An ALNS-based approach for the traffic-police-routine-patrol-vehicle assignment problem in resource allocation analysis of traffic crashes.

OBJECTIVES: Imbalances between limited police resource allocations and the timely handling of road traffic crashes are prevalent. To optimize resource allocations and route choices for traffic police routine patrol vehicle (RPV) assignments, a dynamic crash handling response model was developed. METHODS: This approach was characterized by two objective functions: the minimum waiting time and the minimum number of RPVs. In particular, an adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS) was designed to solve the model. Then, the proposed ALNS-based approach was examined using comprehensive traffic and crash data from Ningbo, China. RESULTS: Finally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the bi-objective of the proposed model and simultaneously demonstrate the efficiency of the obtained solutions. Two resolution methods, the global static resolution mode, and real-time dynamic resolution mode, were applied to explore the optimal solution. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the optimal allocation scheme for traffic police is 13 RPVs based on the global static resolution mode. Specifically, the average waiting time for traffic crash handling can be reduced to 5.5 min, with 53.8% less than 5.0 min and 90.0% less than 10.0 min.

[Testing for visual deficits by the police among road users in Germany]. / Überprüfung visueller Defizite durch die Polizei bei Verkehrsteilnehmern in Deutschland.

BACKGROUND: The Professional Association of Ophthalmologists (BVA) estimates that at least 100,000s of traffic accidents with 10,000s of injuries and fatalities are caused by known and unknown visual disorders on German roads every year. Until now, however, the police have not had the opportunity to check for potential visual disorders on the spot in cases of conspicuous driving. In a pilot project of the police with the Eye Hospital of the Hannover Medical School (MHH), the aim was for the first time to extend the existing tests of the police by adapted "car-side" vision tests. MATERIAL AND METHOD: On-site evaluation of eye motility, pupil size and light reaction of car drivers as well as an orienting visual acuity test and an orienting confrontation visual field was performed. The practical performance of all examination modalities was previously coordinated and trained. RESULTS: The scope and type of individual examinations for estimating visual ability of car drivers were described and standardized. In addition to the visual characteristics, more familiar neurological tests, such as walking along a straight line were also recorded. The combined test evaluation results in an objective basis for the official decision of an immediate temporary withdrawal of the driving license, if necessary, and the initiation of further measures, such as an ophthalmological examination. With these innovations, the Lower Saxony police have revised their training concept for checking driving ability and issued it for implementation at the beginning of 2022, including the vision tests recommended by ophthalmologists. In the meantime, around 150 officers have been trained in Lower Saxony and are now authorized to carry out qualified driving ability tests. In this respect, a large number of corresponding traffic examinations have already been carried out and the continued driving of road users with significant visual deficits has been prevented. CONCLUSION: In this pilot project, the aim was for the first time to expand the common testing procedures of the traffic police for the detection of drivers who are dangerous to traffic, in addition to screening for alcohol, drugs and neurological deficits, to include specific tests for the detection of visual deficits. The corresponding training of police officers has been carried out across the board in Lower Saxony and Hamburg, and the measures are currently being applied as needed during traffic controls. In the future, the tested characteristics will be evaluated in a weighted score and will provide an objective basis for the police to decide whether to stop the driver in cases of deficits.

Planning traffic surveillance in Spain: How to optimize the management of police resources to reduce road fatalities.

Although traffic police enforcement is widely recognized as a key action in the road safety field, it can be a costly policy to implement. In addition, governments often impose budget constraints that can limit the resources available for activities such as law enforcement and surveillance. To evaluate the impact of human traffic control resources planning on traffic fatalities on Spanish NUTS-3 regions interurban roads, this paper uses an econometric model to investigate the performance of police enforcement intensity by focusing on two crucial traffic law infractions (i.e., speeding and drunk driving). After controlling for a range of economic, demographic, climate, and risk exposure variables, results highlight the relevance of visible, human, and in-person traffic law enforcement through regular vehicle patrols for reducing traffic crashes, with a non-significant effect of automatic enforcement. Our findings have important implications for traffic police resource management regarding the effective maintenance of patrol cars and plans to digitalize and automatize police administrative tasks and procedures.

Correlation between 23 metals and metalloids elements in the urine and thyroid function of traffic police / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the correlation between 23 metals and metalloids elements in the urine and thyroid function indicators in the blood of traffic police. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed to assess the effects of 23 metals and metalloids elements in the urine on blood thyroid function indicators in 166 traffic policemen (122 field staff and 44 internal staff) in Wuhan, Hubei Province. Each subject received an occupational health examination. Results After multiple corrections for false detection rates, in the polymetallic model, the levels of urinary manganese and urinary uranium were positively correlated with the levels of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) in the blood (β = 66.57, 95% CI 2.92-130.22, P = 0.040 and β = 62.43, 95% CI 14.37-110.49, P = 0.011), and the level of urinary uranium was positively correlated with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in the blood (β = 6.20, 95% CI 2.68-9.72 , P = 0.001). Urinary uranium level was negatively correlated with free thyroxine level in the blood (FT4) (β = -2.03, 95 % CI (-3.67 )- (-0.39), P = 0.015), and urinary lead level was negatively correlated with blood TSH level (β = -4.59, 95% CI (-8.67) - (-0.51), P = 0.027). Conclusion Manganese exposure is related to the increase of TPOAb level in blood, uranium exposure is related to the increase of TPOAb and TSH levels and the decrease of FT4 level in blood, and lead exposure is related to the decrease of TSH level in blood, suggesting that more attention should be paid to the effects of heavy metals on the thyroid of traffic police.

Chronic Occupational Exposure to Traffic Pollution Is Associated with Increased Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Healthy Urban Traffic Control Police.

Urban traffic officers in many low- and middle-income countries are exposed to high levels of traffic-related air pollutants (TRAP) while working vehicle control on heavily congested streets. The impact of chronic TRAP exposure on the cardiovascular health, including the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), of this outdoor occupational group remains unclear. This cross-sectional study compared the average mean and maximum CIMT measurements of two groups of relatively young, healthy traffic police (32 ± 7 years; 77% male) in Quito, Ecuador, who were without clinical evidence of serious cardiovascular or other disease. Previously published background data on PM10 (a TRAP surrogate) indicated that street levels of the pollutant were several orders of magnitude higher at the street intersections worked by traffic police compared to those working only in an office. Accordingly, officers permanently assigned to daily traffic control duties requiring them to stand 0-3 m from heavily trafficked street intersections were assigned to the high exposure group (n = 61). The control group (n = 54) consisted of officers from the same organization who were permanently assigned to office duties inside an administration building. Mean and maximum CIMT were measured with ultrasound. General linear models were used to compare the CIMT measurements of the high exposure and control groups, adjusting for covariates. The adjusted average mean and maximum CIMT measures of the high exposure group were increased by 11.5% and 10.3%, respectively, compared to the control group (p = 0.0001). These findings suggest that chronic occupational exposure to TRAP is associated with increased CIMT in traffic police. This is important since even small increases in arterial thickening over time may promote earlier progression to clinical disease and increased premature mortality risk.

Occupational Health Hazards Among Traffic Police in South Asian Countries: Protocol for a Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Occupational health hazards and injuries are an alarming concern among traffic police. Occupational injuries affect the physical, social, and mental well-being of police personnel, which has various public health implications. The evaluation of occupational health and safety policies and regulations for the traffic police relies on their occupational exposure and health hazard statistics and assessments. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this scoping review is to systematically explore, analyze, and describe relevant findings from all studies conducted on occupational exposure and associated health hazards among traffic police in South Asia. METHODS: The scoping review will include studies that assessed occupational exposure prevalence, types, knowledge, predisposing factors, and prevention strategies. Databases like PubMed, Springer Link, EBSCOhost, the Cochrane library, and Google Scholar will be used to obtain both published and unpublished works in the English language. Relevant gray literature, including governmental and international organization reports, will be examined. After removing duplicates and screening titles and abstracts, the full-text analysis will begin. Arksey and O'Malley's methodology framework for scoping reviews will be followed. According to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews, the scoping review will be reported. Two qualified reviewers will independently conduct article screening and data extraction. The extracted data will then be tabulated and accompanied by an explanation to facilitate comprehension. We will extract relevant article results using NVivo (version 10; QSR International) and thematic content analysis. The included articles will be evaluated using the mixed methods appraisal tool (version 2018). RESULTS: The scoping review will provide insight into how occupational health hazards affect traffic police physically and psychologically in South Asia. The theoretical conceptualization of different aspects of the occupational health of traffic police will emphasize future studies in this region, which will inform policy makers to revise their occupational health and safety policies and principles. It will have implications for taking necessary preventive measures in the future to reduce occupational injuries and fatalities resulting from different types of occupational hazards. CONCLUSIONS: This scoping review will describe the overview of occupational hazards among South Asian traffic police and will provide insights for policy makers to implement changes and to adapt new strategies. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/42239.

Assessment of Hidden Hearing Loss in Individuals Exposed to Occupational Noise Using Cochlear, Neural, Temporal Functions and Quality of Life Measures.

The present study aims to identify the objective tests that can identify hidden hearing loss in a group of individuals exposed to occupational noise, which is not otherwise evident as a clinically relevant permanent threshold shift. A standard group comparison design was used to study the hidden auditory effect of occupational noise on traffic police officers. A total of 50 participants (n = 25 exposed to occupational noise; n = 25 non-occupational noise-exposed) were included in the study. The test battery comprised of behavioral tests (hearing thresholds from 250 to 16,000 Hz), fine structure Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE's) as physiological measure, Click and CE-chirp® evoked auditory brain stem response (ABR) as electrophysiological, and Gap detection test (GDT) and Temporal modulation transfer function (TMTF) as psychophysical measures. Among the measures evaluated, extended high-frequency audiometry, fine structure DPOAE amplitude, CE-chirp® ABR, GDT, and TMTF showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the traffic police individuals exposed to occupational noise and the controls. However, routine audiometry and click-evoked ABR did not show any significant differences. The high-frequency audiometric thresholds, fine structure DPOAEs, CE-chirp® evoked ABR, GDT and TMTF have been shown to be affected in individuals exposed to occupational noise. This finding indicates a hidden hearing loss in the study group. Hence, this study paves the way for early identification and intervention of noise-induced hearing loss by including these measures along with routine test protocol in susceptible individuals.

Post-Crash First Response by Traffic Police in Nepal: A Feasibility Study.

BACKGROUND: Road traffic injuries are a significant and increasing public health burden in Nepal, but there is no national coverage of regulated and standardized emergency medical service systems. Therefore, this study was designed to develop a first responder trauma training program for the Nepal traffic police and to evaluate the feasibility of its delivery and follow up. METHODS: A training needs assessment with traffic-police officers in a single district of Nepal informed the development of a 3-day first-response course which was provided to officers in May 2019. Participants were supplied with a trauma-pack and asked to complete a report form when first-responder skills were used. Knowledge and confidence face-to-face surveys were used before and after training to assess learning, and were repeated at 6 months to assess retention of knowledge. The surveys at 6 months assessed the factors affecting application of first response skills. RESULTS: Most (97%) participants believed giving first-aid was part of their responsibilities and 95% had experience of transporting road crash victims to hospital with a range of injuries. Low levels of first-aid training and variable course content were reported. Knowledge and confidence scores improved post-intervention but were reduced at 6-months. During attendance at 303 road crashes in the 6-months follow-up period, 44% of the participants self-reported using at least one skill from the course; applying them on 92 occasions. Incident report-forms were frequently not completed. Barriers to providing treatment included: the patient already en-route to hospital when police arrived at scene; resistance to providing care from relatives or bystanders; and competing police duties (e.g., traffic management). CONCLUSIONS: Delivering a first-response training program for traffic-police in Nepal is feasible. Knowledge was retained and used, and skills were in frequent demand. A study of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness appears warranted to determine if extending the training to other districts can improve outcomes in road traffic injury patients in the absence of formal emergency medical services.

Effect of automobile exhaust on pulmonary function tests among traffic police personnel in Kashmir valley.

Background: Automobile exhaust is an important cause of air pollution, which is a leading health menace and is growing perpetually. Traffic police personnel are exposed to automobile exhaust more than anyone else, and the resulting lung involvement may be asymptomatic. Materials and Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted among 136 traffic police personnel, aged 18-59 years, working for more than 6 months in the traffic police of Kashmir valley. In addition, 140 age- and sex-matched, healthy unexposed Kashmiri's served as controls. Pulmonary functions were measured by RMS Helios 401 PC based spirometer. Results: Sixteen (11.2%) out of 136 traffic police personnel had abnormal pulmonary function test (PFT) as compared to 5 (3.6%) out of 140 controls. Traffic police personnel's had significantly declined forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1) and forced vital capacity. Eight (5.8%) had obstructive, 7 (5.1%) had restrictive, and 1 (0.7%) traffic police personnel had mixed pattern on PFT. Duration of exposure to automobile exhaust of more than 10 years was significantly associated with pulmonary function abnormality (P = 0.038). Conclusion: Air pollution due to automobile exhaust may be the factor responsible for pulmonary function abnormalities in traffic police personnel. Besides protective measures during duty hours, traffic police personnel should be subjected to periodic assessment of their lung functions.

COVID-19 pandemic lockdown-induced altered sleep/wake circadian rhythm, health complaints and stress among traffic police personnel in India.

COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2, capable of high human transmission. To protect against the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Health Organization proposed intervening guidance that included movement restrictions, isolation, restriction of national and international travel or movement, and full or partial closure of organizations and institutions. Police personnel play a vital role in safeguarding the spread of COVID-19; thus, potentially causing severe stress due to increased consignment and direct exposure to infection during duty. The study aimed to determine the effect of the added stress of the COVID-19 pandemic and population lockdown on the sleep/wake 24 h rhythm of traffic police. A concise online questionnaire survey was conducted among the traffic police personnel of India. Collected data were analyzed statistically. Disorientation of working schedule, fear of being vulnerable to disease, pressure of maintaining law, and orders during lockdown increased stress level. The survey identified discontinuation of sleep, shift of mid-sleep time, increase in depression, plus stress and anxiety among traffic police personnel that affected their chronobiological milieu. Proper awareness of adequate health and safety measures, use of personnel protection equipment, regular conversation with family members, and meditation can help reduce stress during this pandemic situation.

Association between ambient air pollution and hyperuricemia in traffic police officers in China: a cohort study.

To evaluate the association between ambient air pollution and hyperuricemia, we prospectively followed 1748 traffic police officers without hyperuricemia at baseline (2009-2014) from 11 districts in Guangzhou, China. We calculated six-year average PM10, SO2 and NO2 concentrations using data collected from air monitoring stations. The hazard ratios for hyperuricemia per 10 µg/m3 increase in air pollutants were 1.46 (95% CI: 1.28-1.68) for PM10, 1.23 (95% CI: 1.00-1.51) for SO2, and 1.43 (95% CI: 1.26-1.61) for NO2. We also identified changes in the ratio of serum uric acid to serum creatinine concentrations (ua/cre) per 10 µg/m3 increase in air pollutants as 11.54% (95% CI: 8.14%-14.93%) higher for PM10, 5.09% (95% CI: 2.76%-7.42%) higher for SO2, and 5.13% (95% CI: 2.35%-7.92%) higher for NO2, respectively. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution was associated with a higher incidence of hyperuricemia and an increase in ua/cre among traffic police officers.

Assessment of pulmonary functions among traffic police personnel in Chennai city - A comparative cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Air pollution due to road traffic is a solemn health hazard and vehicular emissions due to huge population in the cities are the main reason for the air quality crisis. The study was conducted to assess the degree of impairment in lung function in traffic police personnel exposed to traffic pollution compared to less-exposed healthy subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 250 traffic police personnel, aged 20-55 years, working in Chennai city, as compared to a matched control group, consisting of 250 less-exposed subjects. Measurement of pulmonary function testing was done with an RMS Helio 401. Statistical analysis was carried out with R statistical software. RESULTS: The traffic police personnel had significantly (P < 0.05) declined FEV1 and FEV1/FVC ratio and FEF 25-75% (L/s) as compared to controls. Traffic personnel with longer duration of exposure showed significantly (P < 0.05) reduced lung functions than those with shorter duration. We have found a significant negative correlation with all pulmonary function parameters such as FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEFR, and FVC 25%-75% among the traffic police personnel. CONCLUSION: The impairment of pulmonary function among the traffic police personnel might be due to the effect of pollution by vehicular exhausts and they should be offered personal protective or preventive measures.

Traffic police officers' use of first aid skills at work: a qualitative content analysis of focus group discussions in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends involving lay people in prehospital care. Several training programmes have been implemented to build lay responder first aid skills. Findings show that most programmes significantly improved participants' first aid skills. However, there is a gap in knowledge of what factors influence the use of these skills in real situations. The current study aimed to describe police officers' views on and experiences of factors that facilitate or hinder their use of trained first aid skills at work. METHODS: Thirty-four police officers participated in five focus group discussions. A structured interview guide was used to collect data. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: We identified five categories of facilitators or hindrances. Training exposure was considered a facilitator; work situation and hospital atmosphere were considered hindrances; and the physical and social environments and the resources available for providing first aid could be either facilitators or hindrances. CONCLUSION: Practical exposure during training is perceived to improve police officers' confidence in applying their first aid skills at work. However, contextual factors related to the working environment need to be addressed to promote this transfer of skills.

Formaldehyde, Oxidative Stress, and FeNO in Traffic Police Officers Working in Two Cities of Northern Italy.

Personal air formaldehyde (air-FA) was measured as risk factor of airways inflammation and oxidative stress (SO) induction. Overall, 154 police officers were enrolled from two differently urbanised Italian cities, Turin and Pavia. Urinary F2t-isoprostane (15-F2t-IsoP), a prostaglandin-like compound, was quantified as a biomarker of general OS in vivo and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) was measured for monitoring local inflammatory processes. Urinary cotinine was quantified as a biomarker of tobacco smoking exposure. Traffic police officers living in Turin showed an increased level of log air-FA (p < 0.001), equal to +53.6% (p < 0.001). Log air-(FA) mean values were 3.38 (C.I. 95% 3.33-3.43) and 2.84 (C.I. 95% 2.77-2.92) in Turin and Pavia, respectively. Log (air-FA) was higher in "outdoor workers" (3.18, C.I. 95% 3.13-3.24, p = 0.035) compared to "indoor workers", showing an increase of +9.3%, even controlling for sex and city. The analyses on 15-F2t-IsoP and FeNO, both adjusted for log air-FA, highlighted that OS and inflammation were higher (+66.8%, p < 0.001 and +75%, p < 0.001, respectively) in Turin traffic police officers compared to those from Pavia. Our findings suggest that even low exposures to traffic-related emissions and urbanisation may influence both general oxidative stress levels and local inflammation.

Impact of a postcrash first aid educational program on knowledge, perceived skills confidence, and skills utilization among traffic police officers: a single-arm before-after intervention study.

BACKGROUND: An overwhelming proportion of road traffic deaths and injuries in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) occur in prehospital environments. Lay first responders such as police officers play an important role in providing initial assistance to victims of road traffic injuries either alone or in collaboration with others. The present study evaluated a postcrash first aid (PFA) educational program developed for police officers in Tanzania. METHOD: A 16-h PFA educational program was conducted in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, for 135 police officers. Participants completed training surveys before, immediately and 6 months after the training (before, N = 135; immediately after, N = 135; after 6 months, N = 102). The primary outcome measures were PFA knowledge, perceived skills confidence, and skills utilization. Parametric and nonparametric tests were used to analyse changes in outcome. RESULTS: The mean PFA knowledge score increased from 44.73% before training (SD = 20.70) to 72.92% 6 months after training (SD = 18.12), p < .001, N = 102. The mean PFA perceived skills confidence score (measured on a 1-5 Likert scale) increased from 1.96 before training (SD = 0.74) to 3.78 6 months after training (SD = 0.70), p < .001, N = 102. Following training, application of the recovery position skill (n = 42, 46%) and application of the bleeding control skill (n = 45, 49%) were reported by nearly half of the responding officers. Less than a quarter of officers reported applying head and neck immobilization skills (n = 20, 22%) following training. CONCLUSION: A PFA educational program has shown to improve police officers' knowledge and perceived skills confidence on provision of first aid. However qualitative research need to be conducted to shed more light regarding reasons for low utilization of trained first aid skills during follow-up.

Traffic police officers' experience of post-crash care to road traffic injury victims: a qualitative study in Tanzania".

BACKGROUND: Recently, road traffic injuries (RTIs) have become a major health problem affecting health systems in many low- and middle-income countries. Regardless of whether an ambulance is available for evacuation, police officers have been shown to arrive at the crash scene first, becoming, in effect, the first responders to RTI victims. Therefore, the study aimed to explore the experiences of traffic police officers in regard to the provision of care to RTI victims in the prehospital environment, including the role of traffic police upon arriving at the crash scene, the challenges they face, and their opinions about how to improve care to RTI victims. METHOD: The study used a qualitative approach in which data were obtained from 10 individual interviews and three focus group discussions. There were 41 participants, 27 of them were male and 14 were female. About half (48.7%) of the study participants were aged between 30 to 39 years. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyse all the materials. RESULTS: Three themes emerged from the analysis. The theme "Maintain safety while saving injured victims' lives and facilitating access to a health facility" was comprised of safety, sorting, initial help, and assisting access to hospital care. "Overwhelmed working with limited resources and support" included limited care and transport resources, police fatigue, and little or no support. "Improving supportive system and empowering frontline personnel" included the need for an emergency care system, availability of resources and an emergency medical support system, and training for police and drivers regarding victims' first-aid care, and road safety. CONCLUSION: The study findings characterize an environment in which the police first responders have no knowledge or skills and no equipment and supplies to provide care to RTI victims at the scene before rushing them to definitive care. The results suggest a favorable climate for training and equipping officers so that they can deliver competent postcrash care at the scene while emergency medical services are yet to be established. However, more research will be needed to determine the efficacy of such training and its acceptability in the Tanzanian context.

[Evaluating the level of occupational stress and its influence factors among traffic police in a district in Shanghai].

Objective: To investigate the high occupational stress and its influencing factors in traffic police in Shanghai. Methods: 728 traffic police were selected as the study subjects, and the《Occupational Health Questionnaire》was used to investigate and evaluate their job demand-control (JDC) and effort-reward imbalance model (ERI) occupational stress situation respectively. The related influencing factors were analyzed. Results: The prevalence rates of high occupational stress in JDC and ERI models were 74.6% (543/728) and 51.5% (375/728) . The influencing factors of JDC were education, marriage, average weekly hours (χ(2)=16.82, 10.04, 18.71, P<0.05) , and The influencing factors of ERI were gender, age, marriage, real monthly income level, education, work experience, and average weekly hours (χ(2)=7.02, 26.18, 6.73, 50.42, 4.75, 26.61, 112.98, 6.19, P<0.05) . The JDC multivariate logistic analysis indicated that the risk of occupational stress of married police was 2.81 times as high as that of Unmarried ones. The risk of occupational stress of traffic police with more education was 1.92 times as high as that of low eduacation, average weekly working 41-50 hours and≥51 hours was 2.53, 3.12 times as high as that of ones with average working 40 hours, respectivly. Meanwhile, the ERI multivariate logistic analysis indicated that high income level is the protective factor of occupational stress. The traffic police with 15-<20 working years were more likely to occur higher occupational stress. The traffic police with the more average weekly hours had greater possibility of higher occupational stress. Conclusion: The main influencing factors of JDC and ERI are marriage, real monthly income level, education, work experience, and average weekly hours.

Evaluating the level of occupational stress and its influence factors among traffic police in a district in Shanghai / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective@#To investigate the high occupational stress and its influencing factors in traffic police in Shanghai.@*Methods@#728 traffic police were selected as the study subjects, and the《Occupational Health Questionnaire》was used to investigate and evaluate their job demand-control (JDC) and effort-reward imbalance model (ERI) occupational stress situation respectively. The related influencing factors were analyzed.@*Results@#The prevalence rates of high occupational stress in JDC and ERI models were 74.6% (543/728) and 51.5% (375/728) . The influencing factors of JDC were education, marriage, average weekly hours (χ2=16.82, 10.04, 18.71, P<0.05) , and The influencing factors of ERI were gender, age, marriage, real monthly income level, education, work experience, and average weekly hours (χ2=7.02, 26.18, 6.73, 50.42, 4.75, 26.61, 112.98, 6.19, P<0.05) . The JDC multivariate logistic analysis indicated that the risk of occupational stress of married police was 2.81 times as high as that of Unmarried ones. The risk of occupational stress of traffic police with more education was 1.92 times as high as that of low eduacation, average weekly working 41-50 hours and≥51 hours was 2.53, 3.12 times as high as that of ones with average working 40 hours, respectivly. Meanwhile, the ERI multivariate logistic analysis indicated that high income level is the protective factor of occupational stress. The traffic police with 15-<20 working years were more likely to occur higher occupational stress. The traffic police with the more average weekly hours had greater possibility of higher occupational stress.@*Conclusion@#The main influencing factors of JDC and ERI are marriage, real monthly income level, education, work experience, and average weekly hours.

Provision of post-crash first aid by traffic police in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: The availability of prehospital trauma care is an important means of reducing serious injuries and fatalities associated with road traffic injuries (RTIs). Lay responders such as traffic police play an important role in the provision of prehospital trauma care to RTI victims, especially where there is no established prehospital care system. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate knowledge, self-reported practice, and attitudes toward post-crash first aid among traffic police officers in Tanzania. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania between July-September 2017 to investigate knowledge, self-reported practice and attitude among traffic police officers during provision of post-crash care. We used simple random technique to recruit 340 traffic police officers, self -administered questionnaires were used to collect data. The researchers used descriptive statistics and Pearson's chi-square tests to analyze the data. RESULTS: A total of 340 traffic police officers were surveyed. Nearly two thirds (65.3%) reported having had post-crash first aid on-the job training; a slightly larger proportion (70.9%) reported that they had cared for RTI victims in the previous year. The survey responses showed that, generally, traffic police officers' level of knowledge about post-crash first aid to RTI victims was low-about 3% of the surveyed officers possessed knowledge at a level considered good. Also, there was a statistically significant correlation between higher educational attainment and greater knowledgeability (p = 0.015). Almost all of the officers (96%) had a positive attitude toward providing post-crash first aid to RTI victims. CONCLUSIONS: Improved training of Tanzania traffic police officers, by means of an updated post-crash first aid curriculum and updated resources is recommended. Also, user-friendly post-crash first aid leaflets should be provided to traffic police for their reference.

Smart Phone Based Audiometry in City Traffic Police.

Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) is defined as "reduction in auditory acuity associated with noise exposure". Traffic police is a bundle of people who are the usual sufferer of this type of increased hearing threshold. In developing countries like India, many of them are unable to access audiology services, because of shortage of trained professionals and limited sources. Smartphone based audiometry is easy and can detect hearing loss as early as possible. To study hearing threshold in traffic police. Total 88 persons were included in the study. An occupational history was taken regarding duration of posting followed by smart phone based audiometry (Hearing Test TM software) test. Out of total 88 persons, 80 were having increased hearing thresholds which were suggestive of noise induced hearing loss. Out of total 88 persons 8 were in normal group, 24 were in mild hearing loss group, 42 were in moderate hearing loss group and 14 were in severe hearing loss group. Total number of person with notch at 4000/6000 Hz was 28, suggestive of particular pattern of noise induced hearing loss. During the last decade, mobile phones have evolved like anything. Furthermore, the utilization of health-related applications has gained increased focus. Health-related applications are useful, less time consuming and with increased efficiency by early diagnoses. There are many of smart-phone hearing applications that are already in use. They use similar principle as audiometer. This kind of application will narrow down the supply and demand ratio of audiology service in developing countries.