Comparison of the accuracy of two techniques for three-dimensional digital indirect bonding of orthodontic brackets: A randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to clinically compare the accuracy of bracket positioning between three-dimensionally (3D) printed indirect bonding trays and vacuum-formed trays made over 3D-printed models. Material and Methods: Fourteen patients, planned for fixed orthodontic therapy, were randomly divided into two equal groups. For both groups, both dental arches were scanned, to acquire virtual models, brackets were virtually positioned from central incisors to second premolars, and scans for the final bracket positions were performed. In the first group, transfer trays were 3D-printed. In the second group, virtual models were 3D-printed, and vacuum-formed soft sheets were thermoformed on the printed model. Teeth were indirectly bonded and then scanned. Superimposition of the virtual and the final bracket positioning scans was performed to measure linear and angular deviations in brackets positions. Results: The first group showed significantly less occlusogingival and buccolingual linear errors than the second group. No significant differences in angular deviations were found between both groups. The frequencies of clinically acceptable linear errors within 0.5 mm and angular errors within 2° showed no statistically significant difference between both groups (p> 0.05 for all measurements). The transfer errors in both groups showed linear directional biases toward the mesial, gingival and labial directions. There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of immediate debonding between both groups (10.7% and 7.1% for the first and the second groups, respectively, p=0.295). Conclusions: 3D-printed indirect bonding trays were more accurate than vacuum-formed trays, in terms of linear deviations. Both types of trays showed similar angular control.

RESUMO Objetivo: Esse estudo teve como objetivo comparar clinicamente a precisão no posicionamento de braquetes usando guias de colagem indireta impressas tridimensionalmente (3D) e guias termoformadas a vácuo em cima de modelos impressos em 3D. Material e Métodos: Quatorze pacientes, planejados para tratamento ortodôntico fixo, foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos de igual tamanho. Em ambos os grupos, as duas arcadas dentárias foram escaneadas para a criação dos modelos virtuais, os braquetes foram posicionados virtualmente dos incisivos centrais aos segundos pré-molares, e foram feitos os escaneamentos das posições finais dos braquetes. No primeiro grupo, as guias de transferência foram impressas em 3D. No segundo grupo, os modelos virtuais foram impressos em 3D e as guias foram termoformadas a vácuo em cima dos modelos impressos. Os braquetes foram colados de forma indireta e depois feitos os escaneamentos. Uma sobreposição das posições planejadas virtualmente e do escaneamento com os braquetes na posição final foi realizada para medir os desvios lineares e angulares nas posições dos braquetes. Resultados: O primeiro grupo apresentou significativamente menos erros lineares oclusogengivais e vestibulolinguais do que o segundo grupo. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos desvios angulares entre os dois grupos. As frequências de erros lineares clinicamente aceitáveis menores que 0,5 mm e de erros angulares menores que 2° não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os dois grupos (p > 0,05 para todas as medições). Os erros de transferência em ambos os grupos mostraram tendências a desvios lineares nas direções mesial, gengival e labial. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os dois grupos para a taxa de descolagem imediata (10,7% e 7,1% para o primeiro e o segundo grupos, respectivamente, p=0,295). Conclusões: As guias de colagem indireta impressas em 3D foram mais precisas em termos de desvios lineares do que as guias termoformadas a vácuo. Os dois tipos de guias apresentaram controle angular semelhante.

CFD-response surface methodology to optimize the effective thermal conductivity and homogeneity in tray dryer / CFD acoplada a la metodología de superficie de respuesta para optimizar la conductividad térmica efectiva y la homogeneidad en un secador de bandejas

ABSTRACT Tray dryers are usually designed with simplistic scaling rules that do not account for all the transport phenomena associated with drying. The use of computational fluid dynamics coupled with response surface methodology can be a powerful tool to evaluate how different tray dryer design parameters affect the drying process. In this work, two tray dryers, one with a lateral air inlet and another with a bottom air inlet, were parameterized for the position of the air inlet, the dryer length, and the distance between the trays. A central composite design was chosen to determine the sample points, and the average turbulence viscosity and effective thermal conductivity as well as the homogeneity index were calculated. With these values, a response surface curve was constructed. The effective thermal conductivity and its homogeneity index were improved (80 % and 11 %, respectively) with an increased distance between trays and an air inlet located in the middle of the inlet face in the best scenario. In addition, the reductions in effective thermal conductivity outcomes were minimal due to the scale-up process in terms of the dryer length.

RESUMEN Los secadores de bandejas se suelen diseñar con reglas de escala simplistas, que no tienen en cuenta todos los fenómenos de transporte, asociados con el secado. El uso de dinámica de fluidos computacional junto con la metodología de superficie de respuesta puede ser una herramienta poderosa, para evaluar cómo los diferentes parámetros de diseño del secador de bandeja afectan el proceso de secado. En este trabajo se parametrizaron dos secadores de bandeja, uno con entrada de aire lateral y otro con entrada de aire inferior, variando la posición de la entrada de aire, la longitud del secador y la distancia entre las bandejas. Se eligió un diseño compuesto central, para determinar los puntos de muestra y se calcularon la viscosidad de turbulencia promedio y la conductividad térmica efectiva, así como el índice de homogeneidad. Con estos valores se construyó una curva de superficie de respuesta. Se mejoró la conductividad térmica efectiva y su índice de homogeneidad (80 y 11 %, respectivamente), con una mayor distancia entre platos y una entrada de aire, ubicada en el medio de la cara de entrada en el mejor escenario. Además, las reducciones en los resultados de la conductividad térmica efectiva fueron mínimas, debido al proceso de ampliación en términos de la longitud del secador.

Evaluating how avocado residue addition affects the properties of cassava starch-based foam trays.

Avocado seed (AS) is an interesting residue for biopackaging because it has high starch content (41 %). We have prepared composite foam trays based on cassava starch containing different AS concentrations (0, 5, 10 and 15 % w/w) by thermopressing. Composite foam trays with AS were colorful because this residue contains phenolic compounds. The composite foam trays 10AS and 15AS were thicker (2.1-2.3 mm) and denser (0.8-0.9 g/cm3), but less porous (25.6-35.2 %) than cassava starch foam (Control). High AS concentrations yielded composite foam tray less puncture resistant (∼40.4 N) and less flexible (0.7-0.9 %), but with tensile strength values (2.1 MPa) almost similar to the Control. The composite foam trays were less hydrophilic and more water resistant than control due to the presence of protein, lipid, and fibers and starch with more amylose content in AS. High AS concentration in composite foam tray decreases the temperature of thermal decomposition peak corresponding to starch. At temperatures >320 °C the foam trays with AS were more resistant to the thermal degradation due to the presence of fibers in AS. High AS concentrations delayed the degradation time of the composite foam trays by 15 days.

Gingival irritation in patients submitted to at-home bleaching with different cutouts of the bleaching tray: a randomized, single-blind clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: This split-mouth randomized, single-blind clinical trial evaluated the gingival irritation (GI) of at-home bleaching with individual trays of different cutouts, as well as the tooth sensitivity (TS) and color change. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty patients were randomized as to which side would receive the type of bleaching tray cutout: scalloped (in the gingival margin) and nonscalloped (extended from the gingival margin). The at-home bleaching was performed for 30 min with 10% hydrogen peroxide (HP) for 2 weeks. The absolute risk and intensity of GI and TS were assessed with a visual analog scale. Color change was assessed using a digital spectrophotometer and a color guide (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The proportion of patients who experienced GI was 57.5% (odds ratio 95% CI = 1.1 [0.7 to 1.8]), with no significant difference between groups (p = 0.66). The proportion of patients who experienced TS was 64.1% (odds ratio 95% CI = 1.0 [0.6 to 1.6]), with no significant difference between groups (p = 1.0). There is equivalence of scalloped and noscalloped groups for GI intensity (p < 0.01). Significant whitening was detected for both groups. Although some differences were observed between groups (CIELab and CIEDE00; p < 0.02), these were below of the considered clinically noticeable. CONCLUSIONS: The different cutouts of trays proved to be equivalent when regarding gengival irritation and tooth sensitivity when 10% HP for at-home bleaching was used. Significant color change was observed in both groups. However, significant differences detected between groups are not considered clinically noticeable. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (RBR-2s34685). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Scalloped or not, the individual trays for at-home bleaching could be considered a clinician's decision.

Eficacia del cementado indirecto / Indirect bonding efficiency

La aparición de aparatología preadjustada ha colaborado en la efectividad de los tratamientos de ortodoncia, pero para que la expresión de esta aparatología se logre, es necesario una correcta colocación de los brackets y la permanencia de estos en boca durante todo el tratamiento. La precisión en la colocación mejora con la técnica de cementado indirecta, ya que permite el acceso a las zonas posteriores, a lugares donde se ve disminuida la visión y además disminuye la condensación de aliento y contaminación salival. Si bien esta técnica requiere tiempo extra de laboratorio, es más rápida en la etapa clínica (AU)

Minimizing Surgical Instrument Burden Increases Operating Room Efficiency and Reduces Perioperative Costs in Total Joint Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Optimizing surgical trays to improve operating room efficiency and reduce costs in instrument processing is an under-appreciated strategy for cost containment. This study aimed to assess the economic impact of instrument tray optimization in total joint arthroplasty. METHODS: Thirty-five randomly selected elective primary total knee arthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty performed by 4 fellowship-trained surgeons were analyzed. Type and number of instruments used as well as timing of different steps in the sterilization process were recorded by an independent observer. Using Lean methodology, surgeons identified redundant or underutilized instruments and agreed upon the fewest number needed for each tray. Instrument utilization rates and processing time were analyzed before and after tray modifications. Annual cost savings were calculated based on a processing factor of $0.59-$11.52 per instrument. RESULTS: Only 45.5% of instruments opened for total knee arthroplasty were utilized. After optimization, 28 of 87 (32.2%) instruments were removed and the remainder could be stored in one tray. Mean set-up time decreased from 20.7 to 14.2 minutes, while 40-75 minutes were saved during the sterilization process. For total hip arthroplasty, only 36.0% of instruments were utilized. Using Lean methods, 46 of 112 (41.1%) instruments were removed and tray count was reduced to 2 trays. Mean set-up time decreased from 27.9 to 18.6 minutes, while 45-150 minutes were saved during processing. Average annual savings amounted to $281,298.05. CONCLUSION: Lean methodology can be used to eliminate redundant or underutilized instruments in total joint arthroplasty, improving surgical efficiency and generating substantial cost savings.

Approaches to the rationalization of surgical instrument trays: scoping review and research agenda.

BACKGROUND: Surgical Tray Rationalization (STR) consists of a systematic reduction in the number of surgical instruments to perform specific procedures without compromising patient safety while reducing losses in the sterilization and assembly of trays. STR is one example of initiatives to improve process performance that have been widely reported in industrial settings but only recently have gained popularity in healthcare organizations. METHODS: We conduct a scoping review of the literature to identify and map available evidence on surgical tray management. Five methodological stages are implemented and reported; they are: identifying research questions, identifying relevant studies, study selection, charting the data, and collating, summarizing and reporting the results. RESULTS: We reviewed forty-eight articles on STR, which were grouped according to their main proposed approaches: expert analysis, lean practices, and mathematical programming. We identify the most frequently used techniques within each approach and point to their potential contributions to operational and economic dimensions of STR. We also consolidate our findings, proposing a roadmap to STR with four generic steps (prepare, rationalize, implement, and consolidate) and recommended associated techniques. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first study that reviews and systematizes the existing literature on the subject of STR. Our study closes with the proposition of future research directions, which are presented as nine research questions associated with the four generic steps proposed in the STR roadmap.

Scale-Up of Duddingtonia flagrans Chlamydospores Production from Laboratory to Pilot-Scale Using a Solid-State Fermentation System.

The fungus Duddingtonia flagrans is a biological control tool to reduce infective larvae of gastrointestinal nematode in pastures. To create a commercially available bioproduct based on a nematophagous fungus, an efficient mass production process should be developed that is able to guarantee a good predatory capacity and satisfactory production rates. In this work, solid-state fermentation (SSF) parameters were investigated to produce D. flagrans at pilot-scale. The results showed that the relative humidity was a critical factor to increase productivity and to reduce fermentation time. The best production conditions using a tray bioreactor were a relative humidity in the room at 90% for 2 days, and inoculation by sprinkling. The fermentation process was composed of 7 days under submerged fermentation to produce the inoculum and 7 more days of SSF in a tray bioreactor. The productivity reached was 4.96 × 106 chlamydospores g-1 of dry substrate day-1, which is the highest productivity reported to date. The predatory capacity of the chlamydospores produced using this process was 91%. Also, a statistical control process analysis was applied, finding that the process presents stability in the biological activity, yield, and final moisture content of the substrate between batches. Finally, the operational expenses (OPEX) based on the use of the heating and humidification system were estimated, given a final cost of 0.20 USD g-1 of the fermented substrate.

Trametes versicolor laccase production using agricultural wastes: a comparative study in Erlenmeyer flasks, bioreactor and tray.

Laccases are very interesting biocatalysts of recognized importance for several industrial applications. Its production by Trametes versicolor, a white-rot fungus, was induced by a combination of cotton gin wastes (1%), a lignocellulosic waste, and vinasse (15%), an industrial by-product from sugarcane industry. The use of these agro-industrial wastes are interesting, since it helps in reducing the enzyme production costs, due to their low cost and wide availability, as well as the environmental contamination issues, due to their improper disposal. Thus, laccase production was studied in submerged fermentation of T. versicolor using these agro-industrial wastes (cotton gin waste and vinasse) as carbon source and an additional nitrogen source (0.1% peptone). Three different bioreactors were evaluated for laccase production, such as BioFlo 310 bioreactor, aluminium tray and Erlenmeyer flasks to achieve high levels of laccase production. The highest specific production of laccase was found in BioFlo 310 bioreactor with 12 days of fermentation (55.24 U/mg prot.), which has been shown to be closely related to the oxygen supply to the microorganism through aeration of the fermentation medium. This study brings new insights into green biotechnology regarding vinasse utilization, which is frequently discharged in soils, rivers, and lakes causing adverse effects on agricultural soils and biota, as well as the cotton gin waste recovery.

Production of conidia of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae ICB 425 in a tray bioreactor.

The use of Metarhizium anisopliae as a bioinsecticide is steeply increasing worldwide. However, to reduce the production costs, it is necessary to develop sophisticated techniques for conidia production. This work aimed to use a tray bioreactor to produce conidia of M. anisopliae ICB-425 in long rice and find the limiting bed depth in which the production is still viable. Experiments have been carried out to assess the influence of the air temperature and relative humidity on the spore concentration in order to determine the limiting temperature. Two scales of bioreactors in plastic packages have been used, containing 10 and 500 g of rice, and the results were similar. In the tray bioreactor, the bed depths of 2, 4 and 6 cm have been used, corresponding to the dry rice weights of 1, 2 and 3 kg, respectively, and the results were similar to the ones in plastic packages. A one-phase heat transfer model has been used to foresee the maximum temperature within the bed and the results agreed fairly well with the experimental ones. Using the model, a bed depth of 7 cm was found to be the limit for the tray bioreactor. The results obtained are very promising for the mass production of conidia of M. anisopliae at lower costs and with more effective control.

Identificação de cadáver por moldeiras de clareamento dental / Identification of corpse using whitening tray

Odontologia Legal é especialidade odontológica reconhecida capaz de auxiliar a identificação de um cadáver, através de pesquisa para a justiça, podendo também se estender a outras áreas caso seja de interesse legal. A apresentação desse caso tem como objetivo descrever uma técnica complementar de identificação através de moldeiras de clareamento dental em uma pessoa do gênero masculino em agosto de 2014 no Interior do Estado do Pará. O procedimento foi escolhido dentre tantos outros por permitir aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos na identificação do cadáver, auxiliando na positiva identificação de forma objetiva e segura (AU).

Legal Dentistry is a recognized dental specialty capable of assisting the identification of a corpse through research for justice, and may also extend to other areas when it is of legal interest. The presentation of this case aims at describing a complementary body identification technique through whitening trays in a male person in August 2014 at an inner city of Pará (Brazil). The procedure was chosen among many others because it allows quantitative and qualitative aspects in identifying the body, assisting in the positive identification objective and safely (AU).

Spider species composition in the tree-shrub strata of riparian forests and its microhabitats in southern Brazil

The composition of the spider fauna of riparian forests is insufficiently known. These forests, adjacent to both aquatic and terrestrial environments, are recognised as having important ecosystem functions. We compare the composition of spider assemblages of four riparian forests in different drainage basins, along with their microhabitats (edges and forest interior), in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Sampling was carried out in the riparian forests of the following rivers: Piratini, municipality of Arroio Grande; Camaquã, municipality of Cristal; Sinos, municipality of Parobé, and Maquiné, municipality of Maquiné. Two samples per season were collected in two years, by sampling the tree-shrub strata with a beating tray, following fixed transects. There were six transects per drainage basin, two per microhabitat: grassland edge, forest interior and river edge. Overall, 42,057 spiders were sampled (juveniles: 79%; adults: 21%). Among the adults (8,851 individuals), we identified 440 species. Similarity analyses (ANOSIM) indicated that the araneofauna composition of the four drainage basins differ in their quantitative (Morisita) and qualitative (Simpson) similarity indexes. There were no differences in composition among microhabitats. The composition of the Maquiné River basin was the most distinct, possibly due to a greater influence of the Atlantic forest on it and a greater dominance of the Linyphiidae Sphecozone personata (Simon, 1894) (SIMPER analysis, contribution to dissimilarity: 12.15%). Differences in spider composition on large spatial scales most likely reflect regional variations in a number of environmental factors, and result in each area having in increased importance in terms of conservation.(AU)

Spider species composition in the tree-shrub strata of riparian forests and its microhabitats in southern Brazil

The composition of the spider fauna of riparian forests is insufficiently known. These forests, adjacent to both aquatic and terrestrial environments, are recognised as having important ecosystem functions. We compare the composition of spider assemblages of four riparian forests in different drainage basins, along with their microhabitats (edges and forest interior), in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Sampling was carried out in the riparian forests of the following rivers: Piratini, municipality of Arroio Grande; Camaquã, municipality of Cristal; Sinos, municipality of Parobé, and Maquiné, municipality of Maquiné. Two samples per season were collected in two years, by sampling the tree-shrub strata with a beating tray, following fixed transects. There were six transects per drainage basin, two per microhabitat: grassland edge, forest interior and river edge. Overall, 42,057 spiders were sampled (juveniles: 79%; adults: 21%). Among the adults (8,851 individuals), we identified 440 species. Similarity analyses (ANOSIM) indicated that the araneofauna composition of the four drainage basins differ in their quantitative (Morisita) and qualitative (Simpson) similarity indexes. There were no differences in composition among microhabitats. The composition of the Maquiné River basin was the most distinct, possibly due to a greater influence of the Atlantic forest on it and a greater dominance of the Linyphiidae Sphecozone personata (Simon, 1894) (SIMPER analysis, contribution to dissimilarity: 12.15%). Differences in spider composition on large spatial scales most likely reflect regional variations in a number of environmental factors, and result in each area having in increased importance in terms of conservation.

In vivo Study of the Accuracy of Dual-arch Impressions.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated in vivo the accuracy of metal (Smart®) and plastic (Triple Tray®) dual-arch trays used with vinyl polysiloxane (Flexitime®), in the putty/wash viscosity, as well as polyether (Impregum Soft®) in the regular viscosity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In one patient, an implant-level transfer was screwed on an implant in the mandibular right first molar, serving as a pattern. Ten impressions were made with each tray and impression material. The impressions were poured with Type IV gypsum. The width and height of the pattern and casts were measured in a profile projector (Nikon). The results were submitted to Student's t-test for one sample (α = 0.05). RESULTS: For the width distance, the plastic dual-arch trays with vinyl polysiloxane (4.513 mm) and with polyether (4.531 mm) were statistically wider than the pattern (4.489 mm). The metal dual-arch tray with vinyl polysiloxane (4.504 mm) and with polyether (4.500 mm) did not differ statistically from the pattern. For the height distance, only the metal dual-arch tray with polyether (2.253 mm) differed statistically from the pattern (2.310 mm). CONCLUSION: The metal dual-arch tray with vinyl polysiloxane, in the putty/wash viscosities, reproduced casts with less distortion in comparison with the same technique with the plastic dual-arch tray. The plastic or metal dual-arch trays with polyether reproduced cast with greater distortion. How to cite the article: Santayana de Lima LM, Borges GA, Burnett LH Jr, Spohr AM. In vivo study of the accuracy of dual-arch impressions. J Int Oral Health 2014;6(3):50-5.

Análisis numérico sobre esfuerzos y áreas de contacto en una PTR Scorpio II® Stryker®. Base para el diseño de PTR personalizada al fenotipo Mexicano / Numerical analysis on stresses and contact areas in a TKR Scorpio II® of Stryker®. Basis to design of customized TKR in accordance to Mexican Phenotype

El desgaste de los insertos de Polietileno de Ultra-Alto Peso Molecular (UHMWPE pos sus siglas en inglés) continúa afectando la longevidad de las prótesis totales de rodilla (PTR) junto con el aflojamiento aséptico, y ambos constituyen las dos principales causas de falla de las prótesis. Considerando esto, es necesario encontrar soluciones adecuadas para evitar el desgaste excesivo y hasta la ruptura de los insertos de polietileno. En este trabajo se realizó el estudio mediante simulación numérica de una PTR Scorpio II® Stryker®, la cual se retiró por desgaste del inserto de UHMWPE en el Hospital 1° de Octubre del ISSSTE en México. Se utilizaron las hipótesis de Bartel et al. (1995) y Chillag et al. (1991) para la validación del método numérico utilizado, las cuales establecen que el desgaste del polietileno puede reducirse utilizando insertos tibiales de mayor espesor, lo cual disminuye las presiones de contacto. Los análisis se realizaron mediante MEF variando el espesor del inserto de 6, 8, 10, 12 y 14 mm, suponiendo cargas axiales de tipo cuasi-estático en la articulación a cero grados de flexión, para 1.33 veces el peso de un individuo de 75 kg (736 N) empleando el ciclo normalizado de marcha. Los resultados obtenidos muestran similitud con los reportados por Bei et al. (2004) y Deen et al. (2006). Después de validar el método, se desarrolló el modelo de MEF de la PTR y se determinaron las curvas de esfuerzo y de áreas de contacto del inserto de UHMWPE, con lo que se obtuvo información importante para modificar el diseño y obtener una prótesis de geometría conforme en los planos coronal y sagital del inserto femoral y el inserto de polietileno, de acuerdo con el fenotipo mexicano.

Wear of UHMWPE inserts continues affecting the longevity of total knee replacements (TKR) together with septic loosening, and both constitute two main causes of prosthesis failure. It is necessary to find appropriate solutions to avoid excessive wear and failure of polyethylene inserts. In this work a study was carried out by means of numeric simulation of a Scorpio II® Stryker® TKR, which was retired due to wear of UHMWPE in the Hospital 1° de Octubre of ISSSTE in Mexico city. Hypotheses of Bartel et al. (1995) and Chillag et al. (1991) were used, which settle down that wear of polyethylene can decrease using thicker tibial inserts, which can be reduced contact pressures. Analyses of this work was carried out by means of FEM varying insert thickness of 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 mm, considered quasi-static axial loads actuating on the articulation with zero degrees of flexion and loads equivalent to 1.33 times of bodyweight of a subject of 75 kg (736 N) was considered. Normalized gait cycle was employed and results obtained are similar to those reported by Bei et al. (2004) and Deen et al. (2006). After validating the method, a model of study case of TKR in FEM was developed and the curves of stress and contact areas of UHMWPE were determined, with which important information was obtained to modify the design, as well as to obtain a prosthesis of optimal conformity in both coronal and sagital planes of the femoral and UHMWPE inserts, in agreement with characteristics of the Mexican phenotype.

Protocolo protésico - quirúrgico en temporización inmediata de dientes unitarios, utilizando una cubeta multifuncional desmontable / Prosthetic protocol - surgery in the immediate temporization of a single tooth using a multifunctional removable tray

Propósito: El presente reporte clínico es la descripción de un protocolo protésico - quirúrgico que permite la visualización directa del sitio operatorio y el correcto posicionamiento protésico - implantario de una corona temporal atornillada, construida inmediatamente de insertado el implante. Material y métodos: Se seleccionaron 10 pacientes del programa de especialización en implantologia bucomaxilofacial de la Universidad de Chile, cuyo criterio de inclusión principal fue ser desdentado parcial unitario posterior, con antagonista dentario natural. Como protocolo diagnóstico se solicitaron exámenes de laboratorio, exámenes radiograficos y se registraron sus arcos dentarios con impresiones de estudio a fin de obtener modelos de yeso, los que fueron posicionados en un articulador semiajustable tipo Whip Mix, donde se confeccionó un encerado diagnóstico del diente a reemplazar, libre de contacto oclusal en máxima intercuspidación (MIC) y en los movimientos excursivos mandibulares. Basado en el encerado de diagnóstico se diseño una cubeta multifuncional desmontable (U. de Chile) cuya característica fundamental es que fusiona una guía quirúrgica y una guía de montaje protésico, para una correcta temporización inmediata. El procedimiento se inicia mediante un colgajo de espesor total, posicionamiento en boca de la guía multifuncional en fase quirúrgica, para permitir el fresado del lecho implantario y la inserción implantaria. El lecho quirúrgico es suturado mediante una seda negra trensada y se confecciona en forma inmediata una corona temporal atornillada utilizando la guía multifuncional en fase de carga protésica. Resultados: Se instalaron un total de 12 implantes Renova Tapered (Lifecore) utilizando la cubeta multifuncional la cual facilitó la direción del fresado y la contrucción de sus respectivas coronas temporales de resina acrilica, no segmentadas atornilladas. Conclusiones: Con las limitaciones de este estudio, la fusión de ambos procedimientos brinda...

Purpose: This clinical report is the description of a prosthetic protocol - surgery which allows direct visualization of the operative site and the correct positioning of the prosthetic-implantation of a screw retained temporary crown constructed immediately following the insertion of the implant. Methods: 10 patients, whose main inclusion criterion was having a partially edentulous posterior unit with an opposing natural tooth, were selected from the specialized program of Maxillofacial Implantology at the University of Chile. As diagnostic protocol was requested, laboratory tests, radiographic examinations and impressions of dental arches were recorded in order to obtain plaster models for the study and which were positioned in a semi-adjustable articulator type Whip Mix, which produced a diagnostic wax-up tooth replacement, free of occlusal contact in the maximal intercuspal (MIC) and mandibular excursions. Based on the diagnostic wax-up one can design a multi-functional removable tray (U. de Chile), whose key feature is that it merges a surgical guide and a prosthetic assembly guide for the correct immediate temporization. The procedure starts with a full thickness flap positioned in the mouth of the multi-functional guide of the surgical phase to allow the implant site drilling and implant insertion. The surgical site is sutured with black braided silk and you immediately draw up the screw retained temporary crown using the multi-functional guide in the prosthetic loading phase. Results: A total of 12 Renova Tapered implants (Lifecore) were installed using the multi-functional tray which provided the direction of the drilling and construction of its acrylic- resin temporary crowns without segmented screws. Conclusions: With the limitations of this study, the merging of both procedures provide a predictable safe alternative treatment that is quick and easy to implement for the clinician allowing the immediate temporization of the implant. Technical Report.

Onion seedling production in styrofoam trays under controlled environment, as summer-planted onions

Summer-planted onion (Allium cepa L.) can increase grower profits, but the production of seedlings for transplant is difficult. This experiment was carried out in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, with the objective of studying the behavior of the short-day onion hybrid Mercedes, in its initial stage, under controlled greenhouse environment, as summer-planted onions. Four formulated substrates, two different numbers of plants per cell were tested, and 288-cell styrofoam trays used. Trials were set up in split-plot design (n=3). Substrate and number of plants per cell represented main plots, and N application (2 and 3 times a week) the subplots. The number of three plants per cell decrease the earlier onset of bulbing and increase plant height; substrates did not show differences; and the N application 3 times a week increased plant height and leaf dry weight, but did not result in earlier onset of bulbing.

Uma das dificuldades do cultivo do verão da cebola (Allium cepa L.), que permite maior lucro pois esta é a época de entressafra, é a produção de plantas para o transplante. Com o objetivo de verificar o comportamento na fase de muda do híbrido Mercedes, sob cultivo protegido como cultura de verão, o experimento foi instalado em estufa, em Piracicaba, SP com bandejas de isopor de 288 células. Foram testados quatro substratos. e dois números de plantas por células (3 e 4 plantas/célula), sendo sub-plot a suplementação mineral com nitrogênio 2 e 3 vezes por semana com nitrato de cálcio + nitrato de potássio. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com fatorial 4 x 2 em parcelas subdivididas, e três repetições. A densidade de três plantas por célula apresentou menor taxa de bulbificação precoce e maior altura da planta; não houve diferença quanto aos substratos e que a aplicação de nitrogênio três vezes por semana apresentou os maiores valores de altura da planta e peso da matéria seca da parte aérea, não apresentando bulbificação precoce das plantas.

Oviposition behaviour of Gryon gallardoi (Hym.; Scelionidae) on eggs of Spartocera dentiventris (Hem.; Coreidae)

The oviposition behaviour of Gryon gallardoi (Hymenoptera; Scelionidae) on Spartocera dentiventris (Hemiptera; Coreidae) host eggs was investigated in the laboratory. Masses of 12 non-parasitized freshly laid (less than 24 h old) eggs were exposed to 2-5 days old mated females with previous oviposition experience (n = 10). Behaviour was observed for 2 h under the stereomicroscope. The eggs were Then kept individually at 25º ± 1ºC/12 h photophase till hatching. The mean number of parasitized eggs was 7.8 ± 0.81 (IMG01 ± SE). Five distinct kinds of behaviour were observed: drumming with antennae on the eggs, ovipositor insertion, egg marking, walking and resting. On average, ovipositor insertion was not followed by marking 4.3 ± 0.76 times per female. In nearly all of these events, parasitism was unsuccessful. Walking and resting were observed less frequently than the other behaviours (1.6 ± 0.56 and 2.1 ± 0.48 times/female, respectively). Superparasitism occurred on average 3.6 ± 0.88 times per egg mass, with 2.7 ± 0.57 eggs being superparasitized. Among these, on average 87.4 ± 5.37% led to successful development of an adult parasitoid. The average time spent on the each kind of oviposition behaviour was 1.5 ± 0.57 min for drumming, 3.9 ± 0.56 min for ovipositor insertion and 0.4 ± 0.06 min for marking. There was no significant variation on the duration of each behaviour as the parasitoid progressed in parasitizing an egg mass. Ovipositor insertion almost always (87.58%) occurred in the longitudinal extremities of the egg. In average 31.1 ± 7.21% of the individual emerging per egg mass were males, the larger proportion of males originating from the 2nd oviposition. The results show a range of oviposition behaviours common to the Scelionidae family. Egg marking behaviour was a good indicator of the effective oviposition by females. Superparasitism is only partially avoided, but its occurrence does not imply a failure of parasitoid emergence. The sex ratio is skewed towards females, and most males come from the first ovipositions.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar, em laboratório, o comportamento de oviposição de Gryon gallardoi (Hymenoptera; Scelionidae) em grupos de ovos de Spartocera dentiventris (Hemiptera; Coreidae). Dez fêmeas, de 2 a 5 dias de idade, fecundadas e com experiência de oviposição, foram expostas a grupos de 12 ovos, não parasitados, com idade de até 24 horas, e observadas durante 2 horas em estereomicroscópio. Posteriormente, os ovos foram mantidos individualizados em estufa a 25º ± 1ºC, com fotofase de 12 h até o seu destino final. O número médio de ovos parasitados por grupo foi de 7,8 ± 0,81 ovos (IMG01 ± EP). Registraram-se cinco comportamentos distintos: tamborilamento dos ovos com as antenas, inserção do ovipositor, marcação dos ovos, caminhada e descanso. Em média, por fêmea, 4,3 ± 0,76 vezes o comportamento de inserção do ovipositor não foi seguido de marcação. A quase totalidade desses casos resultou no insucesso do parasitoidismo. A caminhada e o descanso foram observados em menor freqüência (1,6 ± 0,56 e 2,1 ± 0,48 vezes/fêmea, respectivamente). O superparasitismo ocorreu em média 3,6 ± 0,88 vezes por grupo de ovos, sendo superparasitados 2,7 ± 0,57 ovos. Destes, em média, 87,5 ± 5,37% lograram sucesso na emergência de um adulto. O tempo médio despendido nos principais comportamentos foi de 1,5 ± 0,57 min para tamborilamento, 3,9 ± 0,56 min para inserção do ovipositor e 0,4 ± 0,06 min para marcação, não havendo alteração significativa na duração desses comportamentos ao longo do parasitoidismo da massa de ovos. A inserção do ovipositor foi feita quase sempre na região próxima às extremidades do ovo (87,58%). Foi obtida porcentagem média de 31,1 ± 7,21% machos/grupo, sendo que na 2ª oviposição originou-se maior proporção de indivíduos machos. Os resultados evidenciam comportamentos de oviposição comuns à família Scelionidae, sendo a marcação dos ovos um bom indicativo de efetiva oviposição da fêmea. O superparasitismo é apenas parcialmente evitado, e sua ocorrência não acarreta o insucesso da emergência de um parasitóide. A razão sexual é desviada para fêmeas, sendo a maioria dos machos gerada nas primeiras oviposições.

Onion seedling production in styrofoam trays under controlled environment, as summer-planted onions

Summer-planted onion (Allium cepa L.) can increase grower profits, but the production of seedlings for transplant is difficult. This experiment was carried out in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, with the objective of studying the behavior of the short-day onion hybrid Mercedes, in its initial stage, under controlled greenhouse environment, as summer-planted onions. Four formulated substrates, two different numbers of plants per cell were tested, and 288-cell styrofoam trays used. Trials were set up in split-plot design (n=3). Substrate and number of plants per cell represented main plots, and N application (2 and 3 times a week) the subplots. The number of three plants per cell decrease the earlier onset of bulbing and increase plant height; substrates did not show differences; and the N application 3 times a week increased plant height and leaf dry weight, but did not result in earlier onset of bulbing.

Uma das dificuldades do cultivo do verão da cebola (Allium cepa L.), que permite maior lucro pois esta é a época de entressafra, é a produção de plantas para o transplante. Com o objetivo de verificar o comportamento na fase de muda do híbrido Mercedes, sob cultivo protegido como cultura de verão, o experimento foi instalado em estufa, em Piracicaba, SP com bandejas de isopor de 288 células. Foram testados quatro substratos. e dois números de plantas por células (3 e 4 plantas/célula), sendo sub-plot a suplementação mineral com nitrogênio 2 e 3 vezes por semana com nitrato de cálcio + nitrato de potássio. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com fatorial 4 x 2 em parcelas subdivididas, e três repetições. A densidade de três plantas por célula apresentou menor taxa de bulbificação precoce e maior altura da planta; não houve diferença quanto aos substratos e que a aplicação de nitrogênio três vezes por semana apresentou os maiores valores de altura da planta e peso da matéria seca da parte aérea, não apresentando bulbificação precoce das plantas.

Produção de bulbinhos de cebola em bandejas de isopor

One objective was to study the production of onion Allium cepa L.. bulb sets in a protected environment in a seedling system with trays with different number of cells: 288 (1 plant/cell), 128 (3 to 5 plants/cell) or 72 cells (5 to 9 plants/cell) using the cultivar Serrana. The second purpose was to compare nine cultivars, grown in trays of 128 cells, with 3 plants per cell. In the first experiment, five replications were used in the trial of types of trays and densities, while four replications were used in the experiment concerning cultivars which was set out in a randomized block design. Each plot was represented by one tray. It was observed that at the higher the plant density, there was a smaller bulb set size (diameter and weight). With good fertilizer management it was possible to produce bulb sets with a diameter of 1.3 cm (2g) in a tray of 128 cells and 5 plants/cell. Among the nine cultivars examined, Crioula - AF, Crioula - GL and Houston had 83%, 67% and 81% bulb formation, respectively. The other cultivars (Aurora, Baia Periforme, Brownsville, Petroline, Pira Ouro, Pirana and Serrana) produced no thick stems. The main advantages of producing bulb sets in this system over the traditional system were: relatively higher uniformity and absence of weeds or pathogens. This system may be a good alternative for producing bulb sets for processing, for controlling seed quality and for use in the onion breeding programs.

Com o objetivo de estudar a viabilidade de produção de bulbinhos de cebola sob ambiente protegido em diferentes tipos de bandejas de poliestireno expandido foram instalados dois experimentos. No primeiro, trabalhando com a cultivar Serrana, foram avaliadas três tipos de bandejas com diferentes números de plantas por célula: uma planta/célula na bandeja de 288 células, três a cinco plantas/célula na de 128 e cinco a nove plantas/célula na de 72 células. No outro experimento, testaram-se nove cultivares, semeadas somente em bandejas de 128 células com três plantas por célula. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições no primeiro ensaio e cinco no segundo, sendo cada parcela constituída por uma bandeja. Observou-se que quanto maior a densidade de plantio menor o tamanho do bulbinho (diâmetro e peso). O manejo adequado de adubações em cobertura pode viabilizar, tecnicamente, a produção de cinco bulbinhos com 1,3 cm de diâmetro (2 g) por célula, na bandeja de 128 células. Quanto ao ensaio de cultivares, ‘Crioula da Agroflora, ‘Crioula da Granja Lotário e ‘Houston apresentaram 83%, 67% e 81% de plantas bulbificadas, enquanto que nas demais (‘Aurora, ‘Baia Periforme, ‘Brownsville, ‘Petroline, ‘Pira Ouro, ‘Pirana e ‘Serrana) obteve-se 100% de bulbificação. As principais vantagens na produção de bulbinhos em bandeja foram: uniformidade, ausência de plantas daninhas e de patógenos. É um sistema que pode ser útil aos viveiristas que tem entressafra de mudas nos meses de agosto a novembro, período de produção dos bulbinhos. Poderá, também, ser uma alternativa na produção de bulbinhos para conserva, no controle de qualidade de lotes de sementes e em programas de melhoramento de cebola.