Tricholoma matsutake polysaccharides suppress excessive melanogenesis via JNK-mediated pathway: Investigation in 8- methoxypsoralen induced B16-F10 melanoma cells and clinical study.

Skin hyperpigmentation is a worldwide condition associated with augmented melanogenesis. However, conventional therapies often entail various adverse effects. Here, we explore the safety range and depigmentary effects of polysaccharides extract of Tricholoma matsutake (PETM) in an in vitro model and further evaluated its efficacy at the clinical level. An induced-melanogenesis model was established by treating B16-F10 melanoma cells with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP). Effects of PETM on cell viability and melanin content were examined and compared to a commonly used depigmentary agent, α-arbutin. Expressions of key melanogenic factors and upstream signaling pathway were analysed by quantitative PCR and western blot. Moreover, a placebo-controlled clinical study involving Chinese females with skin hyperpigmentation was conducted to measure the efficacy of PETM on improving facial pigmented spots, melanin index, and individual typology angle (ITA°). Results demonstrated that PETM (up to 0.5 mg/mL) had little effect on the viability and motility of B16-F10 cells. Notably, it significantly suppressed the melanin content and expressions of key melanogenic factors induced by 8-MOP in B16-F10 melanoma cells. Western blotting results revealed that PETM inhibited melanogenesis by inactivating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and this inhibitory role could be rescued by JNK agonist treatment. Clinical findings showed that PETM treatment resulted in a significant reduction of facial hyperpigmented spot, decreased melanin index, and improved ITA° value compared to the placebo-control group. In conclusion, these in vitro and clinical evidence demonstrated the safety and depigmentary efficacy of PETM, a novel polysaccharide agent. The distinct mechanism of action of PETM on melanogenic signaling pathway positions it as a promising agent for developing alternative therapies.

Promotion of Tricholoma matsutake mycelium growth by Penicillium citreonigrum.

Tricholoma matsutake has been the most valuable ectomycorrhizal fungi in Asia because of its unique flavor and taste. However, due to the difficulty of artificial cultivation, the cultivation of T. matsutake has relied on natural growth in forests. To cultivate the T. matsutake artificially, microorganisms in fairy rings were introduced. In this study, we isolated 30 fungal species of microfungi from the soil of fairy rings. Among them, one single fungal strain showed a promoting effect on the growth of T. matsutake. The growth effect was confirmed by measuring the growth area of T. matsutake and enzyme activities including α-amylase, cellulase, and ß-glucosidase. In comparison with control, microfungal metabolite increased the growth area of T. matsutake by 213% and the enzyme activity of T. matsutake by 110-200%. The isolated fungal strain was identified as Penicillium citreonigrum by BLAST on the NCBI database. The Discovery of this microfungal strain is expected to contribute to artificial cultivation of T. matsutake.

Insights into health promoting effects and myochemical profiles of pine mushroom Tricholoma matsutake.

Tricholoma matsutake (TM) is a valuable edible mushroom that has attracted increasing attention due to its potential medicinal values and functional uses. However, the chemical composition and molecular mechanisms behinds TM are not specifically summarized yet. Hence, this review aims to systematically analyze the research progress on the characterization of chemical compositions and the reported health effects of TM in the last 20 years. The myochemical profiles of TM consist of proteins with amino acids, fatty acids, nucleic acids with their derivatives, polysaccharides, minerals, volatile components, phenolic compounds, and steroids. The bioactive substances in TM exert their health effects mainly by regulating body immunity and restoring the balance of the redox system. NF-κB signaling pathway and its downstream cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 are the key molecular mechanisms. In addition, MAPK, PI3K-Akt, and JAK-STAT are also involved. NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt are also highly related to cancer regulation and thus TM has great anticancer potential. Considering that most studies have only investigated the dosage and inhibition rate of TM on cancer cell lines, more extensive studies need to focus on the specific molecular mechanisms behind these anticancer effects in the future.

Identification of upregulated genes in Tricholoma matsutake mycorrhiza.

Many plant roots associate with fungi to form mycorrhizae; tree roots especially associate with ectomycorrhizal fungi, such as Tricholoma species. Tricholoma matsutake is an economically important fungus in Asian countries and usually inhabits forests primarily composed of Pinus densiflora (Japanese red pine). In this study, to understand the mycorrhizal association between T. matsutake and P. densiflora, genes specifically expressed in mycorrhiza compared with those expressed in mycelia and fruiting bodies were identified by RNA-seq. This revealed that genes for chromatin, proteasomes, signal transduction, pheromones, cell surface receptors, cytoskeleton, RNA processing and transporters from T. matsutake were highly expressed in mycorrhiza. It also identified 35 mycorrhiza-induced small secreted proteins (MiSSPs) that were highly expressed in mycorrhiza. Meanwhile, genes for proteases, defence-related proteins, cell-wall degradation, signal transduction, pinene synthesis, plant hormones and transporters from P. densiflora were highly expressed in mycorrhiza. These genes may be involved in mycorrhizal formation and maintenance. A MiSSP, 1460819, was highly expressed in mycorrhiza, and this expression was maintained for 24 months. These results provide insight into the mycorrhizal association between T. matsutake and P. densiflora.

Fungal-Bacterial Networks in the Habitat of SongRong (Tricholoma matsutake) and Driving Factors of Their Distribution Rules.

Soil origin, mycorrhizal plant partners and environmental factors affect the growth and development of SongRong (Tricholoma matsutake). In order to clarify the relationships of fungi-bacteria networks and various influence factors in the habitat of SongRong, we chose three collection sites with a Quercus mongolica pure forest (plot A without SongRong was used as the control sample site), Q. mongolica mixed Rhododendron dauricum (plot B) and Q. mongolica mixed with R. dauricum and Pinus densiflora (plot C). By using high-throughput sequencing, we obtained a total of 4930 fungal and 55501 bacterial amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) based on internally transcribed spacer ribosomal RNA (ITS rRNA) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequencing via the Illumina NovaSeq platform. In the habitat soil of SongRong (plot B and plot C), alpha or beta diversity and species compositions of fungi and bacteria were different from plot A. The fungal-bacterial networks follow the selection rule that few dominant genera account for the greater relative abundance. Forest types, but not the host itself, drove the fungal-bacterial networks of the forest soil, and soil physicochemical characteristics and texture affected their abundance. The abundance of Tricholoma was affected by the fungal and bacterial abundance in the habitat.

Quantitative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal the changes in Tricholoma matsutake fruiting bodies during cold storage.

A combination of transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses was performed to systematically understand the metabolic changes in Tricholoma matsutake fruiting bodies during cold storage. In total, 800 metabolites were identified and 19,964 annotated unigenes were quantified. The unigenes related to the catabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids were mainly upregulated during cold storage, but the related primary metabolites were not accumulated, which indicated complete degradation and loss of nutrients. Concurrently, the synthesis and metabolism of the main components of the cell wall, chitin and ß-1,3-glucan, were regulated, indicating the dynamic remodeling of the T. matsutake cell wall structure. Additionally, indole-3-acetic acid and components of its synthesis pathway were found in T. matsutake, indicating their potential role as a communicator between T. matsutake and its symbiotic plants. The results provide new information to improve the understanding of the metabolic mechanism of T. matsutake fruit bodies during postharvest cold storage.

Effect of Antibacterial Peptide Microsphere Coating on the Microbial and Physicochemical Characteristics of Tricholoma matsutake during Cold Storage.

The effect of novel antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and antimicrobial peptide microspheres (AMS) on the physicochemical and microbial quality of Tricholoma matsutake wild edible mushrooms was investigated. In the experiments, 1.0 g/L, 0.5 g/L of AMS, and 1.0 g/L AMPs were used as preservatives. Mushrooms coated with 1.0 g/L and 0.5 g/L of AMS as a preservative had better physicochemical and sensory qualities than did mushrooms coated with 1.0 g/L of AMPs. In the experiment, 1.0 g/L of blank microspheres without cathelicidin-BF-30 (PLGA-1.0) and distilled water was used as the control. Samples with these two treatments had minimal changes in texture, weight loss, total bacteria count, and sensory attributes. Research results suggests that the use of AMS can maintain the quality of Tricholoma matsutake wild edible mushrooms and could extend the postharvest life to 20 d.

Impact of polyphenols extracted from Tricholoma matsutake on UVB-induced photoaging in mouse skin.

BACKGROUND: Despite Tricholoma matsutake has been used as natural health products with multiple medicinal properties, detailed information about its polyphenolic composition as sources of anti-photoaging agents remains to be determined. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of polyphenols extracted from Tricholoma matsutake (TME) on Ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced skin photoaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Various factors of oxidative stress and inflammation as well as histological and immunohistochemical analysis in the mouse dorsal skin were determined after UVB radiation. RESULTS: Topical administration with TME suppressed the UVB-induced skin thickness, wrinkles and erythema, and increased skin collagen content. Furthermore, TME decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, upregulated glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activities and inhibited the expression of IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in mice irradiated with UVB. TME could reduce UVB-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) phosphorylation and effectively inhibited the activity of the transcriptional factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), thereby reducing the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, which is an important mediator of inflammatory cascade leading to the inflammatory response. CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrated that TME had various beneficial effects on UVB-induced skin photoaging due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and it might be exploited as a promising natural product in skin care, anti-photoaging and the therapeutic intervention of skin disorders related to both oxidative stress and inflammation.

Tricholoma matsutake-Derived Peptides Show Gastroprotective Effects against Ethanol-Induced Acute Gastric Injury.

Acute gastric injury caused by ethanol is a frequent disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we investigated the potential gastroprotective effects of Tricholoma matsutake-derived peptides against ethanol-triggered acute gastric injury and the associated mechanisms. Peptides SDLKHFPF and SDIKHFPF significantly attenuated the ethanol-induced decrease in GES-1 cell survival (82.39 ± 1.93 and 80.10 ± 1.08% vs 56.58 ± 1.86%), inhibited GES-1 cell apoptosis, and alleviated the ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury (64.76 ± 3.98 and 49.29 ± 3.25%), ulcer index (3.33 ± 0.47 and 4.67 ± 0.47 vs 6.67 ± 0.47), and histopathological changes in mice. Peptide treatment inhibited the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and endothelin-1. In addition, T. matsutake peptide pretreatment increased growth factor secretion, upregulated B-cell lymphoma-2, downregulated Bcl-2-associated X (Bax), and cleaved cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3, thereby promoting gastric cell survival. These findings strongly suggest that T. matsutake peptides attenuate ethanol-induced inflammatory responses and apoptosis by suppressing NF-κB signaling activation, thereby enhancing gastric epithelial barrier functions.

Tricholoma matsutake-Derived Peptides Ameliorate Inflammation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in RAW264.7 Macrophages by Modulating the NF-κB/COX-2 Pathway.

Tricholoma matsutake is an edible fungus that contains various bioactive substances, some of them with immunostimulatory properties. Presently, there is limited knowledge about the functional components of T. matsutake. Our aim was to evaluate the protective effects and molecular mechanisms of two T. matsutake-derived peptides, SDLKHFPF and SDIKHFPF, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages. Tricholoma matsutake peptides significantly ameliorated the production of inflammatory cytokines and inhibited the expression of COX-2, iNOS, IKKß, p-IκB-α, and p-NF-κB. Immunofluorescence assays confirmed the inhibitory effect of T. matsutake peptides on NF-κB/p65 nuclear translocation. Furthermore, the treatment with T. matsutake peptides prevented the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, reversed the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and rescued abnormalities in cellular energy metabolism. These findings indicate that T. matsutake peptides can effectively inhibit the activation of NF-κB/COX-2 and may confer an overall protective effect against LPS-induced cell damage.

Fungal Interactions Matter: Tricholoma matsutake Domination Affect Fungal Diversity and Function in Mountain Forest Soils.

Tricholoma matsutake forms a symbiotic association with coniferous trees, developing mycelial aggregations, called 'shiro', which are characterized by distinct chemical and physical properties from nearby forest bulk soil. The fungal diversity living in shiro soil play key roles in nutrient cycles for this economically important mushroom, but have not been profiled across large spatial and environmental gradients. Samples of shiro and non-shiro (nearby bulk soil) were taken from five field sites where sporocarps naturally formed. Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and Illumina MiSeq sequencing were combined to identify fungal biomass and community structure. Matsutake dominated in the shiro, which had a significantly reduced saprotrophic fungi biomass compared to non-shiro soil. Fungal diversity was negatively correlated with the relative abundance of T. matsutake in the shiro soil. The fungal community in the shiro was characterized by similar fungal species composition in most samples regardless of forest types. Matsutake coexisted with a specific fungal community due to competition or nutrient interactions. Oidiodendron was positively correlated with the abundance of T. matsutake, commonly cohabitant in the shiro. In contrast, Helotiales and Mortierella were negatively correlated with T. matsutake, both of which commonly inhabit the non-shiro soil but do not occur in shiro soils. We conclude that T. matsutake generate a dominance effect to shape the fungal community and diversity in shiro soil across distinctive forest types.

Structure, Antioxidant Activity and In Vitro Hypoglycemic Activity of a Polysaccharide Purified from Tricholoma matsutake.

The structure, antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic activity in vitro of a novel homogeneous polysaccharide from Tricholoma matsutake (Tmp) were investigated. Structural features suggested that Tmp was consisted of arabinose (Ara), mannose (Man), glucose (Glc) and galactose (Gal) with a molar ratio of 1.9:13.6:42.7:28.3, respectively, with a molecular weight of 72.14 kDa. The structural chain of Tmp was confirmed to contain →2,5)-α-l-Arabinofuranose (Araf)-(1→, →3,5)-α-l-Araf-(1→, ß-d-Glucopyranose (Glcp)-(1→, α-d-Mannopyranose (Manp)-(1→, α-d-Galacopyranose (Galp)-(1→, →4)-ß-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-ß-d-Glcp-(1→, →3)-α-d-Manp-(1→, →6)-3-O-Methyl (Me)-α-d-Manp-(1→, →6)-α-d-Galp-(1→, →3,6)-ß-d-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-d-Manp-(1→ residues. Furthermore, Tmp possessed strong antioxidant activity and showed the strong inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities. Then, a further evaluation found that there was a dramatic improvement in the glucose consumption, glycogen synthesis and the activities of pyruvate kinase and hexokinase when the insulin-resistant-human hepatoma cell line (IR-HepG2) was treated with Tmp. The above results indicated that Tmp had good hypoglycemic activity and also exhibited great potentials in in terms of dealing with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Distinct Compartmentalization of Microbial Community and Potential Metabolic Function in the Fruiting Body of Tricholoma matsutake.

The uniquely compartmentalized fruiting body structure of the ectomycorrhizal fungus (EMF) Tricholoma matsutake, is a hotspot of microbial habitation and interaction. However, microbial diversity within this microniche structure of the EMF is rarely investigated. Furthermore, there is limited information concerning microbiomes associated with sporomes belonging to the ubiquitous fungal phylum Basidiomycota, particularly with respect to fungus-EMF interactions. In this study, we conducted high throughput sequencing, using ITS (fungal) and 16S rRNA (bacterial) marker genes to characterize and compare fruiting body microbiomes in the outer (pileipellis and stipitipellis) and inner layers (pileum context, stipe context, and lamellae) of the fruiting body of T. matsutake. Our results show the number of unique bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) among the different compartments ranged from 410 to 499 and was more than double that of the shared/common OTUs (235). Micrococcales, Bacillales, Caulobacter, and Sphingomonas were the primary significant bacterial taxa within the different compartments of the dissected T. matsutake fruiting body. Non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance showed significant compartmental differences for both the bacterial and the fungal community structure within the T. matsutake fruiting body. The metabolic profiling revealed putative metabolisms (of amino acids, carbohydrates, and nucleotides) and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites to be highly enriched in outer layers; in the inner parts, the metabolisms of energy, cofactors, vitamins, and lipids were significantly higher. This study demonstrates for the first time the distinct compartmentalization of microbial communities and potential metabolic function profiles in the fruiting body of an economically important EMF T. matsutake.

Climatic ecological suitability and potential distribution of Tricholoma matsutake in western Sichuan Plateau, China based on MaxEnt model.

Based on the distribution data of Tricholoma matsutake obtained from field investigation and literature, the ecological-niche factor analysis (ENFA) and the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) were used to simulate the distribution law and suitable area of T. matsutake in the western Sichuan Plateau. The prediction was made for the future changes in the suitable area of T. matsutake by analyzing the relationship between climate factors and dynamic distribution. The results showed that the area under curve (AUC) values of both the model training set and validation set were greater than 0.90, indicating that the model prediction results were extremely accurate. The environmental variables affecting the potential distribution of T. matsutake were mainly the lowest temperature in the coldest month, the coldest season precipitation, annual temperature difference and soil type, with accumulative contribution of 90.3%. The niche parameters of suitable distribution areas of T. matsutake were as follows: the lowest temperature in the coldest month was -18.5--5.4 ℃, the coldest season precipitation was less than 15.7 mm, the annual temperature difference was 39.5-45 ℃, and soil type was semi-leached soil, including dry red soil, cinnamon soil, gray cinnamon soil, black soil and grey forest soil. The suitable areas of T. matsutake were distributed in the southwest, south, central and east of the plateau at an altitude range of 1900-3600 m. The highly suita-ble areas were mainly distributed in some towns of Yajiang, Xiangcheng, Kangding, Jiulong, Daocheng, Litang, Batang, Danba, Maerkang, Xiaojin, Jinchuan, Lixian, Maoxian, etc. The moderately and lowly suitable areas were located in some towns of Derong, Daofu, Xinlong, Luhuo, Baiyu, Luding, Rangtang, Wenchuan, Heishui, Jiuzhaigou. The highly suitable areas were discontinuously distributed according to the direction of rivers and mountains. The moderately suitable areas were connected with the highly suitable areas, while the lowly suitable areas were the extension of the highly and moderately suitable areas. Future climate change would be beneficial to the growth of T. matsutake on the western Sichuan Plateau, while the climate-suitable areas would show an overall increasing trend. Suitable areas in the low-altitude Minjiang River Basin would be more affected by climate change than those located in high-altitude areas.

Potential Mechanisms Mediating the Protective Effects of Tricholoma matsutake-Derived Peptides in Mitigating DSS-Induced Colitis.

Intestinal barrier dysfunction and inflammatory cytokine secretion play crucial roles in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Herein, we investigated the protective effects of Tricholoma matsutake-derived peptides SDIKHFPF and SDLKHFPF against dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Both peptides alleviated colitis signs, including diarrhea, weight loss, bloody stools, colon shortening, and histopathological changes, while reducing mucus destruction, goblet cell exhaustion, and intestinal permeability. SDIKHFPF and SDLKHFPF protected the barrier function by promoting the expression of tight junction (TJ) zonula occludens-1 and occludin within the colon, as well as attenuating colonic inflammation through myeloperoxidase and pro-inflammatory cytokine suppression. Western blotting indicated that the peptides suppressed myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) levels, inhibiting MLC phosphorylation. SDLKHFPF was more potent than SDIKHFPF. These findings suggest that peptide SDLKHFPF mitigates colitis by regulating TJ protein expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine production via NF-κB/MLCK/p-MLC signaling, improving the barrier function.

Flavor Changes of Tricholoma matsutake Singer under Different Processing Conditions by Using HS-GC-IMS.

Headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) was used to analyze the changes to volatile compounds in fried Tricholoma matsutake Singer under different heating temperatures and times. A total of 40 signals that corresponded to 24 compounds were identified through this approach. Differences in volatile compounds of T. matsutake samples were shown in topographic plots and fingerprints. The heating temperatures were more important than the heating times in affecting the volatile compounds. Moreover, changes to the main volatile compounds in T. matsutake under different processing conditions were based on the thermal decomposition and a series of chemical reactions of C8 compounds. Principal component analysis (PCA) results showed that samples under different processing conditions could be effectively distinguished. Hence, the combination of HS-GC-IMS and PCA can identify and classify the volatile compounds of T. matsutake quickly and sensitively. This study provides a new supplementary analytical method for the rapid identification of T. matsutake. The above results can provide a theoretical basis for the quality control and change mechanism of flavor in the processing of traditional edible fungi products.

Pyrosequencing and Taxonomic Composition of the Fungal Community from Soil of Tricholoma matsutake in Gyeongju.

Tricholoma matsutake is an ectomycorrhizal fungus that has a symbiotic relationship with the root of Pinus densiflora. Soil microbial communities greatly affect the growth of T. matsutake, however, few studies have examined the characteristics of these communities. In the present study, we analyzed soil fungal communities from Gyeongju and Yeongdeok using metagenomic pyrosequencing to investigate differences in fungal species diversity, richness, and taxonomic composition between the soil under T. matsutake fruiting bodies (Sample 2) and soil where the fairy ring of T. matsutake was no longer present (Sample 1). The same spot was investigated three times at intervals of four months to observe changes in the community. In the samples from Yeongdeok, the number of valid reads was lower than that at Gyeongju. The operational taxonomic units of most Sample 2 groups were less than those of Sample 1 groups, indicating that fungal diversity was low in the T. matsutakedominant soil. The soil under the T. matsutake fruiting bodies was dominated by more than 51% T. matsutake. From fall to the following spring, the ratio of T. matsutake decreased. Basidiomycota was the dominant phylum in most samples. G-F1-2, G-F2-2, and Y-F1-2 had the genera Tricholoma, Umbelopsis, Oidiodendron, Sagenomella, Cladophialophora, and Phialocephala in common. G-F1-1, G-F2-1, and Y-F1-1 had 10 genera including Umbelopsis and Sagenomella in common. From fall to the following spring, the amount of phyla Basidiomycota and Mucoromycota gradually decreased but that of phylum Ascomycota increased. We suggest that the genus Umbelopsis is positively related to T. matsutake.

Potential mechanisms underlying the protective effects of Tricholoma matsutake singer peptides against LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages.

This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of a < 3 kDa Tricholoma matsutake Singer peptide (TMWP) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages. The results showed that TMWP significantly upregulated superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in RAW264.7 macrophages. Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis indicated that TMWP inhibited the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathways, thereby reducing the secretion of IL-1ß and IL-6 and the expression of TNF-α, COX-2, and iNOS. Additionally, TMWP improved mitochondrial respiration in LPS-stressed macrophages, counteracting the harmful effects of LPS treatment on mitochondrial function. Three peptides (SDIKHFPF, SDLKHFPF, and WFNNAGP) with the highest predicted scores for potential anti-inflammatory activity were identified using nano-HPLC-MS/MS. These data indicated that T. matsutake peptides could be an attractive natural ingredient for developing novel functional foods.

Antifatigue effect of functional cookies fortified with mushroom powder (Tricholoma Matsutake) in mice.

Bakery products made by cereal and edible fungi powder have a unique flavor and health benefits, dramatically enhancing the nutritional value of the products. In this study, we investigated the antifatigue effect of a novel Tricholoma matsutake cookie (TMC) by the exhaustive swimming test. Male Kunming ICR mice were randomly divided into seven groups (each group, n = 10), fed with saline, ordinary cookies (4, 8, 16 g/kg B.W./day), and TMC (4, 8, 16 g/kg B.W./day) by gavage. After 30-day administration, the weight-loaded swimming test was carried out on the mice to evaluate the antifatigue effect of TMC. In comparison with the effect of ordinary cookies, the intake of TMC significantly prolonged the exhaustive swimming time of mice and increased the level of muscle glycogen and liver glycogen, accompanied by the reduction of lactic acid and urea nitrogen level in serum. Additionally, TMC dramatically improved the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in serum and largely decreased the level of malondialdehyde. All in all, TMC could enforce exhaustive swimming tolerance, accelerate the decomposition of sports-related metabolites such as lactic acid and urea nitrogen, and increase the activity of the antioxidant enzyme, thereby improving sports-related energy storage and relieving fatigue. Our findings broadened the application of T. matsutake in the processing of bakery products and provided the theoretical basis and technical support for the development of antifatigue products. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In this study, we investigated the antifatigue effect of a novel Tricholoma matsutake cookie by the exhaustive swimming test. Collectively, the results of the present study suggested that the cookies fortified with T. matsutake could be considered as an antifatigue bakery product. Furthermore, our findings broadened the application of T. matsutake in the processing of bakery products and provided the theoretical basis and technical support for the development of antifatigue products.

Successional Change of the Fungal Microbiome Pine Seedling Roots Inoculated With Tricholoma matsutake.

The pine mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake; Agaricales, Tricholomataceae) is an ectomycorrhizal fungus that produces a commercially valuable, edible mushrooms. Attempts to artificially cultivate T. matsutake has so far been unsuccessful. One method used to induce T. matsutake to produce fruiting bodies of in the wild is shiro (mycelial aggregations of T. matsutake) transplantation. In vitro ectomycorrhization of T. matsutake with seedlings of Pinus densiflora has been successful, but field trials showed limited production of fruiting bodies. Few studies have been done to test what happens after transplantation in the wild, whether T. matsutake persists on the pine seedling roots or gets replaced by other fungi. Here, we investigated the composition and the interaction of the root fungal microbiome of P. densiflora seedlings inoculated with T. matsutake over a 3 year period after field transplantation, using high-throughput sequencing. We found a decline of T. matsutake colonization on pine roots and succession of mycorrhizal fungi as P. densiflora seedlings grew. Early on, roots were colonized by fast-growing, saprotrophic Ascomycota, then later replaced by early stage ectomycorrhiza such as Wilcoxina. At the end, more competitive Suillus species dominated the host roots. Most of the major OTUs had negative or neutral correlation with T. matsutake, but several saprotrophic/plant pathogenic/mycoparasitic species in genera Fusarium, Oidiodendron, and Trichoderma had positive correlation with T. matsutake. Four keystone species were identified during succession; two species (Fusarium oxysporum, and F. trincintum) had a positive correlation with T. matsutake, while the other two had a negative correlation (Suillus granulatus, Cylindrocarpon pauciseptatum). These findings have important implications for further studies on the artificial cultivation of T. matsutake.