Time orientation and risk perception moderate the influence of sodium warnings on food choice: Implications for the design of communication campaigns.

The inclusion of sodium warnings on food packages has been proposed as a means to encourage population to reduce sodium intake. However, consumers who focus on today rather than tomorrow or consumers who downplay or underestimate risks might pay little attention to warnings. The aim of the present study was to explore whether time orientation and perceived risk of sodium consumption may moderate the influence of sodium warnings on food choices. An online study involving 498 Uruguayan participants was carried out. Participants evaluated pairs of bread packages differing in three 2-level variables (sodium warning, type of bread and brand) and were asked to indicate the one they would choose if they were in a supermarket. Then, they answered a scale on 'consideration of future consequences' adapted to eating habits, and responded to statements measuring perceived risk of sodium consumption. Results revealed that sodium warnings had a significant effect on participants' choices. However, the efficacy of warnings was moderated by time orientation and risk perception. A focus on immediate consequences and thinking that the risk associated with sodium consumption can be compensated, decreased the efficacy of the sodium warning. These results provide experimental evidence of the potential of warnings to discourage consumption of products with high sodium content and suggest that communication campaigns accompanying the introduction of warnings should promote a future-oriented vision on eating habits, raise risk awareness and stress that the risks are not easily compensated.

Influence of time orientation on food choice: Case study with cookie labels.

Time orientation can influence health-related behaviors, including food consumption. The aim of the present work was to study the influence of time orientation on food choice, using cookie labels as case study. A choice-conjoint task was designed using labels differing in type of cookie (chocolate chips vs. granola), front-of-pack nutrition information (nutritional warnings vs. Facts Up Front system) and nutritional claim (no claim vs. "0% cholesterol. 0% trans fat"). An online study was conducted, in which 155 participants evaluated 8 pairs of cookie labels and selected the one they would buy if they were in the supermarket. Then, they were asked to complete a consideration of future consequences scale (CFC) adapted to eating habits, as well as a questionnaire about socio-demographic characteristics. Time orientation influenced participants' choices of cookies labels; particularly the importance attached to type of cookie. Participants with greater consideration of future consequences preferred the granola cookies, associated with health, while those who prioritized immediate consequences preferred chocolate chip cookies. In addition, nutritional warnings discouraged choice regardless of participants' time orientation. Results from the present work provide additional evidence of the influence of time preferences on food choices and suggest that strategies to stimulate and generate a more future-oriented perspective on eating habits could contribute to more healthful food choices.