Thromboembolic events, major bleeding and mortality in essential thrombocythaemia and polycythaemia vera-A matched nationwide population-based study.

Thromboembolic events and bleeding are known complications in essential thrombocythaemia (ET) and polycythaemia vera (PV). Using multiple Swedish health care registers, we assessed the rate of arterial and venous events, major bleeding, all-cause stroke and all-cause mortality in ET and PV compared to matched controls. For each patient with ET (n = 3141) and PV (n = 2604), five matched controls were randomly selected. In total, 327 and 405 arterial or venous events were seen in the group of ET and PV patients respectively. Compared to corresponding controls, the rate of venous thromboembolism, major bleeding and all-cause mortality per 100 treatment years was significantly increased among both ET (0.63, 0.79 and 3.70) and PV patients (0.94, 1.20 and 4.80). The PV patients also displayed a significantly higher rate of arterial events and all-cause stroke compared to controls. When dividing the cohort into age groups, we found a significantly higher rate of arterial and venous events in all age groups of PV patients, and the rate of all-cause mortality was significantly higher in both ET and PV patients in all ages above the age of 50. This study confirms that PV and ET are diseases truly marked by thromboembolic complications and bleeding.

Extra-Pulmonary Thrombosis In Patients With Coronavirus-19 Disease; Case Series And Review Of The Literature.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a viral disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. There is an increased incidence of a thromboembolic phenomenon in patients with COVID-19 infection. Pulmonary embolism is the most common thrombotic presentation in COVID-19 patients. Extra-pulmonary thrombosis is an unusual thrombotic complication of COVID-19 disease. METHODS: This study was conducted at The Aga Khan University Hospital from June-July'2021. Patients clinical and laboratory findings, treatment, and outcomes were recorded. RESULTS: We report three cases with the diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia associated with extra-pulmonary thrombosis from June to July 2021. The mean age of the patients were 66.3 and two of them (66.6%) were male. The diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis in all the three patients. Extra-pulmonary thrombosis was identified in the celiac artery and splenic veins in case 1, left common iliac artery in case 2, and left ventricular apical thrombus in case 3. All the patients were treated with anticoagulation. In total, two patients were discharged home after total recovery, while the third patient died. CONCLUSIONS: The take-home message is that COVID-19 infection is a pro-thrombotic condition that can provoke arterial and venous thrombosis. Extra-pulmonary thrombosis is increasingly identified with COVID-19 infection. It is important to remember that the patient might have no potential risk factor for thromboses, as COVID-19 infection per se is a risk to induce thrombosis.

Prevalência dos fatores de risco para trombose venosa profunda em pacientes cirúrgicos em unidade de terapia intensiva / Prevalence of risk factors for deep venous thrombosis in surgical patients in intensive care unit

Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência dos fatores de risco e medidas de prevenção para trombose venosa profunda de pacientes cirúrgicos em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Métodos: Estudo transversal, conduzido em 2019, com utilização da escala de Caprini para classificação de cada paciente quanto ao risco para trombose venosa profunda, e análise das intervenções adotadas. Resultados: Foram avaliados 68 pacientes. Os fatores de risco mais prevalentes foram procedimento cirúrgico de grande porte (96%) e restrição ao leito (90%). O risco para tromboembolismo venoso foi alto (62/91%), moderado (5/7%) e baixo (1/2%). A mobilização de membros foi aplicada a todos os pacientes, deambulação precoce foi realizada em 62% e 56% foram submetidos à profilaxia medicamentosa. Conclusão: A alta prevalência dos fatores de risco para trombose venosa profunda em pacientes cirúrgicos e a baixa aplicabilidade de medidas preventivas demonstram a importância da implementação de programas de educação continuada e medidas de monitoramento desses eventos.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of the risk factors and preventive measures for deep venous thrombosis in surgical patients in the Intensive Care Unit. Methods: Cross-sectional study held in 2019 using the Caprini scale to classify each patient regarding their risk for deep venous thrombosis, and analysis of the actions taken. Results: A total of 68 patients were evaluated. The most prevalent risk factors were being submitted to major surgical procedures (96%) and bed restriction (90%). The risk for venous thromboembolism was high (62/91%), moderate (5/7%), and low (1/2%). Limb mobilization was applied on all patients; early ambulation was performed in 62%; and 56% were submitted to drug prophylaxis. Conclusion: The high prevalence of risk factors for deep vein thrombosis in surgical patients and the low applicability of preventive measures show the importance of implementing continuing education programs and measures to monitor such events.

Treatment of catheter-related thrombosis in patients with hematologic malignancies: A Venous thromboEmbolism Network U.S. retrospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Optimal treatment of catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) is uncertain in patients with hematologic malignancy. We aimed to evaluate the treatment strategies, outcomes, and predictors of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) associated with catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) in patients with hematologic malignancy. METHODS: We performed a multicenter retrospective cohort study of eight institutions through the Venous thromboEmbolism Network US. Patients with hematologic malignancies with documented CRT were identified using ICD-9 and ICD-10 diagnostic codes. Semi-competing risks proportional hazard regression models were created. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Of the 663 patients in the cohort, 124 (19%) were treated with anticoagulation alone, 388 (58%) were treated with anticoagulation and catheter removal, 119 (18%) treated with catheter removal only, and 32 (5%) had neither catheter removal nor anticoagulation. 100 (15%) patients experienced a recurrent VTE event. In the 579 patients who had catheter removal, the most common reason for catheter removal was the CRT [392 (68%)]. For subjects who received any anticoagulation (n = 512), total anticoagulation duration was not associated with VTE recurrence [1.000 (0.999-1.002)]. After adjustment patients treated with catheter removal only had an increased risk of VTE recurrence [2.50 (1.24-5.07)] and death [4.96 (2.47-9.97)]. Patients with no treatment had increased risk of death [16.81 (6.22-45.38)] and death after VTE recurrence [27.29 (3.13-238.13)]. In this large, multicenter retrospective cohort, we found significant variability in the treatment of CRT in patients with hematologic malignancy. Treatment without anticoagulation was associated with recurrent VTE.

Short-duration chemoprophylaxis might reduce incidence of deep vein thrombosis in Asian patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a serious complication that may occur after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), leading to the recommendation of routine chemoprophylaxis by international guidelines. This study aims to determine if short-duration chemoprophylaxis after TKA reduces the incidence of VTE in an Asian population. METHODS: A retrospective study of 316 patients who underwent unilateral primary TKA between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2013 was conducted. All patients received mechanical prophylaxis. One hundred seventeen patients (37%) received additional chemoprophylaxis, whereas 199 patients (63%) did not. A Doppler ultrasound (DUS) of both lower limbs was conducted for all patients within 6 days after surgery (median = 3 days) to assess for both proximal and distal DVT. Chemoprophylaxis in the form of enoxaparin (low molecular weight heparin; LMWH), aspirin, or heparin was administered until patients had a normal DUS, for a median duration of 4 days. Patients were followed up clinically for a minimum of 6 months to monitor for delayed or recurrent VTE and at least 2 years for patient-reported outcome measures. RESULTS: Overall, 24 patients (7.59%) developed deep vein thrombosis (DVT): three proximal and 21 distal DVTs. Twenty-three of the 24 patients were asymptomatic. Twenty of 199 patients (10.05%) with only mechanical prophylaxis developed DVT, whereas four of 117 patients (3.42%) with additional chemoprophylaxis developed DVT. Multivariate analysis showed that chemoprophylaxis use was associated with reduced incidence of DVT (odds ratio = 0.19, p value = 0.011). Other factors associated with increased DVT incidence include female gender (odds ratio = 5.45, p value = 0.034), positive history of cancer (odds ratio = 5.14, p value = 0.044), and increased length of stay in hospital (odds ratio = 1.19, p value < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study has shown that despite the low incidence of DVT in Asian patients undergoing TKA, short-duration chemoprophylaxis might be effective in reducing the incidence of DVT. However, most DVTs observed in our study were distal and may be of limited clinical significance. Further studies are needed to investigate the impact of chemoprophylaxis use on the incidence of PE and overall mortality rates among Asian patients.

Vein of Labbe Thrombosis-A missed culprit.

Thrombosis of vein of Labbe is an uncommon finding and usually tends to occur along with extensive dural venous sinus thrombosis. Clinical presentation varies from headache to aphasia, dysarthria and upper motor neuron weakness symptoms. Recognized risk factors for thrombosis should be considered while diagnosis. MR venogram remains investigation of choice for detection and to look for the extent of thrombosis.

A randomised controlled trial of extended anticoagulation treatment versus standard treatment for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) and post-thrombotic syndrome in patients being treated for a first episode of unprovoked VTE (the ExACT study).

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is prevalent and impactful, with a risk of death, morbidity and recurrence. Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) is a common consequence and associated with impaired quality of life (QoL). The ExACT study was a non-blinded, prospective, multicentred randomised controlled trial comparing extended versus limited duration anticoagulation following a first unprovoked VTE (proximal deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism). Adults were eligible if they had completed ≥3 months anticoagulation (remaining anticoagulated). The primary outcome was time to first recurrent VTE from randomisation. The secondary outcomes included PTS severity, bleeding, QoL and D-dimers. Two-hundred and eighty-one patients were recruited, randomised and followed up for 24 months (mean age 63, male:female 2:1). There was a significant reduction in recurrent VTE for patients receiving extended anticoagulation [2·75 vs. 13·54 events/100 patient years, adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 0·20 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0·09 to 0·46, P < 0·001)] with a non-significant increase in major bleeding [3·54 vs. 1·18 events/100 patient years, aHR 2·99 (95% CI: 0·81-11·05, P = 0·10)]. Outcomes of PTS and QoL were no different between groups. D-dimer results (on anticoagulation) did not predict VTE recurrence. In conclusion, extended anticoagulation reduced VTE recurrence but did not reduce PTS or improve QoL and was associated with a non-significant increase in bleeding. Results also suggest very limited clinical utility of D-dimer testing on anticoagulated patients.

Factores de riesgo y clasificación de riesgo para enfermedad tromboembólica en mujeres posparto / Risk factors and risk classification for thromboembolic disease in postpartum women / Fatores de risco e classificação de risco para doença tromboembólica em mulheres no pós-parto

Introducción. Las mujeres en el periodo posparto presentan un mayor riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad, con un incremento de hasta 10 veces el riesgo de enfermedad tromboembólica, en comparación con mujeres no embarazadas en edad fértil.Objetivo. Describir las características sociodemográficas, factores de riesgo y clasificación de riesgo para eventos tromboembó-licos de las mujeres posparto en un hospital de referencia del departamento de Boyacá durante el año 2018.Metodología. Estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, realizado en 398 mujeres posparto, quienes fueron encuestadas y valoradas por el servicio de ginecobstetricia del Hospital Regional de Sogamoso, durante el año 2018; se identi-ficaron los factores y se hizo clasificación de riesgo para eventos tromboembólicos.Resultados y conclusiones. Las mujeres posparto cuentan con una mediana de edad de 26 años [RIQ; 10 años], procedentes del área urbana en el 62,6% y en su mayoría (69,6%) del estrato socioeconómico uno. Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes encontrados fueron la cesárea (33,2%), el sobrepeso (31,4%), la obesidad grado I y II (11,3%) y el parto pretérmino (7,5%). La clasificación de riesgo para eventos tromboembólicos en el total de la población se clasificó como: 6% riesgo bajo, 89,5% riesgo moderado y 4,5% riesgo alto. Es necesario contar en los servicios de ginecobstetricia con la identificación del nivel de riesgo para eventos tromboembólicos de las mujeres posparto, de forma estandarizada y sistemática; igualmente, mitigar estos riesgos y así garantizar la prevención de este tipo de complicaciones.

Introduction. Women in the postpartum period have a higher risk of morbidity and mortality, with an increase of up to 10 times the risk of thromboembolic disease compared to non-pregnant women of childbearing age.Objective. To describe the sociodemographic characteristics, risk factors, and risk classification for thromboembolic events of postpartum women in a reference hospital in the department of Boyacá during 2018.Methodology. Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, carried out in 398 postpartum women, who were surveyed and assessed by the Gynecology and Obstetrics Service of the Sogamoso Regional Hospital during 2018, the factors and risk classification for thromboembolic events were identified.Results and conclusions. Postpartum women have a median age of 26 years [RIQ; 10 years], from the urban area in 62.6% and mostly from the socioeconomic stratum one with 69.6%. The most frequent risk factors found were caesarean section with 33.2%, overweight with 31.4%, obesity grade I and II with 11.3% and preterm delivery with 7.5%. The risk classification for thromboembolic events in the total population was classified as: 6% low risk, 89.5% moderate risk and 4.5% high risk. Identification of the level of risk for thromboembolic events in postpartum women is necessary in the gynecology and obstetrics services in a standardized and systematic way, as well as mitigating these risks and thus guaranteeing the prevention of this type of complications.

Introdução: Mulheres no período pós-parto apresentam maior risco de morbilidade e mortalidade, com aumento de até 10 vezes o risco de doenças tromboembólicas, em comparação com mulheres não grávidas em idade reprodutiva. Objetivo: Descrever as características sociodemográficas, fatores de risco e classificação de risco para eventos tromboembólicos em mulheres pós-parto no hospital de referência no departamento de Boyacá durante o ano 2018. Metodologia: Estudo observacional, des-critivo, transversal, realizado em 398 mulheres pós-parto, que foram inquiridas e avaliadas pelo servi-ço de ginecologia e obstetrícia do Hospital Regional de Sogamoso, durante o ano de 2018; Identifica-ram-se fatores e classificação de risco para eventos tromboembólicos. Resultados e conclusões: as mulheres no pós-parto têm uma idade mediana de 26 anos [RIQ; 10 anos], 62,6% da zona urbana e a maioria (69,6%) do estrato socioeconômico um. Os fatores de risco mais frequentes encontrados fo-ram cesárea (33,2%), sobrepeso (31,4%), obesidade graus I e II (11,3%) e parto prematuro (7,5%). A classificação de risco para eventos tromboembólicos na po-pulação total foi classificada em: 6% de baixo risco, 89,5% de risco moderado e 4,5% de alto risco. É necessário contar com os serviços de ginecoobstetrícia com a identificação do grau de risco para eventos tromboembólicos em mulheres pós-parto, de forma padronizada e sistematizada; da mesma forma, mitigar esses riscos e, assim, ga-rantir a prevenção deste tipo de complicações.

Advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of venous thrombosis.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) represents a leading cause of global mortality, however, the determinants that contribute to thrombus development remain incompletely understood. In this review, we discuss the role of inherited abnormalities of blood coagulation in VTE pathogenesis. In addition, we also consider recent emerging data suggesting other molecular and cellular determinants may also contribute. Specifically, we describe the role played by the inflamed endothelium, and the dysregulated responses to inflammatory stimuli that create a platform for pathological clot formation. We review the accumulating evidence that blood cells, contact pathway factors and protein disulphide isomerases all play key roles in VTE development. Finally, we discuss new insights into the role of metabolites arising from commensal gut bacteria and their potential role in facilitating VTE. This overview provides an update on these state-of-the-art developments and the opportunities they provide for new antithrombotic therapies with enhanced efficacy and improved safety profiles.

Severe Acute Kidney Injury With Significant Uremia in an Infant Found to Have Inferior Vena Cava, Bilateral Renal Vein, and Bilateral Renal Artery Thromboses.

BACKGROUND: Common neonatal etiologies of acute kidney injury (AKI) include renal vein and inferior vena cava thromboses, maternal use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and congenital renal disease. The incidence of renal vein thrombosis is estimated to be 0.5 per 1,000 neonatal intensive care unit admissions, with approximately half of cases extending to the inferior vena cava and with unilateral disease being significantly more common than bilateral. Data on abdominal venous thromboembolism in pediatric patients are limited, and the clinical presentation of renal vein thrombosis can vary, although most patients have at least one of the three cardinal signs: hematuria, thrombocytopenia, or abdominal mass. CASE REPORT: We present the case of a 5-month-old female transferred to our pediatric intensive care unit from an outside hospital with AKI and significant uremia (creatinine 6.01 mg/dL, blood urea nitrogen >200 mg/dL) secondary to inferior vena cava, bilateral renal vein, and bilateral renal artery thromboses. The patient was started on a heparin drip and subsequently underwent mechanical thrombectomy of her inferior vena cava and right renal vein in addition to site-directed tissue plasminogen activator to her renal veins, renal arteries, and inferior vena cava. Following the procedure, she developed severe coagulopathy and became hemodynamically labile. The coagulopathy was corrected, but further anticoagulation to prevent further thrombus propagation was not sustainable in the face of ongoing bleeding and hemodynamic instability, so the decision to withdraw mechanical support was made. CONCLUSION: Because of the varied presentations of renal vein thrombosis and because prompt intervention significantly improves survival and renal outcomes, a high index of suspicion is warranted when risk factors and any of the three cardinal features of renal vein thrombosis are present.

The use of direct oral anticoagulants in chronic kidney disease.

Increasing use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) has made management of non-valvular atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism easier in most patients. But the presence of co-existing renal impairment could render the use of DOACs problematic because all of these drugs have varying degrees of renal excretion. In this paper we address misconceptions about the safety and efficacy of DOACs in moderate-severe renal impairment by presenting a summary of the literature from phase III trials and real-world studies. It also addresses the important consideration of correct estimate of renal function for DOAC dosing. It is hoped that the review will serve as a valuable resource for clinicians involved in anticoagulation decision-making in patients with renal impairment to guide the choice of most suitable agent. Accurate dosing is of particular relevance as registry data suggests it is done inconsistently and may be resulting in avoidable thromboembolic and bleeding events.

An Acute Pulmonary Embolism Accompanying Greater Saphenous Vein Thrombosis / 대한내과학회지

Pulmonary embolism is most commonly related to deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities. However, recent studies show that the thrombosis of superficial veins can also progress to deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. To our knowledge, there is no Korean report of pulmonary embolism associated with superficial vein thrombosis. We experienced an 82-year-old woman complaining of dyspnea and chest pain. On chest dynamic computed tomography (CT), pulmonary embolism was diagnosed. To evaluate the origin of the pulmonary embolism, abdominal CT, Doppler ultrasonography, and ascending venography of both lower extremities were done. We found no deep vein thrombosis, while thrombus of the proximal left greater saphenous vein was seen. We report a case of pulmonary embolism accompanying greater saphenous vein thrombosis without deep vein thrombosis.