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Resumen En las últimas décadas, el manejo de la insuficiencia cardíaca ha tenido avances significativos nunca antes vistos en la historia de la cardiología, lo cual ha elevado el pronóstico de vida de los pacientes con falla cardíaca, a niveles cercanos a los de un individuo sano. Para ello se han empleado múltiples alternativas farmacológicas, como los inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (IECA), los antagonistas de los receptores de angiotensina (ARA II), los bloqueadores de los receptores mineralocorticoides, los bloqueadores de los receptores IF I, los inhibidores de la neprilisina y los betabloqueadores, asociadas al desarrollo de la cardiología intervencionista y la cirugía cardiovascular a nivel coronario, valvular, remodelado cardíaco y dispositivos de estimulación, asistencia, resincronización y cardioversión miocárdica. Sin embargo, hay un importante escenario en el manejo de la falla cardíaca que, en ocasiones, por diversas circunstancias, se deja de lado o se pospone como terapia de primera línea concomitante a las ya expuestas. Este artículo intenta describir la importancia que tienen dichas terapias -a las que hemos llamado la tercera cara de la moneda en el manejo de la falla cardíaca- a la luz de la evidencia actual.
Abstract In the last decades the management of heart failure has seen significant advance as never before in the history of cardiology, raising the life expectancy of patients with heart failure to levels close to those of healthy individuals. For such a task, multiple pharmacological alternatives have been employed: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin receptor antagonists (ARB), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, I-F channel antagonists, neprilysin inhibitors, beta blockers, associated to the development of interventionist cardiology and cardiac surgery at coronary level, valvular level, cardiac remodeling, and devices for stimulation, assistance, resynchronization and myocardial cardioversion. However, there is an important stage in the management of heart failure that occasionally, due to varied circumstances, is set aside or put off as a front-line therapy accompanying the ones already mentioned. This article attempts to describe the importance that said therapies have in light of current evidence, which we have called: the third side of the coin in the management of heart failure.
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El síndrome del pie diabético constituye una de las complicaciones crónicas más temidas de la diabetes mellitus. En cuanto a su tratamiento, lo ideal sería prevenir su aparición actuando sobre los factores de riesgo de la úlcera del pie diabético. Sin embargo, una vez que el síndrome está presente, se reconoce la importancia que tiene para garantizar la cura de la úlcera y evitar el agravamiento de esta complicación, incluida la amputación de miembros inferiores, instaurar un tratamiento integral que se extienda más allá de la atención podálica, encaminado tanto a educar y apoyar al paciente, como a lograr un control glucémico óptimo y a atender los factores de riesgo vascular. Acerca del tratamiento integral y ampliado del síndrome del pie diabético trata esta revisión(AU)
Diabetic foot syndrome is one of the most feared chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. In terms of its treatment, the ideal thing to do would be to prevent its appearance by acting upon the risk factors for diabetic foot ulceration. However, once the syndrome is present, comprehensive treatment should be applied which extends beyond podiatric care and is geared to educate and support patients as well as achieve optimal glycemic control and ensure attention to vascular risk factors, so as to make sure ulceration is healed, thus preventing the worsening of this complication, which might otherwise lead to lower limb amputation. The present review deals with the comprehensive broadened treatment of diabetic foot syndrome(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Fatores de Risco , Pé Diabético/complicações , Pé Diabético/prevenção & controle , Pé Diabético/terapiaRESUMO
El síndrome del pie diabético constituye una de las complicaciones crónicas más temidas de la diabetes mellitus. En cuanto a su tratamiento, lo ideal sería prevenir su aparición actuando sobre los factores de riesgo de la úlcera del pie diabético. Sin embargo, una vez que el síndrome está presente, se reconoce la importancia que tiene para garantizar la cura de la úlcera y evitar el agravamiento de esta complicación, incluida la amputación de miembros inferiores, instaurar un tratamiento integral que se extienda más allá de la atención podálica, encaminado tanto a educar y apoyar al paciente, como a lograr un control glucémico óptimo y a atender los factores de riesgo vascular. Acerca del tratamiento integral y ampliado del síndrome del pie diabético trata esta revisión(AU)
Diabetic foot syndrome is one of the most feared chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. In terms of its treatment, the ideal thing to do would be to prevent its appearance by acting upon the risk factors for diabetic foot ulceration. However, once the syndrome is present, comprehensive treatment should be applied which extends beyond podiatric care and is geared to educate and support patients as well as achieve optimal glycemic control and ensure attention to vascular risk factors, so as to make sure ulceration is healed, thus preventing the worsening of this complication, which might otherwise lead to lower limb amputation. The present review deals with the comprehensive broadened treatment of diabetic foot syndrome(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Fatores de Risco , Pé Diabético/complicações , Pé Diabético/prevenção & controle , Pé Diabético/terapiaRESUMO
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Summary In this manuscript we describe results obtained for Group III of the Integral Rehabilitation Program for Outpatient Schizophrenic Patients (IRPS III) at the National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente. This program was created for Mexican schizo-phrenic patients as a refined alternative for the treatment, rehabilitation and integration to a productive life within society. It is interdisciplinary and integral in nature; both patients and their relatives are involved in the treatment and rehabilitation. It includes admission, stabilization of clinical symptoms, and application of strategies for rehabilitation for one year (pharmacological treatment, group psychotherapy, labor -vocation induction therapy, music therapy, psychosocial psychotherapy, occupational therapy, artistic painting, drawing, and Hata-Yoga workshops, psycho-educational workshops for relatives, group dynamics therapy with responsible relatives, and unifamilial psychotherapy); there were assessments at the beginning and at end of the study. Objective To evaluate the efficacy of an interdisciplinary and integral program in these patients, with respect to a control group that received the usual medical-psychiatric treatment. Evaluation was carried out according to: a) Severity of psychiatric symptoms, b) Treatment compliance, c) Everyday performance, d) Psychosocial functioning, e) Global activity, f) Home occupational activities, g) Expressed emotion and attribution of the illness, and h) Patterns of communication and relationship within the family. The goals of this program were to reduce the disabilities and to profit from the conserved functions, as well as to develop other skills in order to increase the quality of life of patients. Methods This was a quasi-experimental pretest-postest prospective study where an experimental group and a control group were compared. The control group (n=39) received the usual psychiatric management, while the experimental group (n=39), participated in addition to this management, in a one-year integral rehabilitation program at the outpatient service of the institute. The sample was obtained in a non-probabilistic and sequential way, according to the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Variables:Efficacy was evaluated through: a) Severity of psychiatric symptoms; b) Treatment compliance; c) Everyday functioning; d) Psychosocial functioning; e) Occupational activities at home; f) Expressed emotion; g) Patterns of communication and relationship within the family. Instruments: Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANNS), Clinical Interview and File, Everyday Unemployment Scale, Psychosocial Functioning Scale, Global Assessment Scale, Assessment and Follow-up Questionnaire, Patient Labor Performance Scale, Social Behavior Assessment Schedule (SBAS), Five Minute Speech Sample (FMSS), Verification of the Performance in Occupational Activities for Schizophrenic Patients, Extrapyramidal Symptom Scale. Procedures: a) Incorporation of patients and relatives to the study; b) Stabilization of clinical symptoms; c) Initial assessment; d) Program application; e) Final assessment. Results Demographic data: There were 47 subjects in the final sample, 25 in the experimental group, and 22 controls. There were more males than females in both groups (76% in the experimental group and 63.6% in controls). Being single was the most frequent marital status among patients (88% in the experimental group and 91% in controls). Education was slightly higher in the experimental group, were 40% had a bachelor´s degree as opposed to 27.2% in controls. Treatment compliance: The program had a final efficiency of 64% for the experimental group and 56% for controls. Some of the experimental subject's characteristics at the beginning of the program were related with treatment compliance: age, years of illness history, and number of different diagnoses. It was determined that 62% of the patients who completed the program were less than 30 years old, and in 80% of the cases the onset of the illness was less than 10 years ago. Regarding the number of diagnoses per patient, 60% of those who completed the study had one diagnosis, 40% had two or more. On the contrary, 30% of the patients who abandoned the study had one diagnosis and 70% had two or more. In other words, almost three fourths of the sub-sample that abandoned the Program had more than one diagnosis: 31% had two, 31% had three, and 10% had four or more. Clinical area: In the clinical area, there were no significant differences between groups. However, patients in the experimen-tal group had a higher level of clinical adaptation and treatment compliance. Everyday performance: The everyday performance was improved in patients from the experimental group, with statistically significant changes in 71.5% of the pretest-postest evaluated areas, with emphasis on self-care, family and interpersonal relationships, and remunerated work. In the control group, there was an improvement only in 28.5% of the areas. Psychosocial functioning: Global and by-area psychosocial functioning showed statistically significant differences in the experimental group in all functioning areas; there was an improvement from three to two, the latter number meaning feeling satisfied. This was not the case in the control group. Behavior at home: In the experimental group, the perception in families was that occupational behavior at home was improved, according to the final score. Family assessment: Relatives in the experimental group attributed the problems they had with the patient to personality characteristics. These problems were diminished at the end of the study, but not in the control group. When relatives attributed problems to the way of being and attitudes of patients, there was a decrease of problems from 31.6% to 26.3%. Emotional Expression in relatives from the experimental group was observed in 79.2% at the beginning of the treatment program, which decreased to 33.3% at the end of the study, with a significant difference of p <0.006, as opposed to relatives in the control group, who did not show statistically significant differences. Clinical assessment of families: At the beginning of the program, this group established reiterative communication patterns. The patient showed rejection to communication. Relatives blamed schizophrenia for the lack of communication. At the end of the program, patterns of communication had importantly improved. Conclusions Demographic data in our sample are similar to those described in previous reports for male:female ratio, marital status, and education. Some characteristics of the patients, in particular age, years from onset of illness, and psychiatric comorbidity assessed at recruitment were associated with completing or not the program. At the end of the study it was clear the program reached its goals of reducing the patients' disabilities and profiting of conserved functions: 64% of the patients in the experimental group were more stable in clinical terms, and treatment compliance was better. Also, everyday performance was notably improved. In the experimental group there were pretest-postest statistically significant differences in 71.5% of the studied area, especially in self-care and interpersonal relationships. In the control group there were significant changes only in 28.5% of the areas. One level of improvement was observed in global and by-area psychosocial functioning in the experimental group, but not in controls. Patients at the end of the study had switched from a score of three (neutral, unconcerned) to level two (satisfied with their own functioning). In the control group there were no statistically significant differences. Emotional expression in relatives in the experimental group significantly decreased at the end of the study (p< .006), but not in the control group, given that the latter did not show statistically significant differences. Occupational activities at home were also improved in the experimental group, with better scores at the end of the study. Regarding the assessment of occupational therapy, there were significant differences in four areas. Other areas with positive changes were: disease attribution to the patient, and patterns of communication in the family. The areas with better results were self-care, socialization, and family dynamics, which are frequently altered in schizophrenic patients. These results showed the efficacy of the program in its integral version (pluridimensional). Once the proposed objectives are reached, we propose to continue this program with important modifications of the method, which will be described in future publications.
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Se presentaron los resultados más relevantes de investigaciones realizadas sobre personas diabéticas, donde se incluyeron los aspectos siguientes: mortalidad, asociación a la hipertensión arterial y a otros factores de riesgo, complicaciones, deficiencias en la atención médica de esta enfermedad y, finalmente, se hicieron recomendaciones sobre el tratamiento integral de la misma con elementos obtenidos de diferentes estudios y que incluyen primordialmente las surgidas del Séptimo reporte de Hipertensión arterial emitido en el año 2003.
The most relevant results of the researches on diabetic patients were presented. Mortality, association with arterial hypertension and with other risk factors, complications, and the deficiencies found in the medical care of this disease were included. Finally, recommendations were made on its comprehensive treatment with elements obtained from different studies, including mainly those recommendations that emerged from the Seventh Report of Arterial Hypertension issued in 2003.
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El bruxismo es el movimiento no funcional de los dientes inferiores contra los dientes superiores, generalmente se realiza de forma inconsciente. Se puede clasificar como bruxismo diurno o céntrico y bruxismo nocturno o excéntrico, caracterizado por una actividad muscular ritmica o arritmica, consciente o inconsciente. Presenta una etiología multifactorial que incluye factores oclusales locales, factores psíquicos y otros. Así, el tratamiento racional debe incluir la eliminación de éstos factores. El diagnóstico se basa en signos y síntomas clínicos, de una historia clínica completa y un análisis oclusal. El bruxismo conlleva a una serie de cambios en el sistema estomatognático apreciables a nivel dental, neuromuscular, óseo y en las articulaciones temporomandibulares.
Bruxism is the unfunctional movement of the lower teeth against the upper teeth, generally it occurs unconsciously. It can be clasified as diurnal bruxims or centric bruxims and nocturnal or excentric bruxims. Bruxims has a multifatorial etiology which includes local oclusal factors and others, for a good treatment these factors must be eliminiated. The diagnostic is based on clinical sintoms and signs, a complete clinical history, and a occlusal analisis. Bruxims produces several changes in the stomatogmatic system these are noticed on teeth, muscle, bones and temporo-mandibular joints.
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Bruxismo , Assistência Integral à Saúde , Placa Dentária , Ajuste Oclusal , Articulação TemporomandibularRESUMO
Se presenta un artículo de un trabajo exploratorio, descriptivo y correlacional en una población dada de pacientes con labio y/o paladar fisurado, libres de síndromes ectodérmicos. Se revisan sus funciones neurovegetativas, respiratoria y fonatoria, estado otológico y auditivo, articulación del habla, como las características faciales, estomatológicas y de los órganos fonoarticuladores. Se concluye que el tratamiento ideal para estas entidades, sobre todo por su complejidad, es la atención integral, precoz como regular en el tiempo. Evitando y corrigiendo conductas inadecuadas que producen defectos faciales notorios y desarrollo anormal del habla, con el consiguiente rechazo social. Se entregaran tablas estadísticas que confirman las conclusiones.
It is presented an article of an exploratory, descriptive an correlated study in a population of patients with palate and/or lip fisures, with no ectodermic syndromes. It is analyzed their neurovegetative, respiratory and phonologic functions, the otological and auditive state, speech articulation, as well as their facial estomathological and phono articulator characteristics. It is concluded that the ideal treatment for these entities, specially for their complexity, is the integral, precocious and regular, on time, attention. Preventing and correcting inadecuate conducts that produce notorius defects and abnormal development of speech, with the consequent social reject. Statistical tables are given to confirm the conclusions.