A Comprehensive Research Review of Herbal Textual Research, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Traditional Uses, Clinical Application, Safety Evaluation, and Quality Control of Trollius chinensis Bunge.

Trollius chinensis Bunge (TCB) is a perennial plant of the Ranunculaceae family with medicinal and edible values. It is widely distributed and commonly used in various regions, including Asia, Europe, and North America. The main chemical components of TCB include alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and volatile oil compounds. TCB is renowned for its anti-inflammatory, heat-clearing, detoxifying, and eyesight-improving properties. Its dried flowers are commonly used as a traditional Chinese medicine indicated for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections, chronic tonsillitis, pharyngitis, influenza, and bronchitis. Modern pharmacology has demonstrated the anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, and antioxidant effects of TCB. This study presents a comprehensive overview of various aspects of TCB, including herbal textual research, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, traditional uses, clinical application, and quality control, aiming to provide new ideas on the scientific application of TCB as well as the integration of modern research with traditional medicinal uses.

Trollius chinensis Bunge: A Comprehensive Review of Research on Botany, Materia Medica, Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Quality Control.

Trollius chinensis Bunge, a perennial herb belonging to the Ranunculaceae family, has been extensively used in traditional Chinese medicine. Documented in the Supplements to the Compendium of Materia Medica, its medicinal properties encompass a spectrum of applications, including heat clearance, detoxification, alleviation of oral/throat sores, earaches, eye pain, cold-induced fever, and vision improvement. Furthermore, T. chinensis is used in clinical settings to treat upper respiratory infections, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, esoenteritis, canker, bronchitis, etc. It is mainly used to treat inflammation, such as inflammation of the upper respiratory tract and nasal mucosa. This comprehensive review explores the evolving scientific understanding of T. chinensis, covering facets of botany, materia medica, ethnopharmacological use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and quality control. In particular, the chemical constituents and pharmacological research are reviewed. Polyphenols, mainly flavonoids and phenolic acids, are highly abundant among T. chinensis and are responsible for antiviral, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. The flower additionally harbors trace amounts of volatile oil, polysaccharides, and other bioactive compounds. The active ingredients of the flower have fewer side effects, and it is used in children because of its minimal side effects, which has great research potential. These findings validate the traditional uses of T. chinensis and lay the groundwork for further scientific exploration. The sources utilized in this study encompass Web of Science, Pubmed, CNKI site, classic monographs, Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Chinese Medicine Dictionary, and doctoral and master's theses.

Polysaccharides from Discarded Stems of Trollius chinensis Bunge Elicit Promising Potential in Cosmetic Industry: Characterization, Moisture Retention and Antioxidant Activity.

Unconventional polysaccharides as representative active substances from stems of Trollius chinensis Bunge (TC) were studied. Crude polysaccharides from the stems of TC (TCSP) and the petals of TC (TCPP) were extracted, and the moisture retention and antioxidation activities of both TCSP and TCPP in vitro were studied. The weight-average molar masses (Mw) of TCSP (6.07 × 105 Da) were lower than those of TCPP (9.72 × 105 Da). Glucuronic acid and xylose only existed in TCSP, and the molar ratio of galacturonic acid and mannose in TCSP was significantly higher than that in TCPP. No significant differences in moisture retention ability were found between TCSP and TCPP. The reducing capacity and dphenyl picryl hydrazinyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity of TCSP were slightly weaker than those of TCPP. The 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging capacity of TCSP can be equivalent to that of TCPP. The moisture retention ability was not different between TCSP and TCPP, which are both highly homologous with traditional humectants. The antioxidation assays in vitro demonstrated that the antioxidant activity of TCSP is stronger compared to that of some plant-derived polysaccharides. The stems of TC can be a promising source of unconventional polysaccharides, which possess moisture retention and antioxidation capacities for the cosmetics industry.

First report of Alternaria alternata causing leaf blight on Trollius chinensis in China.

Trollius chinensis is widely distributed in east Asian countries that include China, Siberia, and Japan, with antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity for medical applications. In August 2021, leaf blight was observed on nearly 80~95% of T. chinensis plants growing in Daxinganling (51.43°N, 126.39°E) from Heilongjiang Province, China. Initial symptoms were gray-black necrosis, wilting progressing from the leaf margin, and eventual defoliation. Six T. chinensis plants with typical symptoms were randomly collected, and three fresh leaf samples were collected from each plant. Diseased leaf pieces that measured 5 mm square were disinfected in 75% ethyl alcohol for 30 s and 7% NaClO for 60 s, rinsed three times in sterile distilled water, and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Twelve fungal isolates, obtained by single-spore isolations, were selected for further. These isolates produced colonies that measured 63 to 73 mm in diameter after 7 days growth on PDA. Colonies were black to brown in color with gray-white aerial hyphae on their surfaces, neat edges, olive green on the back. The isolates produced conidia that were ovate to pear-shaped, brown to black in color, with 1 to 4 transverse septa and 0 to 1 oblique septa, smooth surfaced, parietal cells extending into the beak, and measured 12.5 to 37.5 × 5.0 to 12.5 µm(n=150). Conidiophores were dark, erect or curved, branched, with pronounced spore marks, and measured 35.0 to 50.0 × 4.0 to 5.0 µm(n=150). All twelve fungal isolates were morphologically similar to Alternaria alternata (Simmons 2007). Two representative isolates jlh01 and jlh02 were used for molecular identification. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, RNA polymerase second largest subunit (RPB2), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1), and Alternaria major allergen (Alt a 1) were amplified with the primers ITS4/ITS5, RPB2-5F2/RPB2-7CR (Khodaei and Arzanlou 2013), gpd1/gpd2, EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Nishikawa and Nakashima 2020) and Alt-for/Alt-rev (Woudenberg et al.2015). The resulting sequences were deposited in GenBank (ITS, OM095427, OM108099; RPB2, OM131213, OM131214; GAPDH, OM201165, OM201166; TEF1, OM131211, OM131212; Alta1, OM201167, OM201168). Phylogenetic tree results showed 100% similarity between jlh01, jlh02 and the type strain CBS 118812. Morphological and molecular analysis results confirmed the identity of the fungus as A. alternata. Pathogenicity tests were done by spraying water-spore suspensions containing 106 spores per ml of A. alternata isolates jlh01 and jlh02 on leaves of six healthy T. chinensis plants, separately. Six control plants were sprayed with distilled water and both sets of plants covered with plastic bags and placed in a greenhouse maintained at 25° C. Plastic bags were removed from all plants after 48 h. Black brown lesions and concentric rings developed on spore-inoculated plants after 15 days and control plants remained symptomless. The pathogenicity tests were conducted three times. A. alternata was reisolated and identified based on morphological and molecular traits, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. alternata causing leaf blight on T. chinensis in China. Based on the plant's medicinal value, this report provides the basis for further research and control of T. chinensis leaf blight.

Genes related to osmoregulation and antioxidation play important roles in the response of Trollius chinensis seedlings to saline-alkali stress.

Saline-alkali stress is one of the main abiotic stress factors affecting plant growth and development. Trollius chinensis is a perennial herbal medicinal plant with high values for garden application. However, its response and tolerance to saline-alkali stress is unclear. In this study, we mixed four salts (NaCl: Na2SO4: NaHCO3: Na2CO3) with a concentration ratio of 1:9:9:1, and applied low (40 and 80 mM) and high (120 and 160 mM) saline-alkali stress to analyze osmotic regulation substances, antioxidant systems and the gene expression of T. chinensis. Along with higher saline-alkali stress, the leaf relative water content (RWC) started to decrease only from high stress, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves decreased continuously, and the contents of proline (Pro), soluble sugar (SS) and soluble protein (SP) increased compared with control. The activities of antioxidant enzymes and the contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants were increased positively with the accumulation of superoxide anion (O2 •-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). For instance, the ascorbic acid-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle was enhanced in T. chinensis seedling leaves subject to saline-alkali stress. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicates that MDA, Pro, SS, SP, H2O2, O2 •-, and GSH are important indexes to evaluate the response and tolerance of T. chinensis to saline-alkali stress. Through RNA-Seq, a total of 474 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in plant under low saline-alkaline stress (40 mM, MSA1) vs. control. Among them, 364 genes were up-regulated and 110 genes were down-regulated. DEGs were extensively enriched in carbohydrate transport, transferase activity, zeatin biosynthesis, ABC transporters, and spliceosome. The transcription factor family MYB, BZIP, WRKY, and NAC were related to its saline-alkali tolerance. In addition, some DEGs encode key enzymes in the processes of osmoregulation and antioxidation, including betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH), inositol monophosphatase (IMP), chloroperoxidase (CPO), thioredoxin (Trx), and germin-like protein (GLPs) were found. Overall, these findings provide new insights into the physiological changes and molecular mechanism of T. chinensis to saline-alkali stress and lay a foundation for application of T. chinensis in saline-alkali environment.

The crude extract from the flowers of Trollius chinensis Bunge exerts anti-influenza virus effects through modulation of the TLR3 signaling pathway.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The flowers of Trollius chinensis Bunge (Ranunculaceae) is a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat various inflammatory diseases, including upper respiratory infections, chronic tonsillitis, and pharyngitis. Recently, there has been growing research on the antiviral role of the flowers of T. chinensis Bunge. However, little is known about its anti-influenza virus effects and the underlying mechanisms. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic effects of the crude extract from the flowers of T. chinensis Bunge (CEFTC) on mice infected with influenza virus. We further explored its mechanism by detecting the expression of vital proteins (TLR3, TBK1, TAK1, IKKα, IRF3, and IFN-ß) related to TLR3 signaling pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice were infected with influenza A virus (H1N1) through the nasal cavity and were intragastrically administered CEFTC at the dose of 0.2 mg/g once daily. The therapeutic effects of CEFTC were evaluated by blood cell count, lung index, spleen index, alveolar lavage fluid testing, and HE staining. Network pharmacology analysis predicted the potential signaling pathway between the flowers of T. chinensis Bunge and pneumonia. The expression of TLR3, TBK1, TAK1, IKKα, IRF3, and IFN-ß in lung tissues were examined by Western blot assay. In addition, the immunofluorescence assay was applied to assess the effect of CEFTC on the distribution of IRF3 and IFN-ß between nuclei and cytoplasm. RESULTS: Compared with the infected group, the lung index was markedly reduced, and the pathological damage of the lungs was also attenuated in the CEFTC treatment group. The network pharmacology analysis indicated that the NF-κB pathway was a potential signaling pathway in the flowers of T. chinensis Bunge for the treatment of pneumonia, TLR3, IRF3, and TBK1 were crucial targets associated with pneumonia. Western blot assay demonstrated that in the high-dose virus infected group, CEFTC reduced the expression of TLR3, TAK1, TBK1, and IRF3. Furthermore, CEFTC could increase the nuclear distribution of IRF3 in alveolar epithelial cells after virus infection. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that different doses of influenza virus could cause varying infection symptoms in mice. Moreover, CEFTC could exert anti-influenza virus effects by regulating the expression of TLR3, IRF3, IFN-ß, TAK1, and TBK1 in the TLR3 signaling pathway.

Herbal textual research on Flos Trollii / 中国药房

Flos Trollii is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb in China. The 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia （part 1） did not include the medicinal herb， its source is not clear， and there is a lack of relevantly systematic and comprehensive research. By consulting ancient Chinese herbal medicines， medical books and related literature， the textual research of Flos Trollii was conducted to verify the name， origin and producing area， so as to provide a reference for the clinical application and resource development of Flos Trollii. Through textual research， it could be seen that the name “Jinlianhua” was used as the correct name in the mainstream origin of the past dynasties， and there were still multiple synonyms such as Hanjinlian， Jinmeicao and so on， most of which originated from its growth environment and appearance. According to the distribution of varieties， it could be inferred that the mainstream origin of Flos Trollii in the Qing Dynasty and before was Trollius chinensis Bge. According to historical records， Flos Trollii were mostly produced in northern regions such as Hebei， Inner Mongolia， Shanxi， etc.， which was related to the fact that Flos Trollii liked cloudy， humid and cold environments. Based on the textual research results， the author suggested that the mainstream origin of the past dynasties T. chinensis Bge. should be selected for subsequent collection of Flos Trollii.

A new phenolic glycoside from Trollius chinensis Bunge with anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities.

A undescribed phenolic glycoside, trochinenol A (1), was isolated from the flowers of Trollius chinensis Bunge and the structure was identified by spectroscopic methods. Its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects were investigated by broth microdilution and NF-κB reporter gene assays. Consequently, compound 1 exhibited an appreciable effect against Staphylococcus aureus with the MIC value of 6.25 µg/mL. Besides, it showed moderate effect against TNFα-induced activation of NF-κB pathway.

Research progress of pharmacological effects and clinical application of Trollius chinensis / 中国药房

Trollius chinensis has a wide range of pharmacological effects ，including anti-oxidative ，antibacterial，antiviral， anti-inflammatory，anti-tumor，anti-aging，antipyretic and analgesic effects ，relieving cough and removing phlegm ，viscera protection，and so on. Flavonoids and phenolic acids are the main medicinal components of it ，especially three monomers have a wide range of efficacy and have been studied more ，such as orientin ，vitexin and 2″-O-galactopyranosyl orientin. T. chinensis is mostly used in clinical practice in the form of Chinese patent medicines ，such as Jinlianhua granules ，Jinlianhua capsules ， Jinlianhua tablets and Jinlianhua oral liquid. These medicines are used to treatment of upper respiratory tract infection ，pharyngitis， tonsillitis，periodontitis，mumps，oral ulcer ，and hand-foot-mouth disease. They are usually used by combining with Western medicine. Due to its definite curative effect and less adverse drug reactions ，T. chinensis related preparations are more suitable for pediatric population ，and they can be used for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infection in children ，acute suppurative tonsillitis in children ，epidemic mumps in children ，hand-foot-mouth disease in children ，which is also one of its drug characteristics. This paper review the relevant literatures in recent 20 years from the respective of pharmacological effects and clinical applicationin order to provide reference for further promoting rational clinical application of T. chinensis and new drug research and development.

[Isolation and identification of pathogen causing damping off at seedling stage of Trollius chinensis].

Trollius chinensis is a traditional Chinese medicinal material in China, the wild resource of T. chinensis are now exhausted, and commercial medicinal T. chinensis mainly depends on artificial cultivation. As one of the most severely happened diseases at the seedling period, damping off has been a serious threaten to the breeding of T. chinensis seedlings. However, no related research have been reported so far. So, the authors collected damping-off samples of T. chinensis in 2018 from seedling breeding nursery in Guyuan, Hebei province, and carried out study on taxonomic identification of the pathogen. Damping off occurs in the T. chinensis production area from mid-May to late June every year. At the beginning, brown lesions were observed on the basal stem, then the lesions circumferential expanded and constricted, and finally resulted in the fall and death of T. chinensis seedlings. Pathogenic isolate was growing rapidly on the PDA medium, well developed aerial mycelia were grey white at first, then turned brown gradually, and a great number of small dark brown sclerotia were developed in the middle and periphery of the colony. Mycelial diameter of the pathogen was about 7 to 10 µm, near right angle or acute angle branches, near branches with septa, branches and septa with constriction. After the healthy T. chinensis seedlings were inoculated by pathogenic isolate, damping-off was observed soon, and the symptom was as same as those observed in the field. Through homogenous blast, the rDNA-ITS sequence of the pathogenic isolate shown 99.49% to 99.84% homology with Rhizoctonia solani, R. solani AG-1 IC mycelium anastomosis group and Thanatephorus cucumeris, the sexual type of Rhizoctonia. Furthermore, obvious mycelial anastomosis phenomena were observed when the pathogenic isolate and R. solani AG-1 IC strain were confronting cultured. Based on the results above, the pathogenic isolate causing damping off of T. chinensis was identified as R. solani AG-1 IC mycelial anastomosis group. RESULTS:: in the present work have important significance for further research on basic biology of the pathogen and integrated control of damping off causing by it on T. chinensis.

Diterpenoid glycosides from the flower of Trollius chinensis Bunge and their nitric oxide inhibitory activities.

Trolliusditerpenosides A-Q (1-17), seventeen new labdane-diterpenoid glycosides, were isolated from the dried flowers of Trollius chinensis Bunge, a plant that has been commonly used as both an anti-inflammatory folk medicine and a healthcare tea for its therapeutic and anti-viral and antibacterial properties. Their structures were corroborated via comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, ECD calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Furthermore, the inhibitory activities on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages of all compounds (1-17) were evaluated in vitro. Compounds 3, 6, 7, and 11 displayed significant inhibitory activities against NO production, with IC50 values ranging from 1.6 ± 0.1 to 14.4 ± 0.2 µM. In addition, compounds 3, 6, 7, and 11 all down-regulated the mRNA expression of iNOS, COX-2, and IL-1ß in RAW 264.7 cells mediated by LPS. These findings not only support the chemical context of genus Trollius but also the exploration of new chemical entities with pharmacological significance from this genus.

Isolation and identification of pathogen causing damping off at seedling stage of Trollius chinensis / 中国中药杂志

Trollius chinensis is a traditional Chinese medicinal material in China, the wild resource of T. chinensis are now exhausted, and commercial medicinal T. chinensis mainly depends on artificial cultivation. As one of the most severely happened diseases at the seedling period, damping off has been a serious threaten to the breeding of T. chinensis seedlings. However, no related research have been reported so far. So, the authors collected damping-off samples of T. chinensis in 2018 from seedling breeding nursery in Guyuan, Hebei province, and carried out study on taxonomic identification of the pathogen. Damping off occurs in the T. chinensis production area from mid-May to late June every year. At the beginning, brown lesions were observed on the basal stem, then the lesions circumferential expanded and constricted, and finally resulted in the fall and death of T. chinensis seedlings. Pathogenic isolate was growing rapidly on the PDA medium, well developed aerial mycelia were grey white at first, then turned brown gradually, and a great number of small dark brown sclerotia were developed in the middle and periphery of the colony. Mycelial diameter of the pathogen was about 7 to 10 μm, near right angle or acute angle branches, near branches with septa, branches and septa with constriction. After the healthy T. chinensis seedlings were inoculated by pathogenic isolate, damping-off was observed soon, and the symptom was as same as those observed in the field. Through homogenous blast, the rDNA-ITS sequence of the pathogenic isolate shown 99.49% to 99.84% homology with Rhizoctonia solani, R. solani AG-1 IC mycelium anastomosis group and Thanatephorus cucumeris, the sexual type of Rhizoctonia. Furthermore, obvious mycelial anastomosis phenomena were observed when the pathogenic isolate and R. solani AG-1 IC strain were confronting cultured. Based on the results above, the pathogenic isolate causing damping off of T. chinensis was identified as R. solani AG-1 IC mycelial anastomosis group. RESULTS:: in the present work have important significance for further research on basic biology of the pathogen and integrated control of damping off causing by it on T. chinensis.

Herbal drink formulation optimization of Trollius chinensis Bunge by sensory fuzzy comprehensive evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Trollius chinensis Bunge is a common herbal plant used for pharmaceutical and food resources in China. The dry flowers of Trollius chinensis Bunge are also treated as a traditional Chinese tea for daily drinking, yet the Trollius chinensis Bunge tea will exhibit a bitter taste in a certain concentration range and is not always accepted among consumers. The aim of the study was to design a herbal drink with a good flavor and optimize the formulation. METHODS: Trollius chinensis Bunge was purchased and ground. The sensory fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and the orthogonal test were applied to optimize the formulation of the Trollius chinensis Bunge herbal drink. RESULTS: The results showed that the optimum formulation was as follows: an addition amount of Trollius chinensis Bunge extract solution of 30%; an addition amount of mint extract solution of 4%; an addition amount of liquorice extract solution of 7%; an addition amount of sugar of 3%; an addition amount of citric acid of 0.15%. The polysaccharide content decreased with an increase in storage time; the stability of the polysaccharides was not significantly affected by storage temperature (P > 0.05). The pH value of the samples was significantly affected by storage temperature (P < 0.01), which was basically unchanged at 4°C and 25°C, and relatively large at 37°C; the stability of color was significantly affected by temperature (0.01 < P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Sensory fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is an useful evaluation method in optimizing the formulation of a herbal drink. These results provide some theoretical basis for the food product development of Trollius chinensis Bunge.

Evaluation of total phenol and flavonoid content and antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of Trollius chinensis Bunge extracts on Streptococcus mutans.

Dental caries is a chronic disease with multiple bacterial infections, Streptococcus mutans is the main cariogenic bacteria. Trollius chinensis Bunge is a common folk medicine in the Xinjiang area of China. In this study, we investigated the total flavonoid content and total phenol content in four types of T. chinensis Bunge extracts and the inhibitory effects of these extracts on S. mutans. Agar diffusion method was used to measure the inhibition zone diameters, and the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined by the twofold dilution method. Water extracts from T. chinensis Bunge and ethanol (30, 60, and 90%) extracts at different concentrations could significantly inhibit the growth of S. mutans. Among them, 30% ethanol extract exhibited the best antibacterial and antibiofilms effect. Biofilm research (crystal violet staining and CLSM) showed that 30% ethanol extract of T. chinensis Bunge plays an important role in inhibiting S. mutans growth and the number of biofilms. The results indicate that T. chinensis Bunge extract has good antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity on S. mutans. It has the potential to be developed for the treatment of caries in clinical application.

Anti-influenza A virus mechanism of three representative compounds from Flos Trollii via TLRs signaling pathways.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Flos Trollii is the dried flowers of Trollius chinensis. It has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infection, tonsillitis and pharyngitis in China for a long history. Veratric acid, vitexin, and trolline are the representative compounds of phenolic acids, flavonoids and alkaloids in this herbal medicine. All of these three compounds show antiviral activity which is related to the efficacy of Flos Trollii. AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the anti-influenza A virus mechanism of the three representative compounds from the perspective of regulating TLRs signaling pathways, so as to understand the relevant efficacy of Flos Trollii. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Influenza A virus A/FM/1/47 (H1N1) and mouse peritoneal macrophages (RAW264.7) were used in the whole process of investigation. MTT assay was conducted to select the appropriate experimental concentrations of the three compounds on RAW264.7 cells. Western blot, RT-PCR, and ELISA assays were performed to determine the protein and mRNA expression of key factors and related inflammatory factors of TLRs signaling pathways. Griess method was employed to detect the production of NO. RESULTS: The three representative compounds reduced the inflammatory factors including NO, IL-6, and TNF-α and enhanced the production of IFN-ß through dynamically regulating the TLRs 3, 4 and 7 pathways. Veratric acid significantly down-regulated the protein expression of TLR3 and IRF3 as well as the mRNA expression of TBK1 and TRIF. Vitexin significantly down-regulated the protein expression of TBK1 and IRF3 as well as the mRNA expression of TLR3, TBK1, TRIF and IRF3 while up-regulated the protein expression of TLR4 and IKKα. Trolline significantly down-regulated the protein expression of TLR7 whereas significantly up-regulated the protein expression of TLR4, IKKα and TAK1. CONCLUSIONS: The three representative compounds from Flos Trollii play their parts in anti-H1N1 viral effect through partially down-regulating TLRs 3 and 7 pathways and up-regulating TLR4 pathway. They counteract the inflammatory injury caused by excessive production of NO, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α induced by virus infection and enhance the production of IFN-ß so as to eliminate the virus.

Study on the Spectrum-effect Relationship of Different Solvent Extracts from Trollius chinensis against Hypoxia/ reoxygenation Injury of Cardiomyocyte / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To study spectrum-effect relationship of 11 different solvent extracts from Trollius chinensis against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury of cardiomyocyte . METHODS ：HPLC-MS/MS method was used to establish the fingerprints of 11 different solvent extracts from T. chinensis ，the compounds corresponding to the common peaks were identified by comparing with the substance control and literature information. MTT assay was used to detect the effects of 11 different solvent extracts from T. chinensis on the survival rate of rat myocardial H 9c2 cells injured by hypoxia/reoxygenation. The MDA content ，ROS level in cells and LDH content in the supernatant were detected by ELISA. GRA and PLS method were used to analyze the spectrum-effect relationship between the compounds corresponding to common peak and anti-hypoxia/reoxygenation injury of cardiomyocyte （drug effect）. RESULTS ：There were 22 common peaks in 11 different solvent extracts from T. chinensis ，and 22 compounds were identified. Compared with hypoxia/reoxygenation injury group ，survival rate of hypoxia/reoxygenation injury+S 1-S6，S9 and S 10 groups were increased significantly ，while MDA content ，ROS level and LDH content were decreased significantly （P＜0.05）； ROS level and LDH content of hypoxia/reoxygenation injury+S 8 group w ere decreased significantly （P＜0.05）. The r of GRA analysis of 22 compounds with drug effects were all higher than 0.8. Except for peaks 1，2，7，13，14 and 21，r of PLS analysis of rest peaks with drug effects were higher than 0 发。电话：0431-86058683。E-mial：nml2000@163.com （being positive correlation ）. Top 9 common peaks in the list of contribution rate were peak 6＞11＞4＞5＞8＞9＞12＞10＞15. CONCLUSIONS ：Orientin（peak 6），vitexin（peak 11）， orientin-2″-O-β-L-galacto- pyranosl （peak 4），orientin-2″-O-β-D-Pyrine xylosides （peak 5），quercetin-3-O-glucopyranoside（peak 8），vitexin-2″-O-β-L-galactoside（peak 9），hyperoside（peak 12），vitexin-2″-O-β-D-pyrine xylosides （peak 10），2″-O-（2″′- methylbutyry-loxy）-orientin（peak 15）may be the main components of anti-hypoxia/reoxygenation injury of cardiomyocytes.

Flavonoid glucosides from the flowers of Trollius chinensis Bunge.

Four new flavonoid glucosides, 2″-O-(6‴-O-caffeoyl)-galactopyranosylvitexin (1), 2″-O-(6‴-O-veratroyl)-galactopyranosylvitexin (2), 2″-O-(6‴-O-feruloyl)-galactopyranosylorientin (3), 2″-O-(2‴-O-methylbutyryl)-glucopyranosylisoswertisin (4), along with three known compounds were isolated from the flowers of Trollius chinensis Bunge. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses.

[Ecology suitability study of Trollius chinensis].

Based on the distribution information of 110 samples and 55 environmental factors, Maxent model was used to predict the ecology suitability regions of Trollius chinensis. The study aims at providing theory basis for the cultivation of T. chinensis. The results showed that the Maxent model prediction result was good (AUC>0.9) and the main factors effecting the ecology suitability regions of T. chinensis were precipitation in July, standard deviation of seasonal variation of temperature, annual mean temperature, precipitation in August and altitude. The ecology suitable regions of T. chinensis mainly concentrated in Shanxi, Hebei, east of Inner Mongolia, west of Jilin and Liaoning, north of Shaanxi, south of Ningxia, east and south of Gansu, and east of Qinghai. The results indicated that except for traditional distribution regions, north of Shaanxi, south of Ningxia, east and south of Gansu, and east of Qinghai could selected as the regions for cultivation of T. chinensis. It provides theory basis for selecting suitable regions to cultivate T. chinensis.

Comparative pharmacokinetics study of orientin in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS after intravenous administration of single orientin and Trollius chinensis Bunge extract.

Orientin showed a broad array of biological activities, and it is the major bioactive compound in the Trollius chinensis Bunge. The aim of this study was to investigate the comparative pharmacokinetics of orientin after intravenous administration of single orientin and T. chinensis Bunge extract. Sample preparation involved a simple one-step deproteinization procedure with acetonitrile. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Waters BEH C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water containing 0.1% formic acid in an isocratic elution way. The detection was accomplished in multiple reaction monitoring mode with positive electrospray ionization. The pharmacokinetic properties of orientin were compared after intravenous administrations of pure orientin and T. chinensis Bunge extract to rats with approximately the same dosage of 10 mg/kg. The results of the study indicate that the pharmacokinetics of orientin in rat plasma show significant differences between two groups. This is useful for the clinical uses of therapeutic dosing of orientin and T. chinensis Bunge.

Prediction of Antiviral and Anti-inflammatory Mechanisms of Major Compounds from Flowers of Trollius Chinensis Based on Molecular Docking Technology / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To predict the antiviral and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of major compounds from the flowers of Trollius chinensis, namely, vitexin, orientin, 2"-O-β-L-galactopyranosylvitexin, 2"-O-β-L-galactopyranosylorientin, veratric acid, and trolline, by using the molecular docking technique. Methods Discovery Studio 2.5 software and Chinese Medicine Chemistry Database were employed for docking between the ligands including 6 compounds and the proteins including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and neuraminidase (NA). The docking results and interactions of their functional domains were obtained by simulation analysis. Results Vitexin, orientin, 2"-O-β-L-galactopyranosylvitexin, veratric acid, and trolline were applied to one or more TLR, whereas 2"-O-β-L-galactopyranosylorientin could interact with neither of the proteins investigated. Flavonoids, namely vitexin, orientin, 2"-O-β-L-galactopyranosylvitexin and 2"-O-β-L-galactopyranosylorientin were applied to NA, whereas veratric acid and trolline could not interact with NA. Conclusion Five out of the 6 compounds have influence on the signaling pathways mediated by TLRs, and TLR3, 4, and 7 are their potential targets for antivirus and anti-inflammation. Four flavonoids can affect the activity of influenza virus by interacting with NA. This study can provide a basis for the investigation of the antiviral and anti-inflammatory effective compounds of the flowers of Trollius chinensis and the further development.