Hsa-miR-134-5p predicts cardiovascular risk in circulating mononuclear cells and improves angiogenic action of senescent endothelial progenitor cells.

This research explores the role of microRNA in senescence of human endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) induced by replication. Hsa-miR-134-5p was found up-regulated in senescent EPCs where overexpression improved angiogenic activity. Hsa-miR-134-5p, which targeted transforming growth factor ß-activated kinase 1-binding protein 1 (TAB1) gene, down-regulated TAB1 protein, and inhibited phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) in hsa-miR-134-5p-overexpressed senescent EPCs. Treatment with siRNA specific to TAB1 (TAB1si) down-regulated TAB1 protein and subsequently inhibited p38 activation in senescent EPCs. Treatment with TAB1si and p38 inhibitor, respectively, showed angiogenic improvement. In parallel, transforming growth factor Beta 1 (TGF-ß1) was down-regulated in hsa-miR-134-5p-overexpressed senescent EPCs and addition of TGF-ß1 suppressed the angiogenic improvement. Analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) disclosed expression levels of hsa-miR-134-5p altered in adult life, reaching a peak before 65 years, and then falling in advanced age. Calculation of the Framingham risk score showed the score inversely correlates with the hsa-miR-134-5p expression level. In summary, hsa-miR-134-5p is involved in the regulation of senescence-related change of angiogenic activity via TAB1-p38 signalling and via TGF-ß1 reduction. Hsa-miR-134-5p has a potential cellular rejuvenation effect in human senescent EPCs. Detection of human PBMC-derived hsa-miR-134-5p predicts cardiovascular risk.

Ziziphus spina-christi L. extract attenuates bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice via regulating TGF-ß1/SMAD pathway: LC-MS/MS Metabolic profiling, chemical composition, and histology studies.

Ancient Egyptians (including Bedouins and Nubians) have long utilized Ziziphus spina-christi (L.), a traditional Arabian medicinal herb, to alleviate swellings and inflammatory disorders. It is also mentioned in Christian and Muslim traditions. Ziziphus spina-christi L. (Family: Rhamnaceae) is a plentiful source of polyphenols, revealing free radical scavenging, antioxidant, metal chelating, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Herein, different classes of the existing bioactive metabolites in Z. spina-christi L. were detected using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the first time. The study also aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties of Z. spina-christi L. extract against bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in an experimental mouse model. 32 male Swiss Albino mice were assigned into 4 groups; the first and second were the normal control group and the bleomycin positive control (single 2.5 U/kg bleomycin intratracheal dose). The third and fourth groups received 100 and 200 mg/kg/day Z. spina-christi L. extract orally for 3 weeks, 2 weeks before bleomycin, and 1 week after. The bioactive metabolites in Z. spina-christi L. extract were identified as phenolic acids, catechins, flavonoids, chalcones, stilbenes, triterpenoid acids, saponins, and sterols. The contents of total phenolic compounds and flavonoids were found to be 196.62 mg GAE/gm and 33.29 mg QE/gm, respectively. In the experimental study, histopathological examination revealed that lung fibrosis was attenuated in both Z. spina-christi L.- treated groups. Z. spina-christi L. extract downregulated the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 and decreased levels of the inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in lung tissue. Z. spina-christi L. also downregulated the expression of the fibrotic parameters collagen-1, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-ß1), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and SMAD3, with upregulation of the antifibrotic SMAD7 in lung tissue. Overall, the present study suggests a potential protective effect of Z. spina-christi L. extract against bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis through regulation of the TGF-ß1/SMAD pathway.

MicroRNA-29b attenuates fibrosis in a rat model of Peyronie's disease.

BACKGROUND: Peyronie's disease is characterized by the formation of fibrotic plaques in the penile tunica albuginea. Effective treatments are limited, warranting the investigation of new promising therapies, such as the application of microRNAs that regulate fibrosis-related genes. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of mimicking microRNA-29b in a fibrin-induced rat model of Peyronie's disease. MATERIAL/METHODS: The study was designed in two phases. To establish an optimal Peyronie's disease model, rats received either human fibrin and thrombin or saline solutions into the tunica albuginea on days 0 and 5. The animal model validation was done through expression and histopathological analyses, the latest by an experienced uropathologist. After validation, we performed microRNA-29b treatment on days 14, 21, and 28 of the study. This phase had control (normal saline) and scramble (microRNA scramble) groups. The mid-penile shaft was removed on day 30 for histological examination and molecular analyses in both study stages. RESULTS: The control group displayed typical tunica albuginea histologic architecture in the animal model validation. In Peyronie's disease group, the Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson Trichrome staining methods demonstrated an interstitial inflammatory process with concomitant dense fibrotic plaques as well as disarrangement of collagen fibers. Additionally, we found out that reduced microRNA-29b (p = 0.05) was associated with significantly increased COL1A1 and transforming growth factor ß1 genes and proteins (p > 0.05) in the Peyronie's disease group. After treatment with mimic microRNA-29b stimulation, the Hematoxylin & eosin and Masson Trichrome staining revealed a discrete and less dense fibrotic plaque. This result was associated with significantly decreasing expression of COL1A1, COL3A1, and transforming growth factor ß1 genes and proteins (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION: The fibrin-induced animal model showed significant histopathological and molecular changes compared to the Control group, suggesting that our model was appropriate. Previous findings have shown that increased expression of microRNA-29b was associated with decreased pathological fibrosis. In the present study, treatment with microRNA-29b decreased the gene and protein expression of collagens and transforming growth factor ß1. This study reveals the therapeutic potential for Peyronie's disease involving molecular targets. CONCLUSION: MicroRNA-29b application on the rat's tunica albuginea attenuated fibrosis, arising as a novel potential strategy for Peyronie's disease management.

Pregnancy risk in beef and dairy cows after supplementing semen with transforming growth factor beta-1 at the time of artificial insemination.

Our objective was to determine if the addition of a concentrated human recombinant transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF) to bovine semen at the time of AI would result in increased risk of pregnancy in beef and dairy cows. Suckled beef cows (n = 1,132) in 11 herds across 2 states and lactating dairy cows (n = 2,208) in one organic-certified herd were enrolled. Beef cows received fixed-time AI (FTAI) following a 7 d CO-Synch + controlled internal drug release estrous synchronization protocol. Dairy cows were inseminated following observation of natural estrus expression. Cows received either no treatment as a control (CON) or 10 ng of TGF in 10 µl added through the cut-end of a thawed straw of semen immediately prior to AI. At the time of FTAI of beef cows, the mean ± SD age was 5.0 ± 2.4 yr, BCS was 5.3 ± 0.7, and days postpartum was 78.2 ± 15.5 d. The overall pregnancy risk in beef cows was 55.2% to AI and 90.5% season-long. Pregnancy risk in beef cows was not affected (P = 0.27) by addition of TGF (53.1% vs. 58.1%). Further, there was no difference (P = 0.88) for season-long pregnancy risk in beef cows that received TGF (91.2% vs. 91.5%). At the time of insemination of dairy cows, the mean ± SD lactation was 3.0 ± 1.3 lactations, BCS was 2.9 ± 0.3, days in milk was 115.6 ± 56.6 d, and cows had received 2.4 ± 1.5 inseminations per cow. The overall pregnancy risk to AI in dairy cows was 23.1%. Pregnancy risk to AI for dairy cows was not affected (P = 0.32) by addition of TGF (22.0% vs. 23.8%). In conclusion, pregnancy risk to AI was not affected by addition of TGF to thawed semen immediately prior to AI in beef or dairy cows.

The mitigating effect of para-hydroxycinnamic acid in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice through targeting oxidative, inflammatory and fibrotic pathways.

This study investigated the therapeutic benefits of para-hydroxycinnamic acid in mice with bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Forty male BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to four groups: normal, which received 0.9% normal saline; induced, which received a single dose of bleomycin (5 mg/kg) by oropharyngeal challenge; pirfenidone-treated; and para-hydroxycinnamic acid-treated, which challenged with bleomycin and received a daily oral dose of 300 and 50 mg/kg, respectively, from day 7 to day 21. Tissue pro-fibrotic and inflammatory cytokines, oxidative indicators, pulmonary histopathology, immunohistochemistry of fibrotic proteins and the assessment of gene expression by RT-qPCR were evaluated on day 22 after euthanizing animals. Pirfenidone and para-hydroxycinnamic acid managed to alleviate the fibrotic endpoints by statistically improving the weight index, histopathological score and reduced expression of fibrotic-related proteins in immune-stained lung sections, as well as fibrotic markers measured in serum samples. They also managed to alleviate tissue levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory and pro-fibrotic mediators. para-Hydroxycinnamic acid enhanced the expression of crucial genes associated with oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis in vivo. para-Hydroxycinnamic acid has demonstrated similar effectiveness to pirfenidone, suggesting it could be a promising treatment for fibrotic lung conditions by inhibiting the TGF-ß1/Smad3 pathway or through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Exploring Anti-Fibrotic Effects of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: Transcriptome Analysis upon Fibrotic, Inflammatory, and Hypoxic Conditioning.

Autologous fat transfers show promise in treating fibrotic skin diseases, reversing scarring and stiffness, and improving quality of life. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) within these grafts are believed to be crucial for this effect, particularly their secreted factors, though the specific mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigates transcriptomic changes in ADSCs after in vitro fibrotic, inflammatory, and hypoxic conditioning. High-throughput gene expression assays were conducted on ADSCs exposed to IL1-ß, TGF-ß1, and hypoxia and in media with fetal bovine serum (FBS). Flow cytometry characterized the ADSCs. RNA-Seq analysis revealed distinct gene expression patterns between the conditions. FBS upregulated pathways were related to the cell cycle, replication, wound healing, and ossification. IL1-ß induced immunomodulatory pathways, including granulocyte chemotaxis and cytokine production. TGF-ß1 treatment upregulated wound healing and muscle tissue development pathways. Hypoxia led to the downregulation of mitochondria and cellular activity.

microRNA-141-3p Suppressed the Progression of the Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma by Targeting Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2 Gene Expression.

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a malignant tumor of kidney epithelial cells, one of the most common tumors in the world. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFß)1 is a crucial factor that induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cells. microRNA-141-3p (miR-141-3p) is a microRNA that is considered a tumor suppressor. However, the role and mechanism of miR-141-3p in TGFß1-induced ccRCC cells are not fully understood. This study investigated the roles of miR-141-3p and its target gene in regulating EMT in ccRCC development. 786-0 and Caki-1cells were treated with TGFß1 to induce EMT. The levels of miR-141-3p and TGFß2 were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. The progression of EMT was evaluated by E-cadherin detection by immunofluorescence, and E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and vimentin detection by Western blotting. Furthermore, migration and invasion capacities were assessed using a Transwell system. The direct binding of miR-141-3p with the target gene TGFß2 was confirmed by dual luciferase reporter gene assay. Results indicated that TGFß1 treatment decreased the protein abundance of E-cadherin while increasing the protein expression of N-cadherin and vimentin, indicating TGFß1-induced EMT was constructed successfully. Moreover, TGFß1 treatment repressed the expression of miR-141-3p. miR-141-3p mimics reversed the effect of TGFß1 on the migration, invasion, and expression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and vimentin. The miR-141-3p directly binds with the 3' untranslated region of TGFß2 mRNA and suppresses its expression. Furthermore, TGFß2 overexpression abrogated the above changes regulated by miR-141-3p mimics. Taken together, miR-141-3p inhibited TGFß1-induced EMT by suppressing the migration and invasion of ccRCC cells via directly targeting TGFß2 gene expression.

Clinical and biochemical assessment of the effect of glutamine in management of radiation induced oral mucositis in patients with head and neck cancer: Randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of oral glutamine suspension on salivary levels of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-ß1), a cytokine involved in inflammation and Tumor progression, and the severity of radiation-induced oral mucositis (RIOM) in head and neck cancer patients. This is the first study to investigate the impact of glutamine on TGF-ß1 levels in head and neck cancer patients with radiation induced oral mucositis (RIOM). METHODS: In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 50 HNC patients were enrolled and received either glutamine oral suspension or maltodextrin as a placebo from the baseline of RIOM to the end of radiotherapy. Salivary TGF-ß1 levels were measured at baseline and after treatment. Also, RIOM was assessed using the World Health Organization (WHO) Oral Toxicity Scale, the Oral Mucositis Assessment Scale (OMAS), the Pain Visual Analog Scale (Pain-VAS), the incidence of opioid use, and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: Glutamine significantly reduced salivary TGF-ß1 levels and improved RIOM symptoms, such as pain, opioid use, and weight loss. The reduction of TGF-ß1 levels was associated with the improvement of RIOM severity. CONCLUSION: Glutamine may modulate the inflammatory response and enhance wound healing in RIOM by decreasing salivary TGF-ß1 levels. These findings support the use of glutamine as a potential intervention for RIOM and nutritional support for improving radiation sensitivity. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was registered on clinicalTrials.gov with identifier no. NCT05856188.

Effect of simultaneous and sequential use of TGF-ß1 and TGF-ß3 with FGF-2 on teno/ligamentogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells.

OBJECTIVE: The periodontal ligament is a crucial part of the periodontium, and its regeneration is challenging. This study compares the effect of simultaneous and sequential use of FGF-2 and TGF-ß1 with FGF-2 and TGF-ß3 on the periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) teno/ligamentogenic differentiation. DESIGN: This study comprises ten different groups. A control group with only PDLSCs; FGF-2 group containing PDLSCs with a medium culture supplemented with FGF-2 (50 ng/mL). In other experimental groups, different concentrations (5 ng/mL or 10 ng/mL) of TGF-ß1&-ß3 simultaneously or sequentially were combined with FGF-2 on the cultured PDLSCs. TGF-ß was added to the medium after day 3 in the sequential groups. Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium (MTT) assay on days 3, 5, and 7 and Quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis after day 7 were conducted to investigate PLAP1, SCX, and COL3A1, RUNX2 genes. All experiments were conducted in a triplicate. The One-way and Two-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc were utilized to analyze the results of the MTT and RT-qPCR tests, respectively. A p-value less than 0.05 is considered significant. RESULTS: The proliferation of cells on days 3, 5, and 7 was not significantly different among different experimental groups (P > 0.05). A higher expression of the PLAP1, SCX, and COL3A1 have been seen in groups with sequential use of growth factors; among these groups, the group using 5 ng/mL of TGF-ß3 led other groups with the most amount of significant upregulation in PLAP1(17.69 ± 1.11 fold; P < 0.0001), SCX (5.71 ± 0.38 fold; P < 0.0001), and COL1A3 (6.35 ± 0.39 fold; P < 0.0001) expression, compared to the control group. The expression of the RUNX2 decreased in all groups compared to the control group; this reduction was more in groups with sequential use of growth factors. CONCLUSION: The sequential use of growth factors can be more effective than simultaneous use in teno/ligamentogenic differentiation of PDLSCs. Moreover, treatment with 5 ng/mL TGF-ß3 after FGF-2 was more effective than TGF-ß1.

Network pharmacology and experimental validation to reveal the pharmacological mechanisms of Sini decoction against renal fibrosis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanism by which Sini decoction (, SND) improves renal fibrosis (Rf) in rats based on transforming growth factor ß1/Smad (TGF-ß1/Smad) signaling pathway. METHODS: Network pharmacology was applied to obtain potentially involved signaling pathways in SND's improving effects on Rf. The targets of SND drug components and the targets of Rf were obtained by searching databases, such as the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCSMP) and GeenCard. The intersection targets of two searches were obtained and underwent signaling pathway analysis using a Venn diagram. Then experimental pharmacology was utilized to prove and investigate the effects of SND on target proteins in the TGF-ß1/Smad signaling pathway. The Rf rat model was established by unilateral ureteral occlusion (UUO). The expression levels of transforming growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), matrix metal protease-2 (MMP-2), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) were determined by Masson staining of rat renal tissue, and immunohistochemical methods. The expression levels of Smad3, Smad2, and Smad7 in renal tissue were determined by Western blotting (WB). The mechanism of the improving effects of SND on Rf was investigated based on TGF-ß1/Smad signaling pathway. RESULTS: A total of 12 drug components of Fuzi (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata), 5 drug components of Ganjiang (Rhizoma Zingiber), and 9 drug components of Gancao (Radix Glycy et Rhizoma) were obtained from the database search, and 207 shared targets were found. A total of 1063 Rf targets were found in the database search. According to the Venn diagram, in total, 96 intersection targets were found in two database searches. The metabolic pathways involved included TGF-ß signaling pathway, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/serine-threonine protein kinase signaling (PI3K/Akt) pathway, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) signaling pathway. Masson staining analysis showed that compared with the model group, the renal interstitial collagen deposition levels in the SSN and SND groups were significantly lower (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis, compared with the control group, the positive cell area expression levels of MMP-9/TIMP-1 and MMP-2/TIMP-1 in the kidney tissue of the model group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), and the positive cell area expression levels of CTGF and TGF-ß1 were significantly increased (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, the positive cell area expression levels of MMP-9/TIMP-1 and MMP-2/TIMP-1 in the kidney tissue of the SSN and SND groups were significantly increased (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), and the positive cell area expression levels of CTGF and TGF-ß1 in the kidney tissue were significantly decreased (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). WB results showed that the SSN group and the SND group could reduce the expression of Smad2 and Smad3 (P < 0.05) and increase the expression of Smad7 (P < 0.05).

The Effect of Rubus idaeus Polyphenols Extract in Induced Endometriosis in Rats.

Endometriosis is a common gynecological condition with a complex physio-pathological background. This study aimed to assess the role of Rubus idaeus leaf extract (RiDE) as a potential therapeutic agent in reducing the size of the endometriotic lesions and modulate the plasma expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and TGF-ß1. The endometriotic lesions were induced in a rat model by the autologous transplant of endometrium. Thirty-six female rats, Wistar breed, with induced endometriosis, were divided into four groups and underwent treatment for 28 days. The CTRL group received 0.5 mL/day of the vehicle; the DG group received 1 mg/kg b.w./day dienogest; the RiDG group received 0.25 mL/kg b.w./day RiDE and the D+RiDG group received 1 mg/kg b.w./day dienogest and 0.25 mL/kg b.w./day RiDE, respectively. Rats' weight, endometriotic lesion diameter and grade, and plasma levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, and TGF-ß1 were assessed before and after treatment. The administration of RiDE in association with dienogest vs. dienogest determined a lower weight gain and a reduction in diameter of the endometriotic lesions. RiDE administration restored MMP2 and MMP9 plasma levels to initial conditions. Rubus idaeus extract may help in reducing dienogest-associated weight gain, lower the size of endometriotic lesions, and have anti-inflammatory effects through MMP2 and MMP9 reduction.

Effects of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium on human tenocytes exposed to high glucose.

Introduction: Diabetic tendinopathy is a common invalidating and challenging disease that may be treated using stem cells. However, the effects of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium (ASC-CM) in diabetic tendinopathy have never been explored. Objectives: The present study evaluated the effects of ASC-CM on morphology, cell viability, structure, and scratch wound closure of human tenocytes (HTNC) exposed to high glucose (HG). Design: Experimental study. Methods: HTNC were exposed to HG (25 mM) for 7, 14 and 21 days with or without ASC-CM for the last 24 h. CM was collected from 4 × 105 ASCs, centrifuged for 10 min at 200 g and sterilized with 0.22 µm syringe filter. Results: At 7 days, HG-HTNC had decreased cell viability [72 ± 2%, p < 0.01 versus normal glucose (NG)] compared to NG-HTNC (90 ± 5%). A further decrement was detected after 14 and 21 days (60 ± 4% and 60 ± 5%, both, p < 0.01 versus NG and p < 0.01 versus HG7). While NG-HTNC evidenced a normal fibroblast cell-like elongated morphology, HG-HTNC showed increased cell roundness. In contrast, HG-HTNC exposed to ASC-CM showed a significant increase in cell viability, an improved cell morphology and higher scratch wound closure at all HG time points. Moreover, the exposure to ASC-CM significantly increased thrombospondin 1 and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-ß1) content in HG-HTNC. The TGF-ß1 elevation was paralleled by higher Collagen I and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in HG-HTNC. Conclusion: ASC-CM may restore the natural morphology, cell viability and structure of HTNC, promoting their scratch wound closure through TGF-ß1 increase.

Inhibition of TGFß1 activation prevents radiation-induced lung fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy is the main treatment modality for thoracic tumours, but it may induce pulmonary fibrosis. Currently, the pathogenesis of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF) is unclear, and effective treatments are lacking. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFß1) plays a central role in RIPF. We found that activated TGFß1 had better performance for radiation pneumonitis (RP) risk prediction by detecting activated and total TGFß1 levels in patient serum. αv integrin plays key roles in TGFß1 activation, but the role of αv integrin-mediated TGFß1 activation in RIPF is unclear. Here, we investigated the role of αv integrin-mediated TGFß1 activation in RIPF and the application of the integrin antagonist cilengitide to prevent RIPF. METHODS: ItgavloxP/loxP ;Pdgfrb-Cre mice were generated by conditionally knocking out Itgav in myofibroblasts, and wild-type mice were treated with cilengitide or placebo. All mice received 16 Gy of radiation or underwent a sham radiation procedure. Lung fibrosis was measured by a modified Ashcroft score and microcomputed tomography (CT). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the serum TGFß1 concentration, and total Smad2/3 and p-Smad2/3 levels were determined via Western blotting. RESULTS: Conditional Itgav knockout significantly attenuated RIPF (p < .01). Hounsfield units (HUs) in the lungs were reduced in the knockout mice compared with the control mice (p < .001). Conditional Itgav knockout decreased active TGFß1 secretion and inhibited fibroblast p-Smad2/3 expression. Exogenous active TGFß1, but not latent TGFß1, reversed these reductions. Furthermore, cilengitide treatment elicited similar results and prevented RIPF. CONCLUSIONS: The present study revealed that conditional Itgav knockout and cilengitide treatment both significantly attenuated RIPF in mice by inhibiting αv integrin-mediated TGFß1 activation. HIGHLIGHTS: Activated TGFß1 has a superior capacity in predicting radiation pneumonitis (RP) risk and plays a vital role in the development of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF). Conditional knock out Itgav in myofibroblasts prevented mice from developing RIPF. Cilengitide alleviated the development of RIPF by inhibiting αv integrin-mediated TGFß1 activation and may be used in targeted approaches for preventing RIPF.

Patterns of proliferation and fibrosis in a rat model of endometriosis following administration of Allium cepa.

OBJECTIVE: Endometriosis is a common gynecological disease among reproductive-age women. Numerous hypotheses exist regarding the pathogenesis of endometriosis. In Turkey, the consumption of Allium cepa (commonly known as the "onion cure") is a popular treatment employed to alleviate a variety of gynecological disorders. METHODS: In this study, our objective was to assess the therapeutic mechanisms of the onion bulb A. cepa using an autologous endometriosis model in Sprague-Dawley rats. Previous research has shown that A. cepa possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic properties. We evaluated the pathological condition of endometriotic implants by employing hematoxylin-eosin staining and Ki67 immunohistochemistry analysis. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-ß1) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) have been identified as profibrotic markers that are highly overexpressed in endometriotic tissues relative to eutopic endometrial tissue. Furthermore, TGF-ß1 influences the differentiation and progression of endometriosis. To quantify profibrotic activity, we measured TGF-ß1 and α-SMA using the immunosorbent assay method. RESULTS: Lower histologic evaluation scores for endometriotic implants were observed in the group receiving high-dose A. cepa relative to the other groups. Ki67 expression was reduced following the high-dose A. cepa regimen, which consisted of 30% A. cepa and 70% normal feed. However, no statistically significant differences in TGF-ß1 or α-SMA levels were observed among the groups (p=0.7 and p=0.778, respectively). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that A. cepa could serve as a therapeutic agent in endometriosis treatment, as evidenced by the reduction in proliferative potential. Nevertheless, A. cepa was not associated with significantly lower levels of endometriosis-associated TGF-ß1 or α-SMA.

The effects of TGF-ß1 and IFN-α2b on decorin, decorin isoforms and type I collagen in hypertrophic scar dermal fibroblasts.

Hypertrophic scars (HTS) develop from an excessive synthesis of structural proteins like collagen and a decreased expression of proteoglycans such as decorin. Previous research has demonstrated that decorin expression is significantly down-regulated in HTS, deep dermal tissue, and thermally injured tissue, reducing its ability to regulate pro-fibrotic transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-ß1) and normal fibrillogenesis. However, treatment of HTS fibroblasts with interferon-alpha 2b (IFN-α2b) has been shown to reduce excessive collagen synthesis and improve HTS by reducing serum TGF-ß1 levels. The expression of decorin isoforms in HTS is currently unknown and the effects of TGF-ß1 and IFN-α2b on decorin, decorin isoform expression and type 1 collagen are of great interest to our group. Dermal fibroblasts were treated with TGF-ß1 and/or IFN-α2b, for 48 h. The expression and secretion of decorin, decorin isoforms and type 1 collagen were quantified with reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The mRNA expression of decorin and each isoform was significantly reduced in HTS fibroblasts relative to normal skin. TGF-ß1 decreased the mRNA expression of decorin and decorin isoforms, whereas IFN-α2b showed the opposite effect. IFN-α2b significantly inhibited TGF-ß1's effect on the mRNA expression of type I collagen alpha 1 in papillary dermal fibroblasts and overall showed relative effects of inhibiting TGF-ß1. These data support that a further investigation into the structural and functional roles of decorin isoforms in HTS pathogenesis is warranted and that IFN-α2b is an important agent in reducing fibrotic outcomes.

Pan-cancer analysis revealing the multidimensional expression and prognostic and immunologic roles of TGFB1 in cancer.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to perform an integrated pan-cancer analysis to characterize the expression patterns, prognostic value, genetic alterations, and immunologic roles of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1) across diverse human cancer types. METHODS: Bioinformatics analyses were conducted using multiple public databases including The Cancer Genome Atlas, Genotype-Tissue Expression, Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium, TIMER2, GEPIA2, cBioPortal, StringDB, and others. Differential expression, survival, immune correlation, and protein interaction network analyses were performed. RESULTS: TGFB1 was overexpressed in several tumor types compared with that in normal tissues. High TGFB1 expression was associated with an advanced stage and poorer prognosis in certain cancers. TGFB1 mutations occurred in 1.3% of 10,967 cases surveyed. TGFB1 expression correlated with tumor-infiltrating immune cells and immunotherapy-related genes. CONCLUSIONS: This comprehensive multi-omics analysis revealed the complex expression and prognostic landscape of TGFB1 across cancers. TGFB1 is emerging as a potential immunotherapeutic target in certain contexts. Further research should elucidate its multifaceted tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressive mechanisms. Our pan-cancer analysis provides new insights into TGFB1 as a prognostic biomarker and immunotherapeutic target in human cancers, and our findings may guide future preclinical and clinical investigations of TGFB1-directed therapies.

TGFB1I1 promotes cell proliferation and migration in urothelial carcinoma.

Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is common cancer worldwide with a high prevalence in Taiwan, especially in the upper urinary tract, including the renal pelvis and ureter, also classifying as upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. Here, we aim to find a representative prognostic marker that strongly correlates to this type of carcinoma. Transforming growth factor beta-1-induced transcript 1 (TGFB1I1) is a cofactor of cellular TGF-ß1 and interacts with various nuclear receptors. The previous study showed that TGFB1I1 promotes focal adhesion formation, contributing to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) with actin cytoskeleton and vimentin through TGFB1I1 regulation. We aim to reveal the role of TGFB1I1 in the tumorigenesis of UC. In silico and clinicopathological data of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma (UBUC) were accessed and analyzed for IHC staining regarding tumor characteristics, including survival outcome. Finally, an in vitro study was performed to demonstrate the biological changes of UC cells. In UTUC, overexpression of TGFB1I1 was significantly correlated with advanced tumor stage, papillary configuration, and frequent mitosis. Meanwhile, overexpression of TGFB1I1 was significantly correlated with advanced tumor stage and histological grade in UBUC. Moreover, the in vitro study shows that TGFB1I1 affects cell proliferation, viability, migration and wound healing. The EMT markers also decreased upon TGFB1I1 knockdown. In this study, we identified that TGFB1I1 regulates UC cell proliferation and viability and induces the EMT to facilitate cell migration in vitro, leading to its essential role in promoting tumor aggressiveness in both UTUC and UBUC.

Knockdown of Notch Suppresses Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition and Induces Angiogenesis in Oral Submucous Fibrosis by Regulating TGF-ß1.

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic disorder with a high malignant transformation rate. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis are key events in OSF. The Notch signaling plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of various fibrotic diseases, including OSF. Our study aimed to explore the effects of Notch on the EMT and angiogenesis processes during the development of OSF. The expression of Notch in OSF tissues versus normal buccal mucosa samples was compared. Arecoline was used to induce myofibroblast transdifferentiation of buccal mucosal fibroblasts (BMFs). Short hairpin RNA technique was used to knockdown Notch in BMFs. Pirfenidone and SRI-011381 were used to inhibit and activate the TGF-ß1 signaling pathway in BMFs, respectively. The expression of Notch was markedly upregulated in OSF tissues and fibrotic BMFs. Knockdown of Notch significantly decreased the viability and promoted apoptosis in BMFs subjected to arecoline stimulation. Downregulation of Notch also significantly suppressed the EMT process, as shown by the reduction of N-cadherin and vimentin with concomitant upregulation of E-cadherin. In addition, knockdown of Notch upregulated VEGF and enhanced the angiogenic activity of fBMFs. Moreover, inhibition of TGF-ß1 suppressed viability and EMT, promoted apoptosis, and induced angiogenesis of fBMFs, while activation of TGF-ß1 significantly diminished the effects of Notch knockdown on fBMFs. Knockdown of Notch suppressed EMT and induced angiogenesis in OSF by regulating TGF-ß1, suggesting that the Notch-TGF-ß1 pathway may serve as a therapeutic intervention target for OSF.