Bioinformatics-based screening tool identifies a wide variety of human and zoonotic viruses in Trujillo-Peru wastewater.

Peru was one of the most affected countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, multiple other viral diseases (enteric, respiratory, bloodborne, and vector-borne) are endemic and rising. According to Peru's Ministry of Health, various health facilities in the country were reallocated for the COVID-19 pandemic, thereby leading to reduced action to curb other diseases. Many viral diseases in the area are under-reported and not recognized. The One Health approach, in addition to clinical testing, incorporates environmental surveillance for detection of infectious disease outbreaks. The purpose of this work is to use a screening tool that is based on molecular methods, high throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of wastewater samples to identify virus-related diseases circulating in Trujillo-Peru. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the tool, we collected nine untreated wastewater samples from the Covicorti wastewater utility in Trujillo-Peru on October 22, 2022. High throughput metagenomic sequencing followed by bioinformatic analysis was used to assess the viral diversity of the samples. Our results revealed the presence of sequences associated with multiple human and zoonotic viruses including Orthopoxvirus, Hepatovirus, Rhadinovirus, Parechovirus, Mamastrovirus, Enterovirus, Varicellovirus, Norovirus, Kobuvirus, Bocaparvovirus, Simplexvirus, Spumavirus, Orthohepevirus, Cardiovirus, Molliscipoxvirus, Salivirus, Parapoxvirus, Gammaretrovirus, Alphavirus, Lymphocryptovirus, Erythroparvovirus, Sapovirus, Cosavirus, Deltaretrovirus, Roseolovirus, Flavivirus, Betacoronavirus, Rubivirus, Lentivirus, Betapolyomavirus, Rotavirus, Hepacivirus, Alphacoronavirus, Mastadenovirus, Cytomegalovirus and Alphapapillomavirus. For confirmation purposes, we tested the samples for the presence of selective viruses belonging to the genera detected above. PCR based molecular methods confirmed the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), monkeypox virus (MPXV), noroviruses GI and GII (NoVGI and NoVGII), and rotavirus A (RoA) in our samples. Furthermore, publicly available clinical data for selected viruses confirm our findings. Wastewater or other environmental media surveillance, combined with bioinformatics methods, has the potential to serve as a systematic screening tool for the identification of human or zoonotic viruses that may cause disease. The results of this method can guide further clinical surveillance efforts and allocation of resources. Incorporation of this bioinformatic-based screening tool by public health officials in Peru and other Latin American countries will help manage endemic and emerging diseases that could save human lives and resources.

Plastid genome of Chenopodium petiolare from Trujillo, Peru.

OBJECTIVES: The Peruvian Andean region is an important center for plant domestication. However, to date, there have been few genetic studies on native grain, which limits our understanding of their genetic diversity and the development of new genetic studies for their breeding. Herein, we revealed the plastid genome of Chenopodium petiolare to expand our knowledge of its molecular markers, evolutionary studies, and conservation genetics. DATA DESCRIPTION: Total genomic DNA was extracted from fresh leaves (voucher: USM < PER > :MHN333570). The DNA was sequenced using Illumina Novaseq 6000 (Macrogen Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea) and reads 152,064 bp in length, with a large single-copy region of 83,520 bp and small single-copy region of 18,108 bp were obtained. These reads were separated by a pair of inverted repeat regions (IR) of 25,218 bp, and the overall guanine and cytosine (GC) was 37.24%. The plastid genome contains 130 genes (111 genes were unique and 19 genes were found duplicated in each IR region), including 86 protein-coding genes, 36 transfer RNA-coding genes, eight ribosomal RNA-coding genes, and 25 genes with introns (21 genes with one intron and four genes with two introns). The phylogenetic tree reconstructed based on single-copy orthologous genes and maximum likelihood analysis indicated that Chenopodium petiolare is most closely related to Chenopodium quinoa.

Plantas utilizadas para el tratamiento del cáncer expendidas en los principales mercados de la provincia de Trujillo, Perú, 2016 ­ 2017 / Plants used for the treatment of cancer expanded in the main markets of the province of Trujillo, Peru, 2016 - 2017

Between 2016 and 2017, we conducted structured interviews with herbalists in market stands in the providence of Trujillo, La Libertad, Peru in order to create a catalog of plants with anticarcinogenic properties. Herbalists shared information about species they use in cancer treatment, including common names, part of the plant used, methods of preparation, plant state, and frequency and method of administration as medicine. We combined this information with the Shannon-Wiener diversity and evenness index to complete a quantitative analysis of the anticarcinogenic species. Our results demonstrate that 46 different species representing 24 genera and 19 families are locally used in cancer treatment, with a Shannon-Wiener index of 3.6 and 0.9 respectively. Our catalog thus represents a great variety of species and source of potentially useful knowledge for fighting cancer.

Con el objetivo de registrar las plantas con propiedades anticancerígenas distribuidas en la provincia de Trujillo, La Libertad, durante el 2016 y 2017, realizamos entrevistas estructuradas a hierbateros con puesto de venta en los mercados de abastos, quienes brindaron información sobre las especies usadas para el tratamiento del cáncer, detallando nombres vulgares, parte del vegetal utilizado, formas de preparación, estado de la plantas, frecuencia y forma de administración; así mismo aplicando los índices de diversidad Shannon- Wiener y Equidad se hizo el análisis cuantitativo de los datos encontrados. Se evidenció que para el tratamiento del cáncer se usan 46 especies, representadas 24 géneros y 19 familias; valor que refleja un Índice de Diversidad y de Equidad de 3.6 y 0.9 respectivamente, indicando que existe una gran variedad de especies y un conocimiento potencialmente valioso para combatir esta enfermedad.

Mortalidad en Vacunos entre el Nacimiento y Doce Meses de Edad en Dos Fincas Doble Propósito del estado Trujillo / Cattle Mortality from Birth to Twelve Months of Age in Two Dual Purpose Herds of Trujillo State

Para evaluar el efecto de los factores no genéticos y de grupo racial sobre la mortalidad entre 0 y 12 m de edad, se analizaron 18755 nacimientos, de dos fincas doble propósito, a través de un modelo lineal generalizado utilizando Proc Genmod (SAS), que incluyó: finca (F: 1, 2), año de nacimiento (An: 1997,…,2010), mes de nacimiento (Mn: enero,…,diciembre), sexo (Sx: macho, hembra), número de partos de la madre (Np: 1,...,9 o más), grupo racial del becerro (Gr: 50EU50CB, 50HO50CB, 50PS50CB, >CEBUE, >EIND, ML) y peso al nacer kg (Pn; ≤ 26,4; 26,5 a 33,4; ≥33,5 kg). La mortalidad fue 8,93%. El factor F fue el único que no afectó la mortalidad (P>0,13). La mayor diferencia entre An fue 318,27%, con mayor mortalidad en el año 2006 con respecto a 1998. La diferencia absoluta entre el mejor mes (marzo) y el peor mes (octubre) fue 48,96%. Las hembras murieron menos que los machos (14,13%). La mortalidad en hijos de vacas de un parto fue 10,05%, luego decrece para los hijos de vacas de 2 a 5 partos (7,91% en promedio) y un aumento en la mortalidad para los hijos de vacas de 6 a 9 partos o más (8,89%). Becerros con Pn ≤ 26,4 kg tuvieron mayor mortalidad que aquellos con Pn entre 26,5 y 33,4 kg y los que tuvieron Pn ≥33,5 kg, con 10,58; 8,89 y 6,61%, respectivamente. Sin embargo, el comportamiento de Pn puede variar dependiendo del An, debido a la presencia de la interacción de An × Pn. Los Gr con menor mortalidad fueron 50HO50CB y 50PS50CB, con 8,31 y 7,69%, respectivamente. Los factores no ambientales así como Gr tienen un impacto importante sobre la mortalidad en becerros entre el nacimiento y los 12 meses de edad.

The effect of non-genetic factors and breed group on mortality between 0 and 12 months of age was evaluated in dual purpose cattle. A total of 18755 calving, from two farms in the State of Trujillo, Venezuela, were studied. Data were analyzed by a generalized nonlinear model using the GENMOD (SAS) procedure that included: Farm (F: 1, 2), year of birth (Yb: 1997, ..., 2010), month of birth (Mb: January, ...,December), sex (Sx: male, female), calving number of the cow (Cn: 1,...,9 or more), breed group of the calf (Bg: 50EU50CB, 50HO50CB, 50PS50CB, >CEBUE, >EIND, ML), and birth weight in kg (Bw: ≤ 26,4; 26,5 to 33,4; ≥33,5 kg). Mortality was 8.93%. The F was the only factor that did not affect mortality (P> 0.13). The greatest difference between Yb was 318.27% more deaths in 2006 than in 1998. The absolute difference in mortality between the best month (March) and the worst month (October) was 48.96%. Female died less than male, with a difference of 14.13%. Mortality in first calving cows was 10.05%, which decreased for 2 to 5 calving cows (7.91% on average) with an increased mortality of 6 to 9 or more calving cows (8.89%). Calves with Bw ≤26.4 kg had a higher mortality than those with Bw between 26.5 and 33.4 kg and those who had >33.5 kg Bw, with 10.58, 8.89, and 6.61%, respectively. However, the Bw behavior may vary depending on the Yb, due to the presence of the YB*Bw interaction. The Bg with lower mortality were 50HO50CB and 50PS50CB, with 8.31 and 7.69%, respectively. It is concluded that non-environmental factors and Bg had a significant impact on mortality of calves between birth and 12 months old.

Controlling rabies through a multidisciplinary, public health system in Trujillo, La Libertad, Peru.

Rabies remains endemic in Peru. In 1983, Latin America and the Caribbean promised to eliminate canine-transmitted rabies from the continent. This led to Peru introducing a multidisciplinary public health system for controlling and managing rabies across the country. The system consists of mass canine vaccination campaigns, post exposure prophylaxis and monitoring aggressor animals for signs of rabies. The Peruvian city of Trujillo, La Libertad, is an urban area where dogs are the principal reservoir for rabies. The disease burden of rabies in Trujillo, La Libertad is currently minimal, with no rabies cases in humans for over 10 years, and only three canine cases. No human deaths due to rabies have occurred for several decades. From this it can be inferred that antirabies systems such as this do have real effects in reducing cases of human rabies at a grass roots level.

Perfil clínico y epidemiológico de la leishmaniasis visceral americana en el estado Trujillo, Venezuela (1975-2007) / Clinical and epidemiologic profile of visceral leishmaniasis in Trujillo state, Venezuela (1975-2007)

El objetivo de este estudio fue consolidar y analizar información referente a los aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos de pacientes con leishmaniasis visceral en el estado Trujillo, Venezuela, a través de un estudio retrospectivo que incluyó los ingresos hospitalarios durante 1975 - 2007. Ochenta y dos historias clínicas fueron seleccionadas, de las cuales 55 correspondieron a niños y adolescentes entre los 0-17 años y 27 adultos entre 18 y 60 años. El 53,7% de los pacientes fueron niños en el rango de edad de 0-5 años. Se observó predominio del sexo masculino en los adultos (P=0,002). En cuanto a los signos y síntomas se encontró diferencia significativa entre niños-adolescentes y adultos en las variables astenia (P=0,01) y pérdida de peso (P = 0,001) siendo ambas más frecuentes entre adultos. El tiempo promedio de hospitalización fue 31,17±14 días y la tasa de mortalidad de 4,9 %. Se concluye que la LVA en el estado de Trujillo, se comporta persistentemente endémica con casuística baja y esporádica y debe ser descartada en pacientes adultos con pérdida de peso y astenia que provengan de áreas endémicas.

The objective of this study was to consolidate and analyze information in reference to clinical and epidemiological aspects of patients with Visceral Leshismaniasis in Trujillo State, Venezuela through a retrospective study which included interned patients from 1975-2007. 82 clinical records were reviewed: 55 children and teenagers between 0- 17 years, and 27 adults between 18 and 60 years. 53.7% of them were children between 0 and 5 years. Among adults, the male sex was dominant (P=0. 002). In reference to the signs and symptoms, a significant difference was found between children/teenagers and adults in the variables of astenia (P=0.001) and loss of weight (P=0.001) which were more frequent among adults. The average ingression to the hospital was 31.17 ±14 days and the rate of mortality was 4.9%. In conclusion the LVA in Trujillo state is persistently endemic with a low and sporadic cases, which must be discarded in adult patients who come from endemic areas with weight loss and asthenia.

Diferencias en la susceptibilidad a la deltametrina en poblaciones de Aedes aegypti de Trujillo, Venezuela / Different susceptibility to deltamethrin in Aedes aegypti populations from Trujillo state, Venezuela

El dengue es un importante problema de salud pública en Venezuela, donde aedes aegypti es el principal vector. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar el estado de la susceptibilidad a la deltametrina en nueve poblaciones naturales de A. aegypti del estado Trujillo, en comparación con la cepa susceptible Rockefeller. Los bioensayos fueron llevados a cabo siguiendo la metodología de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Las poblaciones Trujillo, Pampán, Pampanito, Flor de Patria, Motatán, Tres Esquinas y Cubita mostraron valores de mortalidades comprendidas entre 89% y 97%, y KDT50 entre 15,7 min y 24,1 min, sugiriendo la posibilidad de resistencia la cual debe ser confirmada. Las poblaciones Monay y Filo fueron susceptibles, con KDT50 de 15,5 y 20,2 min respectivamente, y mortalidades a las 24 horas de 99 y 98%. Estos resultados deben ser considerados al momento de diseñar el programa de control del vector para asegurar la efectividad del mismo.

Dengue is an important public health problem in Venezuela, where Aedes aegypti is the main vector. The purpose of this study was to determine the status of susceptibility to deltamethrin in nine natural populations of A. aegypti from Trujillo state compared with the susceptible Rockefeller strain. Bioassays were carried out following the methodology of the World Health Organization. The values of mortalities were found between 89% and 97%, allowing categorize the populations from Trujillo, Pampan, Pampanito, Flor de Patria, Motatan, Tres Esquinas and Cubita as resistant under verification, with values KDT50 between 15.7 min and 24.1 min, suggesting the possibility of resistance which must be confirmed and the populations from Monay and Filo as susceptible, with a KDT50 of 15.5 and 20.2 min, respectively, and 99 and 98% mortality at 24 hours. These results should be considered when designing programs for vector control to ensure those are effective to control A. aegytpti populations.