Structural basis of TMPRSS2 zymogen activation and recognition by the HKU1 seasonal coronavirus.

The human seasonal coronavirus HKU1-CoV, which causes common colds worldwide, relies on the sequential binding to surface glycans and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) for entry into target cells. TMPRSS2 is synthesized as a zymogen that undergoes autolytic activation to process its substrates. Several respiratory viruses, in particular coronaviruses, use TMPRSS2 for proteolytic priming of their surface spike protein to drive membrane fusion upon receptor binding. We describe the crystal structure of the HKU1-CoV receptor binding domain in complex with TMPRSS2, showing that it recognizes residues lining the catalytic groove. Combined mutagenesis of interface residues and comparison across species highlight positions 417 and 469 as determinants of HKU1-CoV host tropism. The structure of a receptor-blocking nanobody in complex with zymogen or activated TMPRSS2 further provides the structural basis of TMPRSS2 activating conformational change, which alters loops recognized by HKU1-CoV and dramatically increases binding affinity.

Dark triad traits, study and power motives among medical students-A cross-sectional study at a German medical faculty.

Background: A good physician should be empathic and altruistic, among other qualities. Therefore, the levels of socially undesirable personality traits (Dark Triad) as well as implicit motives of achievement, affiliation and power (Multi-Motive Grid) among medical students as future physicians were analyzed at two different points in their medical training. Methods: This study includes 380 medical students in their first year and 217 in their third year in Germany. All participants completed the Dirty Dozen (DD) and Multi-Motive Grid (MMG) questionnaires at the end of two different classes as paper-and-pencil tests. Relevant differences of the Dark Triad traits between the medical students and reference sample and the two different cohorts, as well as their implicit motives, the associations of Dark Triad traits and MMG components and gender differences of the Dark Triad traits were calculated. Results: There were no significant group differences between year one and year three medical students in narcissism, psychopathy and Machiavellianism (Dark Triad). There were no significant differences between the medical students and reference sample except in psychopathy. Male students scored significantly higher in the Dark Triad traits than female students. In the MMG, first-year students scored significantly higher levels in Fear of Rejection, and lower levels in Hope of Success and Hope of Power than the third-year students. Some associations were found between narcissism and Machiavelliansim with Hope of Success, Hope of Power and Fear of power. Conclusions: Dark Triad traits already appear to exist before the commencement of medical studies. These traits do not differ significantly between the medical students and reference sample; only a few MMG components seem to differ at different stages of their studies. This lack of differences between the medical students and validation cohort indicates that tests based on (undesirable) personality traits are not suitable criteria for the admission selection of medical students.

3-Chymotrypsin-like Protease (3CLpro) of SARS-CoV-2: Validation as a Molecular Target, Proposal of a Novel Catalytic Mechanism, and Inhibitors in Preclinical and Clinical Trials.

Proteases represent common targets in combating infectious diseases, including COVID-19. The 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) is a validated molecular target for COVID-19, and it is key for developing potent and selective inhibitors for inhibiting viral replication of SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we discuss structural relationships and diverse subsites of 3CLpro, shedding light on the pivotal role of dimerization and active site architecture in substrate recognition and catalysis. Our analysis of bioinformatics and other published studies motivated us to investigate a novel catalytic mechanism for the SARS-CoV-2 polyprotein cleavage by 3CLpro, centering on the triad mechanism involving His41-Cys145-Asp187 and its indispensable role in viral replication. Our hypothesis is that Asp187 may participate in modulating the pKa of the His41, in which catalytic histidine may act as an acid and/or a base in the catalytic mechanism. Recognizing Asp187 as a crucial component in the catalytic process underscores its significance as a fundamental pharmacophoric element in drug design. Next, we provide an overview of both covalent and non-covalent inhibitors, elucidating advancements in drug development observed in preclinical and clinical trials. By highlighting various chemical classes and their pharmacokinetic profiles, our review aims to guide future research directions toward the development of highly selective inhibitors, underscore the significance of 3CLpro as a validated therapeutic target, and propel the progression of drug candidates through preclinical and clinical phases.

Injury patterns in motor vehicle collision-youth pedestrian deaths.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe fatal pedestrian injury patterns in youth aged 15 to 24 years old and correlate them with motor vehicle collision (MVC) dynamics and pedestrian kinematics using data from medicolegal death investigations of MVCs occurring in the current Canadian motor vehicle (MV) fleet. METHODS: Based on a systematic literature review, MVC-pedestrian injuries were collated in an injury data collection form (IDCF). The IDCF was coded using the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2015 revision. The AIS of the most frequent severe injury was noted for individual body regions. The Maximum AIS (MAIS) was used to define the most severe injury to the body overall and by body regions (MAISBR). This study focused on serious to maximal injuries (AIS 3-6) that had an increasing likelihood of causing death. The IDCF was used to extract collision and injury data from the Office of the Chief Coroner for Ontario (OCCO) database of postmortem examinations done at the Provincial Forensic Pathology Unit (PFPU) in Toronto, Canada, and other provincial facilities between 2013 and 2019. Injury data were correlated with data about the MVs and MV dynamics and pedestrian kinematics.The study was approved by the Western University Health Science Research Ethics Board (Project ID: 113440; Lawson Health Research Institute Approval No. R-19-066). RESULTS: There were 88 youth, including 54 (61.4%) males and 34 (38.6%) females. Youth pedestrians comprised 13.1% (88/670) of all autopsied pedestrians. Cars (n = 25/88, 28.4%) were the most frequent type of vehicle in single-vehicle impacts, but collectively vehicles with high hood edges (i.e., greater distance between the ground and hood edge) were in the majority. Forward projection (n = 34/88, 38.6%) was the most frequent type of pedestrian kinematics. Regardless of the type of vehicle, there was a tendency in most cases for the median MAISBR ≥ 3 to involve the head and thorax. A similar trend was seen in most of the pedestrian kinematics involving the various frontal impacts. Of the 88 cases, at least 63 (71.6%) were known to be engaged in risk-taking behaviors (e.g., activity on roadway). At least 12 deaths were nonaccidental (8 suicides and 4 homicides). Some activities may have been impairment related, because 26/63 (41.3%) pedestrians undertaking risk-taking behavior on the roadway were impaired. Toxicological analyses revealed that over half of the cases (47/88, 53.4%) tested positive for a drug that could have affected behavior. Ethanol was the most common. Thirty-one had positive blood results. CONCLUSION: A fatal dyad of head and thorax trauma was observed for pedestrians struck by cars. For those pedestrians hit by vehicles with high hood edges, which were involved in the majority of cases, a fatal triad of injuries to the head, thorax, and abdomen/retroperitoneum was observed. Most deaths occurred from frontal collisions and at speeds more than 35 km/h.

Effect of polygenic scores of telomere length alleles on telomere length in newborns and parents.

In adults, polygenic scores (PGSs) of telomere length (TL) alleles explain about 4.5% of the variance in TL, as measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Yet, these PGSs strongly infer a causal role of telomeres in aging-related diseases. To better understand the determinants of TL through the lifespan, it is essential to examine to what extent these PGSs explain TL in newborns. This study investigates the effect of PGSs on TL in both newborns and their parents, with TL measured by Southern blotting and expressed in base-pairs (bp). Additionally, the study explores the impact of PGSs related to transmitted or non-transmitted alleles on TL in newborns. For parents and newborns, the PGS effects on TL were 172 bp (p = 2.03 × 10-15) and 161 bp (p = 3.06 × 10-8), explaining 6.6% and 5.2% of the TL variance, respectively. The strongest PGS effect was shown for maternally transmitted alleles in newborn girls, amounting to 214 bp (p = 3.77 × 10-6) and explaining 7.8% of the TL variance. The PGS effect of non-transmitted alleles was 56 bp (p = 0.0593) and explained 0.6% of the TL variance. Our findings highlight the importance of TL genetics in understanding early-life determinants of TL. They point to the potential utility of PGSs composed of TL alleles in identifying susceptibility to aging-related diseases from birth and reveal the presence of sexual dimorphism in the effect of TL alleles on TL in newborns. Finally, we attribute the higher TL variance explained by PGSs in our study to TL measurement by Southern blotting.

A Case of Thoracic Aortic Mural Thrombus and Multiple Hypercoagulable Etiologies.

Thoracic aortic mural thrombi (TAMT) are rare yet a significant cause of emboli and mortality. Hypercoagulability is thought to play a role in pathogenesis. A common association is prothrombin G20210A mutation. We present a case of an 87-year-old man with an incidentally found TAMT in the setting of prothrombin mutation, metastatic prostate cancer, and a myeloproliferative disorder. The patient had several causes activating Virchow's hypercoagulability principle, contributing to a centrally located clot. Because of its paucity in the literature, we advocate for further research concerning treatment modalities of TAMTs as well as an additional and timely workup for hypercoagulable states to prevent further calamity.

Adaptation of the Short Dark Triad (SD3) to Spanish Adolescents.

(1) Background: The dark triad refers to a personality configuration mainly characterized by the presence of Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. Even though adolescence is a critical stage in the development of dark triad traits, to date, this construct has not been studied among adolescents, mainly due to the lack of a measurement instrument adapted to this population. (2) Methods: Using a sample of 1642 adolescents, an adaptation of the Short Dark Triad (SD3) is proposed for this population. To this end, we performed a confirmatory factor analysis of the scale and examined its reliability and the intensity of the dark triad components by sex and sexual orientation. (3) Results: The adapted version of the scale (The Short Dark Triad-Adolescent Version; SD3-A) yielded good psychometric results. Confirmatory factor analysis corroborated the theoretical model of the three factors of dark personality. The results confirmed the greater presence of dark traits in male adolescents, and differences were observed based on sexual orientation. (4) Conclusions: The Short Dark Triad-Adolescent Version (SD3-A) is an effective and comprehensive instrument for the estimation of dark traits in adolescents and can be used as a screening test for this population.

Total Knee Arthroplasty Periprosthetic Joint Infection With Concomitant Extensor Mechanism Disruption and Soft-Tissue Defect: The Knee Arthroplasty Terrible Triad.

BACKGROUND: Periprosthetic infection (PJI) with concomitant extensor mechanism disruption (EMD) and soft-tissue defect-hereinafter termed the "Terrible Triad"-is a devastating complication following total knee arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to define the surgical and clinical outcomes following management of a cohort of patients who have the Terrible Triad. METHODS: From 2000 to 2022, 127 patients underwent operative management for PJI alone, 25 for PJI with soft-tissue defects (defined as defects requiring flap reconstruction or being a factor contributing to the decision of performing above-knee amputation or arthrodesis), 14 for PJI with EMD, and 22 for the Terrible Triad. A composite outcome of infection status, range of motion, extensor lag, and ambulatory status at final follow-up was used to compare the proportion of patients in each group with a favorable overall knee outcome. Differences between groups were determined using one-way analyses of variance with post hoc Tukey's tests and Pearson's Chi-square tests or Fisher's exact tests with post hoc Bonferroni adjustments, where applicable. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated for comparison of the overall knee outcome between groups. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis for patient mortality was performed. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 8.4 years and similar between groups (P = .064). Patients who had the Terrible Triad had a 45.5% incidence of above-knee amputation, or arthrodesis, and an 86.4% incidence of an unfavorable outcome. Compared to patients in the PJI group, patients in the PJI who had a soft-tissue defect (OR = 5.8, 95% CI [confidence interval] 2.2 to 15.7), PJI with EMD (OR = 3.7, 95%CI 1.0 to 12.9), and Terrible Triad groups (OR = 11.6, 95% CI 3.3 to 41.5) showed higher odds of an unfavorable knee outcome. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that the total knee arthroplasty Terrible Triad is a dreaded diagnosis with poor outcomes. Clinicians and patients might consider early treatment with amputation or arthrodesis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Lowering pH optimum of activity of SshEstI, a slightly alkaliphilic archaeal esterase of the hormone-sensitive lipase family.

SshEstI, a carboxylesterase from the thermoacidophilic archaeon Saccharolobus shibatae, is a member of the hormone-sensitive lipase family that displays slightly alkaliphilic activity with an optimum activity at pH 8.0. In this study, three distinct strategies were explored to confer acidophilic properties to SshEstI. The first strategy involved engineering the oxyanion hole by replacing Gly81 with serine or aspartic acid. The G81S mutant showed optimum activity at pH 7.0, whereas the aspartic acid mutant (G81D) rendered the enzyme slightly acidophilic with optimum activity observed at pH 6.0; however, kcat and kcat/Km values were reduced by these substitutions. The second strategy involved examining the effects of surfactant additives on the pH-activity profiles of SshEstI. The results showed that cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) enhanced wild-type enzyme (WT) activity at acidic pH values. In the presence of 0.1 mM CTAB, G81S and G81D were acidophilic enzymes with optimum activity at pH 6.0 and 4.0, respectively, although their enzyme activities were low. The third strategy involved engineering the active site to resemble that of kumamolisin-As (kuma-As), an acidophilic peptidase of the sedolisin family. The catalytic triad of kuma-As was exchanged into SshEstI using site-directed mutagenesis. X-ray crystallographic analysis of the mutants (H274D and H274E) revealed that the potential hydrogen donor-acceptor distances around the active site of WT were fully maintained in these mutants. However, these mutants were inactive at pH 4-8.

Intratumoral immune triads are required for immunotherapy-mediated elimination of solid tumors.

Tumor-specific CD8+ T cells are frequently dysfunctional and unable to halt tumor growth. We investigated whether tumor-specific CD4+ T cells can be enlisted to overcome CD8+ T cell dysfunction within tumors. We find that the spatial positioning and interactions of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, but not their numbers, dictate anti-tumor responses in the context of adoptive T cell therapy as well as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB): CD4+ T cells must engage with CD8+ T cells on the same dendritic cell during the effector phase, forming a three-cell-type cluster (triad) to license CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity and cancer cell elimination. When intratumoral triad formation is disrupted, tumors progress despite equal numbers of tumor-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. In patients with pleural mesothelioma treated with ICB, triads are associated with clinical responses. Thus, CD4+ T cells and triads are required for CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity during the effector phase and tumor elimination.

Sex and Sexual Orientation Differences in Dark Triad Traits, Sexual Excitation/Inhibition, and Sociosexuality.

The present study sought to investigate sex and sexual orientation differences in several traits related to sexuality and sexual behavior. Examining sexual orientation differences alongside basic sex differences to help identify correlates of sexual orientation diversity, and whether individuals with varying degrees of same-sex attraction show concurrent sex-atypical shifts in other domains. Males tend to score higher than females in the Dark Triad (DT) traits of sub-clinical narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism. Similarly, females tend to be more cautious than males in their attitudes and desires toward casual sex activity (i.e., sociosexuality). These sex differences may be related to the propensity for individuals to become easily sexually excited, which is higher in males, or to instead inhibit sexual arousal, which is higher in females. In a large undergraduate sample (N = 2047), we replicated expected sex differences in DT traits, sociosexuality, and sexual excitation/inhibition. We found that non-heterosexual females were "male-shifted" in some of these traits, but these shifts tended to be strongest among mostly heterosexual and bisexual individuals. Furthermore, we found that within-sex variation in sociosexuality, sexual excitation, and sexual inhibition was not related to sexual orientation in a linear fashion. Instead, sociosexuality and sexual excitation were related to sexual orientation in a curvilinear (inverted-U) fashion, especially among females. The fact that traits correlated with bisexuality and homosexuality were somewhat distinct is consistent with the idea that different developmental pathways may lead to these discrete sexual attraction patterns.

Complexity synchronization in living matter: a mini review.

Fractal time series have been argued to be ubiquitous in human physiology and some of the implications of that ubiquity are quite remarkable. One consequence of the omnipresent fractality is complexity synchronization (CS) observed in the interactions among simultaneously recorded physiologic time series discussed herein. This new kind of synchronization has been revealed in the interaction triad of organ-networks (ONs) consisting of the mutually interacting time series generated by the brain (electroencephalograms, EEGs), heart (electrocardiograms, ECGs), and lungs (Respiration). The scaled time series from each member of the triad look nothing like one another and yet they bear a deeply recorded synchronization invisible to the naked eye. The theory of scaling statistics is used to explain the source of the CS observed in the information exchange among these multifractal time series. The multifractal dimension (MFD) of each time series is a measure of the time-dependent complexity of that time series, and it is the matching of the MFD time series that provides the synchronization referred to as CS. The CS is one manifestation of the hypothesis given by a "Law of Multifractal Dimension Synchronization" (LMFDS) which is supported by data. Therefore, the review aspects of this paper are chosen to make the extended range of the LMFDS hypothesis sufficiently reasonable to warrant further empirical testing.

Theoretical and Empirical Integration of "Dark" Traits and Socially Aversive Personality Psychopathology.

Conceptual work integrating constructs from mainstream personality research (especially so-called "dark" traits) and clinical psychopathology research has been limited. Herein, we propose all socially and/or ethically aversive traits as "flavored" manifestations of the D factor of personality (D). We argue that the D framework provides the commonality of all aversive traits, including the aversive traits from the DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD), a more thorough theoretical foundation. Moreover, D covers aspects that are not captured by any of the aversive AMPD traits directly (e.g., greed), thus offering indications for possible expansions to the AMPD. We tested our predictions in two online studies (N = 1,781 and N = 2,006) using quota-representative samples of the German population regarding age and gender. Twelve aversive traits from mainstream personality research and eight aversive AMPD traits were assessed together with consequential behavior in an economic game. Analyses using structural equation modeling overall confirmed predictions.

Gastric volvulus with necrosis and gangrene associated with wandering spleen: A rare case report from Syria.

Gastric volvulus and wandering spleen are two rare and uncommon conditions. Gastric volvulus is characterized by the rotation of the stomach around itself, causing a closed obstruction. It was first described in the 19th century and is classified according to the axis, etiology, or chronicity. A wandering spleen is defined by the absence of one or all of the splenic ligaments, which occurs either for congenital or acquired reasons. An enlarged spleen may contribute to the wandering spleen and, in turn, lead to gastric volvulus and infarction of the stomach, requiring emergency surgical intervention. In this report, we present a case of a 19-year-old female who presented to the emergency department with severe abdominal pain and epigastric distension. After performing the necessary investigations, she was diagnosed with a wandering spleen and acute gastric volvulus. An immediate laparotomy was performed and both the spleen and the stomach were resected to save the patient's life at the right time.

Coronoid fractures and complex elbow instability: current concepts.

Fractures of the coronoid process typically occur as part of more complex injury patterns, such as terrible triads, trans-olecranon fracture-dislocations, posteromedial rotatory injuries or Monteggia-like lesions. Each pattern is associated with a specific type of coronoid fracture with regard to shape and size and specific soft-tissue lesions. O' Driscoll classification incorporates those associations identifying three major types of fractures: tip, anteromedial facet, and basal fractures. The objective of this study is to review the most common types of complex elbow instability, identify the indications for coronoid fixation and guide the appropriate management. Tip fractures as those seen in terrible triads can conditionally left untreated provided that elbow stability has been restored after radial head fixation and ligaments repair. Anteromedial facet fractures benefit from a buttress plate, while large basilar fractures can be effectively secured with posteroanterior screws. Coronoid reconstruction with a graft should be considered in post-traumatic cases of chronic coronoid deficiency.

Impact of anatomical abnormalities on velopharyngeal insufficiency in patients with submucous cleft palate.

BACKGROUND: Submucous cleft palate (SMCP) is a congenital anomaly characterized by the presence of Calnan's triad. However, in clinical practice, it is common for individuals to exhibit one or two anatomical abnormalities within the triad. Furthermore, the definition of SMCP has been diverse and ambiguous in literature. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the correlation between anatomical abnormalities and development of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 99 patients referred to our clinic for speech issues or anatomical abnormalities identified during routine oral examinations from January 2012 to June 2023. A single surgeon performed all physical examinations. We evaluated the presence of bony notch, zona pellucida, and bifid uvula, assigned a score to each abnormality, and analyzed their correlation with VPI. The correlation of each of the abnormalities with VPI development was examined, along with the relationship between the number of abnormalities and VPI. RESULTS: Among the 99 patients, 27 were diagnosed with VPI. Only the bony notch had a significant correlation with VPI development. The incidence of VPI tended to increase with the presence of more anatomical abnormalities. VPI occurred in approximately 40% of patients exhibiting all three anatomical abnormalities. CONCLUSION: The study findings highlight the importance of meticulous intraoral examinations in patients with SMCP and careful monitoring of patients with a bony notch or two or more anatomical abnormalities.

The mediating role of psychological well-being in the relationship between the light triad of personality and sense of concordance with treatment adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes: A network analysis and structural equation modeling study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the intricate relationship among treatment adherence, the light triad of personality, self-coherence, and psychological well-being in individuals diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to elucidate the direct and mediated pathways linking these variables, while network analysis sought to identify and characterize the underlying factors of the light triad of personality within the context of T2DM management. METHOD: A path analysis-network analysis study using convenience sampling was conducted, recruiting 412 T2DM patients from ten private practices and general hospitals in Gilan province, Iran. Data collection utilized Antonovsky's Self of Coherence scale (SOC), The Light Triad Rating Scale, and The Reef's Psychological Well-being Questionnaire. Structural equation modeling assessed model fitness and determined direct and indirect links between variables. Analysis was conducted using R-Studio software (Version 4.2.1), SPSS (V.26), and AMOS software (V.24). RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis and network analysis confirmed the three-factor structure of the Light Triad of Personality scale. Direct impacts of Light Triad of Personality (ß = 0.34, p < .001) and self-coherence (ß = 0.32, p < .001) on treatment adherence were observed. Psychological well-being played an indirect role in this relationship, with significant effects from Light Triad of Personality (ß = 0.25, p < .001) and self-coherence (ß = 0.08, p < .001) on treatment adherence. Bootstrapped exploratory graph analysis revealed an average of 3 dimensions within the network, indicating community structures. CONCLUSION: SEM analysis demonstrated good model fit, suggesting the importance of designing interventional programs incorporating self-coherence and psychological well-being frameworks to enhance treatment adherence in T2DM patients.

The origin of esterase activity of Parkinson's disease causative factor DJ-1 implied by evolutionary trace analysis of its prokaryotic homolog HchA.

DJ-1, a causative gene for hereditary recessive Parkinsonism, is evolutionarily conserved across eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Structural analyses of DJ-1 and its homologs suggested the 106th Cys is a nucleophilic cysteine functioning as the catalytic center of hydratase or hydrolase activity. Indeed, DJ-1 and its homologs can convert highly electrophilic α-oxoaldehydes such as methylglyoxal into α-hydroxy acids as hydratase in vitro, and oxidation-dependent ester hydrolase (esterase) activity has also been reported for DJ-1. The mechanism underlying such plural activities, however, has not been fully characterized. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a series of biochemical assays assessing the enzymatic activity of DJ-1 and its homologs. We found no evidence for esterase activity in any of the Escherichia coli DJ-1 homologs. Furthermore, contrary to previous reports, we found that oxidation inactivated rather than facilitated DJ-1 esterase activity. The E. coli DJ-1 homolog HchA possesses phenylglyoxalase and methylglyoxalase activities but lacks esterase activity. Since evolutionary trace analysis identified the 186th H as a candidate residue involved in functional differentiation between HchA and DJ-1, we focused on H186 of HchA and found that an esterase activity was acquired by H186A mutation. Introduction of reverse mutations into the equivalent position in DJ-1 (A107H) selectively eliminated its esterase activity without compromising α-oxoaldehyde hydratase activity. The obtained results suggest that differences in the amino acid sequences near the active site contributed to acquisition of esterase activity in vitro, and provide an important clue to the origin and significance of DJ-1 esterase activity.

The risk of low energy availability among athlete females in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study.

Introduction: Low energy availability (LEA) is a state of inadequate energy reserves that results from a negative energy balance. This condition can lead to severe health risks such as amenorrhea and osteoporosis. Various causes for LEA, such as eating disorders and exercise addiction, have been reported in the literature. However, data in Saudi Arabia are lacking. This cross-sectional study measures the prevalence of LEA, eating disorders, and exercise addiction among adult females in Saudi Arabia and identifies possible associated risk factors. Methods: The sample comprised 119 female athletes who filled out an online survey adapted from the LEA in Females Questionnaire, the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, and the Exercise Addiction Inventory. Results: Participants showed a high prevalence of LEA (66.4%), eating disorder (33.6%), and exercise addiction (10.1%), confirming the association between normal weight and LEA in females living in Saudi Arabia (p < 0.00). Discussion and conclusion: With an increasing number of females in the country interested in following a healthy lifestyle, there is a need to raise the awareness of the population on the issues of LEA, eating disorders, and exercise addiction and their effects on the body by developing educational programs about energy intake and healthy physical activity routines.

The Importance of Context-Relevance: Entrepreneurial Personality Relates to Entrepreneurial Outcomes Beyond the HEXACO and Dark Triad.

Entrepreneurial Personality (EP) is a collection of traits that causes someone to be entrepreneurial, including both an attraction to and success in entrepreneurial activities. Although EP and its inclusion criteria is defined by its relevance to entrepreneurship, research has yet to support that it relates to entrepreneurial outcomes more strongly than extant frameworks of personality, causing uncertainty regarding its theoretical rationale and conceptual foundation. Applying the bandwidth-fidelity dilemma as our theoretical lens, the current article reports two studies to test whether EP relates to entrepreneurial outcomes beyond the HEXACO and Dark Triad dimensions. Using a sample of non-business owners, Study 1 supports that EP explains both more variance than and variance beyond the HEXACO and Dark Triad in outcomes associated with the earlier phases of the entrepreneurial process, such as entrepreneurial goal setting, goal striving, and goal achievement. Using a sample of business owners, Study 2 supports that EP explains both more variance than and variance beyond the HEXACO and Dark Triad in outcomes associated with the later phases of the entrepreneurial process, including entrepreneurial performance and well-being. These results encourage future research on EP by supporting the validity of the personality framework, and we suggest several directions for future research, such as broader applications of the bandwidth-fidelity dilemma.