein, oil, and minerals by adding the fish meat to soup samples. It has been determined that the product quality and shelf life significantly increased by using the boiled product for the production of soup samples.

Lipid metabolism alterations in the neuronal response to A53T α-synuclein and Fe-induced injury.

Pathological α-synuclein (α-syn) overexpression and iron (Fe)-induced oxidative stress (OS) are involved in the death of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). We have previously characterized the role of triacylglycerol (TAG) formation in the neuronal response to Fe-induced OS. In this work we characterize the role of the α-syn variant A53T during Fe-induced injury and investigate whether lipid metabolism has implications for neuronal fate. To this end, we used the N27 dopaminergic neuronal cell line either untransfected (UT) or stably transfected with pcDNA3 vector (as a transfection control) or pcDNA-A53T-α-syn (A53T α-syn). The overexpression of A53T α-syn triggered an increase in TAG content mainly due to the activation of Acyl-CoA synthetase. Since fatty acid (FA) ß-oxidation and phospholipid content did not change in A53T α-syn cells, the unique consequence of the increase in FA-CoA derivatives was their acylation in TAG moieties. Control cells exposed to Fe-induced injury displayed increased OS markers and TAG content. Intriguingly, Fe exposure in A53T α-syn cells promoted a decrease in OS markers accompanied by α-syn aggregation and elevated TAG content. We report here new evidence of a differential role played by A53T α-syn in neuronal lipid metabolism as related to the neuronal response to OS.

Fibra y capacidad antioxidante de algas comestibles en ratas suficientes o deficientes en vitamina E / Fiber and antioxidant capacity of edible algae in vitamin E sufficient and deficient rats / Fibra e capacidade antioxidante de algas comestíveis em camundongos suficientes e deficientes em vitamina E

Debido a la importancia que han alcanzado las algas en la alimentación de los países occidentales aquí se estudió el potencial de las algas Nori y Wakame como fuentes de fibra y capacidad antioxidante en ratas en crecimiento alimentadas con dietas suficientes o deficientes en vitamina E (vit E) durante 15 días. Hubo 3 grupos de ratas que recibieron dietas: 1. grupo control, 2. grupo Nori y 3 grupo Wakame con vit E y 3 grupos similares sin vit E. En las dietas con vit E, Nori produjo una reducción de crecimiento y las dos algas causaron una acumulación de vit E hepática, una reducción en la vit E plasmática y un aumento en TBARS en plasma e hígado. En contraste, cuando las algas se ofrecieron en dietas exentas de vit E, el grupo Nori recuperó su capacidad de crecer, mantuvo una mayor reserva de vit E en el hígado que el grupo control deficiente en vit E y el consumo de ambas algas resultó en TBARS plasmáticos por debajo de las ratas controles deficientes en vit E, lo que señaló que las algas se comportaron mejor en dietas sin vit E. Adicionalmente, se observó que las algas estimularon la función excretora del intestino sin afectar su capacidad absortiva.

In western countries, edible seaweed consumption has markedly increased in recent years. Accordingly, in this study the antioxidant capacity and fiber value of Nori and Wakame algae were evaluated in growing rats fed with sufficient of deficient vitamin E. There were 3 groups of rats: 1. Control, 2. Nori and 3. Wakame with vitamin E and 3 similar groups without vitamin E. The diet with Nori and sufficient vitamin E caused a reduction in growth and Nori and Wakame were associated with liver vitamin E accumulation, plasma vitamin E reduction and an increase in TBARS in liver and plasma. In contrast, when the same diets were offered without vitamin E, the Nori fed rats recovered their growing capacity, they maintained a higher vitamin E reserve than the control or Wakame fed rats, and the consumption of both algae was associated with lower plasma TBARS than vitamin E deficient rats, indicating that these algae are best accepted when offered without vitamin E. In addition, both algae improved the excretory capacity of the intestine without affecting its absorption function.

Visto que nos países ocidentais revestiu importância o consumo de algas na alimentação, aqui foi estudado o potencial das algas Nori e Wakame como fontes de fibra e capacidade antioxidante em ratos em crescimento, alimentados com dietas suficientes ou deficientes em vitamina E (vit E) durante 15 dias. Houve 3 grupos de ratos que receberam dietas: 1. grupo controle, 2. grupo Nori e 3. grupo Wakame com vit E e 3 grupos similares sem vit E. Nas dietas com vit E, Nori produziu uma redução no crescimento e as duas algas provocaram uma acumulação de vit E hepática, redução da vit E plasmática e aumento em TBARS em plasma e fígado. Em contraste, quando as algas foram oferecidas em dietas sem vitamina E, o grupo Nori recuperou sua capacidade de crescimento, manteve maior reserva de vit E no fígado do que o grupo controle deficiente em vit E e o consumo de ambas as algas resultou em TBARS plasmáticos mais baixos do que nos ratos do grupo controle deficientes em vitamina E, indicando que essas algas são melhor aceitas quando oferecidas sem vit E. E, também, as algas melhoraram a capacidade de excreção do intestino sem afetar sua função de absorção.

Cupremia y colesterolemia como factores de riesgo en pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer / Plasma levels of copper and cholesterol as risk factors in Alzheimer disease patients / Cupremia e colesterolemia como fatores de risco em pacientes com doença de Alzheimer

Se estudiaron 241 personas, 119 controles y 122 pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) subagrupados en tres categorías de acuerdo con el estadio clínico de la dolencia, con el objetivo de investigar la influencia de niveles elevados de cobre libre y colesterol plasmático como factores de riesgo para la EA. Las conclusiones obtenidas de los resultados indicaron que los pacientes expuestos a una combinación de alto colesterol y de cobre no unido a ceruloplasmina tuvieron mayor proporción de marcadores de estrés oxidativo (carbonilos proteicos, sustancias reactivas al tiobarbiturato, glutatión oxidado y descenso de antioxidantes totales en sangre), conjuntamente con un incremento de HDL-colesterol peroxidado y lipoproteína "a" que correlacionó con la gravedad de su cuadro. Lo mismo sucedió con la relación entre péptidos amiloides (1-40) y (1-42) en plasma y los valores del mini-test de estado cognitivo (MMSE). Se halló que una función de adición de efectos que cuantificó el daño por cobre libre y colesterol oxidado resultó directamente proporcional a la pérdida de desempeño cognitivo estimada por medio del MMSE. Esta función es de fácil determinación y puede considerarse un nuevo biomarcador para estudiar riesgo en poblaciones expuestas, apoyar el diagnóstico clínico, o evaluar la eficacia de estrategias terapéuticas en pacientes con EA.

Alzheimer disease (AD) patients (122) compared to control subjects (119) were studied to determine the role of chronic exposure of hypercholesterolemic plasma levels and free copper (not bound to ceruloplasmin) as biomarkers of progression for AD. Oxidative stress parameters, lipid profile, amyloid levels, and cognitive status were studied in all participants. Conclusions obtained indicated that patients exposed simultaneously to free copper and increased cholesterol levels present higher indicators of oxidative stress (protein carbonyls, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, decreased total antioxidant activity in plasma and elevated oxidized HDL-cholesterol). Lipoprotein "a" concentrations also correlated with the clinical progression of the disease. The ratio amyloid ß(1-40)/ß(1-42) in plasma inversely correlated with the cognitive performance estimated by the Mini-Mental State Examination Test (MMSE). A defined function that weighs the contribution of the deleterious effect produced by combined free copper and Ox-HDL-cholesterol exposure directly correlated with the loss of cognitive performance. Thus, this biomarker could be a new tool for the screening of large populations under risk, or may be a useful way to estimate the efficacy of therapeuti approaches in patients suffering AD.

Foram estudadas 241 pessoas, 119 controles e 122 pacientes com doença de Alzheimer (DA), agrupados em três categorias de acordo com o estágio clínico da doença, com o objetivo de investigar a influência de níveis elevados de cobre livre e colesterol plasmático como fatores de risco para a DA. As conclusões obtidas a partir dos resultados indicaram que os pacientes expostos a uma combinação de colesterol alto e de cobre não ligados à ceruloplasmina apresentaram maior proporção de marcadores de estresse oxidativo (carbonilos proteicos, substâncias reativas ao tiobarbiturato, glutationa oxidada e diminuição dos antioxidantes totais no sangue ), juntamente com um aumento da HDL-colesterol peroxidado e lipoproteína "a" que correlacionou com a gravidade de sua condição. O mesmo aconteceu com a relação entre os peptídeos amilóides (1-40) e (1-42) em plasma e os valores do mini-teste do estado cognitivo (MMSE). Verificou-se que uma função de adição de efeitos que quantificou o dano por cobre livre e colesterol oxidado resultou diretamente proporcional à perda de desempenho cognitivo estimada através do MMSE. Esta função é fácil de determinar e pode ser considerada um novo biomarcador para estudar o risco em populações expostas, apoiar o diagnóstico clínico ou avaliar a eficácia de estratégias terapêuticas em pacientes com DA.

Foxo3 gene expression and oxidative status in beta-thalassemia minor subjects.

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress may aggravate symptoms of hemolytic anemias such as beta-thalassemia. FoxO3 activation results in resistance to oxidative stress in fibroblasts and neuronal cell cultures. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to study FoxO3 gene expression and oxidative status in beta-thalassemia minor individuals. METHODS: Sixty-three subjects (42 apparently healthy individuals and 21 with beta-thalassemia minor) were analyzed at the Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina, between September 2013 and June 2014. A complete blood count, hemoglobin electrophoresis in alkaline pH and hemoglobin A2 levels were quantified. Moreover, thiobarbituric acid reactive species, erythrocyte catalase activity and iron status were evaluated. Beta-thalassemia mutations were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. FoxO3 gene expression was investigated by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using mononuclear cells from peripheral blood. RESULTS: Subjects were grouped as children (≤12 years), and adult women and men. The analysis of erythrocyte catalase activity/hemoglobin ratio revealed a significant difference (p-value <0.05) between healthy and beta-thalassemia minor adults, but no significant difference was observed in the thiobarbituric acid reactive species levels and FoxO3 gene expression (p-value >0.05). Thiobarbituric acid reactive species and the erythrocyte catalase activity/hemoglobin ratio were not significantly different on comparing the type of beta-thalassemia mutation (ß0 or ß+) present in carriers. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of systemic oxidative imbalance demonstrated by thiobarbituric acid reactive species is correlated to the observation of normal FoxO3 gene expression in mononuclear cells of peripheral blood. However, an imbalanced antioxidant state was shown by the erythrocyte catalase activity/hemoglobin ratio in beta-thalassemia minor carriers. It would be necessary to study FoxO3 gene expression in reticulocytes to elucidate the role of FoxO3 in this pathology.

Foxo3 gene expression and oxidative status in beta-thalassemia minor subjects

ABSTRACT Background: Oxidative stress may aggravate symptoms of hemolytic anemias such as beta-thalassemia. FoxO3 activation results in resistance to oxidative stress in fibroblasts and neuronal cell cultures. Objective: The purpose of this research was to study FoxO3 gene expression and oxidative status in beta-thalassemia minor individuals. Methods: Sixty-three subjects (42 apparently healthy individuals and 21 with beta-thalassemia minor) were analyzed at the Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina, between September 2013 and June 2014. A complete blood count, hemoglobin electrophoresis in alkaline pH and hemoglobin A2 levels were quantified. Moreover, thiobarbituric acid reactive species, erythrocyte catalase activity and iron status were evaluated. Beta-thalassemia mutations were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. FoxO3 gene expression was investigated by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using mononuclear cells from peripheral blood. Results: Subjects were grouped as children (≤12 years), and adult women and men. The analysis of erythrocyte catalase activity/hemoglobin ratio revealed a significant difference (p-value <0.05) between healthy and beta-thalassemia minor adults, but no significant difference was observed in the thiobarbituric acid reactive species levels and FoxO3 gene expression (p-value >0.05). Thiobarbituric acid reactive species and the erythrocyte catalase activity/hemoglobin ratio were not significantly different on comparing the type of beta-thalassemia mutation (β0 or β+) present in carriers. Conclusions: The lack of systemic oxidative imbalance demonstrated by thiobarbituric acid reactive species is correlated to the observation of normal FoxO3 gene expression in mononuclear cells of peripheral blood. However, an imbalanced antioxidant state was shown by the erythrocyte catalase activity/hemoglobin ratio in beta-thalassemia minor carriers. It would be necessary to study FoxO3 gene expression in reticulocytes to elucidate the role of FoxO3 in this pathology.

Triple A Syndrome: Preliminary Response to the Antioxidant N-Acetylcysteine Treatment in a Child.

INTRODUCTION: Triple A syndrome (AAAS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by alacrima, achalasia, ACTH-resistant adrenal insufficiency, autonomic dysfunction, and progressive neurodegeneration. Increased oxidative stress, demonstrated in patients' fibroblasts in vitro, may be a central disease mechanism. N-acetylcysteine protects renal function in patients with kidney injuries associated with increased oxidative stress and improves viability of AAAS-knockdown adrenal cells in vitro. PATIENT AND RESULTS: A boy diagnosed with AAAS presented with short stature and increased oxidative stress in vivo assessed by increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), which are markers of lipid peroxidation, and by the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation and the capacity of HDL to prevent it. A homozygous missense germline mutation (c.523G>T, p.Val175Phe) in AAAS was identified. N-acetylcysteine (600 mg orally, twice daily) decreased oxidative stress but did not change the patient's growth pattern. CONCLUSIONS: An increase in oxidative stress is reported for the first time in vivo in an AAAS patient. N-acetylcysteine was capable of decreasing TBARS levels, reducing the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation and improving the antioxidant role of HDL. The long-term effect of antioxidant treatment should be evaluated to determine the real benefit for the prevention of the degenerative process in AAAS.