Análisis visual y semicuantitativo del 6-[18F]FDOPA PET/TC en pacientes con tumores cerebrales ante la sospecha de recurrencia tumoral versus radionecrosis / VAnálisis visual y semicuantitativo del 6-[18F]FDOPA PET/TC en pacientes con tumores cerebrales ante la sospecha de recurrencia tumoral versus radionecrosis

Introducción La tomografía por emisión de positrones (PET) con aminoácidos es una herramienta recomendada por las principales sociedades de neuroimagen, en el diagnóstico diferencial entre radionecrosis (RNC) y recurrencia tumoral (RT) en los tumores cerebrales, sin embargo, su uso en nuestro pais aún es limitado. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar nuestra experiencia con 6-[18F]FDOPA PET/TC (FDOPA) en tumores cerebrales (primarios y M1), comparando estos resultados con otros publicados. Material y métodos Estudio retrospectivo de 62 pacientes con sospecha de RT: 42 metástasis cerebrales (M1) y 20 primarios, a los que se les realizó una FDOPA. Las imágenes fueron analizadas visual y semicuantitativamente, obteniendo el SUVmax y los ratios SUVmaxlesión/SUVmaxestriado (L/E) y SUVmaxlesión/SUVmaxcortex (L/C). Se analizó la validez diagnóstica de la PET y se calcularon los puntos de corte con mayor rendimiento. Los resultados de la PET se compararon con la evolución clínico-radiológica y/o con la histopatología. Resultados Se identificó RT en el 49% de las M1 y en el 76% de los primarios cerebrales. La interpretación de la FDOPA con mejores resultados fue la conjunta; visual y semicuantitativa, con una sensibilidad y especificidad en los primarios del 94 y 80% y en las M1 del 96 y 72%, respectivamente. Los puntos de corte con mejor rendimiento diagnóstico fueron L/C 1,44 en M1 y L/C 1,55 en primarios. Existen resultados discrepantes con otros publicados. Conclusión La FDOPA PET/TC es una herramienta útil en el diagnóstico diferencial entre RT y RNC en tumores cerebrales. Es necesario una estandarización que contribuya a homogeneizar los resultados de la FDOPA a nivel intercentro (AU)

Introduction Amino acid PET is a tool recommended by the main neuroimaging societies in the differential diagnosis between radionecrosis (RNC) and tumour recurrence (TR) in brain tumours, but its use in our country is still limited. The aim of this work is to present our experience with 6-[18F]FDOPA PET/CT (FDOPA) in brain tumours (primary and M1), comparing these results with other published results. Material and methods Retrospective study of 62 patients with suspected tumour recurrence (TR): 42 brain metastases (M1) and 20 primary, who underwent FDOPA. Images were analysed visually and semi-quantitatively, obtaining SUVmax and SUVmaxlesion/SUVmaxstriatum (L/S) and SUVmaxlesion/SUVmaxcortex (L/C) ratios. The diagnostic validity of PET was analysed and the best performing cut-off points were calculated. PET results were compared with clinical-radiological follow-up and/or histopathology. Results TR was identified in 49% of M1 and 76% of brain primaries. The best performing FDOPA interpretation was visual and semi-quantitative, with a sensitivity and specificity in primaries of 94% and 80% and in M1s of 96% and 72% respectively. The cut-off points with the best diagnostic performance were L/C1.44 in M1 and L/C1.55 in primaries. There are discrepant results with other published results. Conclusion FDOPA PET/CT is a useful tool in the differential diagnosis between recurrence and RNC in brain tumours. It is needed a standardization to contribute to homogenise FDOPA results a inter-centre level (AU)

Visual and semi-quantitative analysis of 6-[18F]FDOPA PET/CT in patients with brain tumors and suspected tumor recurrence versus radionecrosis.

INTRODUCTION: Amino acid PET is a tool recommended by the main neuroimaging societies in the differential diagnosis between radionecrosis (RNC) and umour recurrence (TR) in brain tumours, but its use in our country is still limited. The aim of this work is to present our experience with 6-[18F]FDOPA PET/CT (FDOPA) in brain tumours (primary and M1), comparing these results with other published results. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study of 62 patients with suspected tumour recurrence (TR): 42 brain metastases (M1) and 20 primary, who underwent FDOPA. Images were analysed visually and semi-quantitatively, obtaining SUVmax and SUVmaxlesion/SUVmaxstriatum (L/S) and SUVmaxlesion/SUVmaxcortex (L/C) ratios. The diagnostic validity of PET was analysed and the best performing cut-off points were calculated. PET results were compared with clinical-radiological follow-up and/or histopathology. RESULTS: TR was identified in 49% of M1 and 76% of brain primaries. The best performing FDOPA interpretation was visual and semi-quantitative, with a sensitivity and specificity in primaries of 94% and 80% and in M1s of 96% and 72% respectively. The cut-off points with the best diagnostic performance were L/C1.44 in M1 and L/C1.55 in primaries. There are discrepant results with other published results. CONCLUSION: FDOPA PET/CT is a useful tool in the differential diagnosis between recurrence and RNC in brain tumours. It is needed a standardization to contribute to homogenise FDOPA results a inter-centre level.

Características imagenológicas actuales de resonancia magnética en los granulomas cerebrales más frecuentes / Current magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of the most frequent granulomas of the brain

RESUMEN Los granulomas infecciosos y no infecciosos del encéfalo constituyen un constante desafío en su diagnóstico, dado que, desde el punto de vista clínico, muestran síntomas y signos, exámenes auxiliares e imágenes de características muy similares, razón por la cual demoran el tratamiento y demandan un diagnóstico histopatológico certero. Solo en estos últimos tiempos, con avances de la experiencia clínica, la epidemiología y las nuevas técnicas de resonancia magnética, se vislumbra la posibilidad de un diagnóstico no invasivo. Las formas infecciosas se encuentran en su mayoría en regiones de América Latina, Asia y África, aun cuando, debido a las migraciones y la globalización, también se están presentando de manera creciente en el resto del mundo. El presente trabajo describe las entidades que producen los granulomas más frecuentes y el apoyo diagnóstico que actualmente dispensan las imágenes de resonancia magnética.

ABSTRACT Infectious and non-infectious brain granulomas are a constant diagnostic challenge as, from the clinical point of view, present symptoms and signs, auxiliary tests, and images of very similar characteristics, delaying treatment and demanding an accurate histopathological diagnosis. Only recently, based on clinical experience, epidemiology, and new magnetic resonance techniques, the possibility of a non-invasive diagnosis is most likely. The infectious variants are more frequently found in regions of Latin America, Asia, and Africa, even though, due to migrations and globalization, they are also increasingly appearing in the rest of the world. The present work describes the entities that produce granulomas more frequently, and the diagnostic support currently provided by magnetic resonance images.

Abordaje neuropsicológico en una unidad pediátrica de daño cerebral adquirido del sistema público de salud / A neuropsychological approach in a paediatric acquired brain injury unit under the public health system

Introducción: El daño cerebral adquirido (DCA) pediátrico provoca dificultades cognitivo/conductuales y altera el curso del desarrollo. La unidad de DCA del Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús es la primera dentro del sistema público de salud en dar cobertura integral a pacientes y familias.ObjetivoSe pretende mostrar la metodología de trabajo con los niños y sus familias, describir las características clínicas de los pacientes atendidos y los resultados en cuanto a los tratamientos aplicados.Sujetos53 niños entre los tres meses y los 16 años y medio recibieron tratamiento. Las patologías atendidas son tumores cerebrales, accidentes cerebrovasculares, traumatismos craneoencefálicos, daño tras cirugía de la epilepsia e hipoxia.MétodoA todos los pacientes se le realizó una evaluación al ingreso y otra al alta. Los tratamientos se modulan en función de las dificultades y su gravedad, así como de la edad del niño. Las familias son atendidas tanto individualmente como en formato grupal.ResultadosUna mayor edad del niño se asocia con mejor recuperación del nivel cognitivo y menor duración del tratamiento. Las patologías tienen un impacto diferencial en el CI/CD evaluado al inicio de tratamiento, la hipoxia y las encefalitis son las que asocian mayor gravedad. Las puntuaciones al alta del CI/CD, así como las de memoria verbal y atención, mejoraron significativamente respecto a las del ingreso tras el tratamiento neuropsicológico multicomponente.ConclusionesLa atención al DCA debe incluir programas de rehabilitación neuropsicológica y proporcionar soporte emocional a la familia para que pueda participar activamente en la recuperación del niño o adolescente. (AU)

Introduction: Paediatric acquired brain injury (ABI) causes cognitive and behavioural difficulties and alters the course of child development. The ABI unit at Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús is the first within the public Spanish health system to provide comprehensive coverage to these patients and their families.ObjectiveThis study aims to show the working methodology followed with patients and their families, and to describe the clinical characteristics of the patients treated and the outcomes of treatment.PatientsFifty-three patients aged between three months and 16 and a half years received treatment. The conditions treated were brain tumours, stroke, traumatic brain injury, damage secondary to epilepsy surgery, and hypoxia.MethodsAll patients were evaluated at admission and at discharge. Treatments were adapted to each patient's difficulties and their severity, as well as to the patient's age. Families received individual and group therapy.ResultsOlder age was associated with better cognitive recovery and shorter duration of treatment. Different conditions show differential impact on intelligence quotient and developmental quotient scores at the beginning of treatment, with hypoxia and encephalitis being associated with greatest severity. Intelligence quotient and developmental quotient scores and visual memory and attention scores at discharge improved significantly after the faceted neuropsychological treatment with respect to scores registered at admission.ConclusionsThe care of patients with ABI should include neuropsychological rehabilitation programmes and provide emotional support to the family so that they may actively participate in the recovery of the child or adolescent. (AU)

A neuropsychological approach in a paediatric acquired brain injury unit under the public health system.

INTRODUCTION: Paediatric acquired brain injury (ABI) causes cognitive and behavioural difficulties and alters the course of child development. The ABI unit at Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús is the first within the public Spanish health system to provide comprehensive coverage to these patients and their families. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to show the working methodology followed with patients and their families, and to describe the clinical characteristics of the patients treated and the outcomes of treatment. PATIENTS: Fifty-three patients aged between 3 months and 16 and a half years received treatment. The conditions treated were brain tumours, stroke, traumatic brain injury, damage secondary to epilepsy surgery, and hypoxia. METHODS: All patients were evaluated at admission and at discharge. Treatments were adapted to each patient's difficulties and their severity, as well as to the patient's age. Families received individual and group therapy. RESULTS: Older age was associated with better cognitive recovery and shorter duration of treatment. Different conditions show differential impact on intelligence quotient and developmental quotient scores at the beginning of treatment, with hypoxia and encephalitis being associated with greatest severity. Intelligence quotient and developmental quotient scores and visual memory and attention scores at discharge improved significantly after the faceted neuropsychological treatment with respect to scores registered at admission. CONCLUSIONS: The care of patients with ABI should include neuropsychological rehabilitation programmes and provide emotional support to the family so that they may actively participate in the recovery of the child or adolescent.

Resonancia intraoperatoria de alto campo: cómo optimizar su uso en nuestro modelo sanitario / Intraoperative high-field resonance: how to optimize its use in our healthcare system

Antecedentes y objetivo: La RM intraoperatoria (RMio) consiste en la realización de una resonancia durante la cirugía de una lesión cerebral o espinal. Es una técnica segura y útil, aunque está disponible en pocos hospitales y algunos aspectos no están perfectamente definidos ni estandarizados, por lo que cada centro elabora sus propias soluciones. Nuestro objetivo es describir la técnica utilizada para la realización de RMio, evaluar los cambios que se han realizado para optimizar su uso desde el comienzo y facilitar la puesta en marcha de una resonancia intraoperatoria en otros departamentos de neurocirugía. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo de pacientes intervenidos consecutivamente con RMio, describiendo el tipo de tumor, datos clínicos, tiempo y secuencias de RMio, empleo de neurofisiología intraoperatoria, volumen tumoral preoperatorio, tras la RMio, y postoperatorio, y complicaciones observadas. Resultados: Se realizó RMio en 38 pacientes seleccionados de los 425 tumores cerebrales (9%) operados en este intervalo. Los tipos tumorales fueron: 11 glioblastomas, 8 astrocitomas anaplásicos, 5 astrocitomas difusos, 4 meningiomas, 3 oligodendrogliomas, 2 metástasis, 2 quistes epidermoides, 1 astroblastoma, 1 quiste aracnoideo y 1 adenoma hipofisario.La edad media fue de 45 años. El volumen tumoral preoperatorio medio fue 45,22 cc, tras la RMio de 5,08 cc y el postoperatorio de 1,28 cc.En el 76% se amplió la resección tras la RMio. En 15 pacientes se consiguió una resección completa y en 8 se objetivó un resto menor de 1cc. En 13 pacientes se dejó un resto intencional en área elocuente o regiones de base de cráneo (volumen medio 7cc).En un 5% se detectaron complicaciones de sangrado e isquemia de forma precoz en la RMio.La realización de la RMio requirió una media de 47 minutos...(AU)

Background and aims: Intraoperative MRI (ioMRI) consists of performing a MRI during brain or spinal surgery. Although it is a safe and useful technique, it is available in a few hospitals. This means some aspects are not perfectly defined or standardized, forcing each center to develop its own solutions. Our goal is to describe the technique, evaluate the changes made to optimize its use and thus be able to facilitate the intraoperative resonance implementation in other neurosurgery departments. Methods: A prospective analysis of patients consecutively operated using high-field ioMRI guidance was carried out, describing the type of tumor, clinical data, time and sequences of ioMR, use of intraoperative neurophysiology, preoperative tumor volume, after ioMR, and postoperative, as well as complications. Resultsio: MR was performed in 38 patients selected from among 425 brain tumors (9%) operated on in this interval. The tumor types were: 11 glioblastomas, 8 anaplastic astrocytomas, 5 diffuse astrocytomas, 4 meningiomas, 3 oligodendrogliomas, 2 metastases, 2 epidermoid cysts, 1 astroblastoma, 1 arachnoid cyst and 1 pituitary adenoma.The mean age was 45 years. The mean preoperative tumor volume was 45.22cc, after the ioMR 5.08cc and postoperative 1.28cc. Resection was extended after ioMR in 76%. Gross total resection was achieved in 15 patients and residual tumor of less than 1cc was observed in 8. An intentional tumor tissue was left in an eloquent brain region (mean volume 7cc) in 13 patients.Bleeding and ischemia complications were detected early on ioMR in 5%.MRI length was 47minutes on average. Conclusions: Intraoperative MRI was a useful and safe technique, and no associated complications were registered. (AU)

Intraoperative high-field resonance: How to optimize its use in our healthcare system.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Intraoperative MRI (ioMRI) consists of performing a MRI during brain or spinal surgery. Although it is a safe and useful technique, it is available in a few hospitals. This means some aspects are not perfectly defined or standardized, forcing each center to develop its own solutions. Our goal is to describe the technique, evaluate the changes made to optimize its use and thus be able to facilitate the intraoperative resonance implementation in other neurosurgery departments. METHODS: A prospective analysis of patients consecutively operated using high-field ioMRI guidance was carried out, describing the type of tumor, clinical data, time and sequences of ioMR, use of intraoperative neurophysiology, preoperative tumor volume, after ioMR, and postoperative, as well as complications. RESULTS: ioMR was performed in 38 patients selected from among 425 brain tumors (9%) operated on in this interval. The tumor types were: 11 glioblastomas, 8 anaplastic astrocytomas, 5 diffuse astrocytomas, 4 meningiomas, 3 oligodendrogliomas, 2 metastases, 2 epidermoid cysts, 1 astroblastoma, 1 arachnoid cyst and 1 pituitary adenoma. The mean age was 45 years. The mean preoperative tumor volume was 45.22cc, after the ioMR 5.08cc and postoperative 1.28cc. Resection was extended after ioMR in 76%. Gross total resection was achieved in 15 patients and residual tumor of less than 1cc was observed in 8. An intentional tumor tissue was left in an eloquent brain region (mean volume 7cc) in 13 patients. Bleeding and ischemia complications were detected early on ioMR in 5%. MRI length was 47 min on average. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative MRI was a useful and safe technique, and no associated complications were registered.

Caracterización clínica, epidemiológica y anatomopatológica de los tumores cerebrales supratentoriales y su morbilidad posanestésica / Clinical, Epidemiological and Anatomopathological Characterization of Supratentorial Brain Tumor and its Post-Anesthetic Morbidity

Introducción: Los tumores cerebrales no son frecuentes, pero tienen efectos devastadores. Objetivo: Caracterizar según criterios clínicos y anatomopatológicos a los pacientes con tumor cerebral supratentorial. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional y descriptivo de casos clínicos en el período de enero 2017 - enero 2019, en el Hospital Provincial Saturnino Lora de Santiago de Cuba. El universo estuvo constituido por la totalidad de los 117 pacientes a los que se les realizó una tomografía computarizada de cráneo y con diagnóstico histológico postoperatorio de neoplasia primaria del sistema nervioso central (supratentorial) y metástasis cerebral, a los que se les realizó neurocirugía transcraneal. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino y las edades entre 40 a 59 años, clínicamente la mayoría de los casos presentó cefalea como signo de hipertensión endocraneana 76,1 por ciento. El 87,2 por ciento presentó la tumoración en los hemisferios cerebrales. El glioblastoma multiforme fue el tipo histológico prevaleciente con 45,3 por ciento. La hipopotasemia fue la complicación post anestésica más frecuente (21,4 por ciento). Conclusiones: Los tumores cerebrales supratentoriales en la edad adulta constituyen un problema de salud, principalmente en los hombres después de los 45 años de edad; la cefalea, las convulsiones y los vómitos son los síntomas cardinales. Durante la excéresis de los tumores supratentoriales los pacientes presentaron diversas complicaciones anestésicas(AU)

Introduction: Brain tumors are not frequent, but they have devastating effects. Objective: To characterize patients with supratentorial brain tumor, according to clinical and pathological criteria. Methods: An observational and descriptive study of clinical cases was carried out, in the period from January 2017 to January 2019, at Saturnino Lora Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba. The universe consisted of the 117 patients who underwent computed tomography of the skull and with a postoperative histological diagnosis of primary neoplasia of the central nervous system (supratentorial) and brain metastases, who underwent transcranial neurosurgery. Results: The male sex predominated, together with the ages 40-59 years old. Clinically, most of the cases (76.1 percent) presented headache as a sign of intracranial hypertension. 87.2 percent presented the tumor in the cerebral hemispheres. Glioblastoma multiforme was the prevalent histological type, accounting for 45.3 percent. Hypokalemia was the most frequent post-anesthetic complication, accounting for 21.4 percent. Conclusions: Supratentorial brain tumors in adulthood constitute a health concern, mainly in men after 45 years of age; headache, seizures and vomiting are the cardinal symptoms. During excision of supratentorial tumors, the patients presented various anesthetic complications(AU)

Psicosis secundaria a meningioma: revisión a propósito de un caso / Secondary psychosis due to meningioma: review about a case

Resumen Los meningiomas son los tumores primarios más frecuentes del sistema nervioso central, tienden a ser benignos y de lento crecimiento. Pueden ser asintomáticos o incluso manifestarse únicamente con síntomas psiquiátricos, incluyendo un cuadro psicótico. No existen estudios clínicos controlados randomizados que estudien la relación entre meningioma y cuadros psicóticos. La evidencia disponible se basa en series y reportes de casos. Existe una relación entre la magnitud del edema perilesional y la presencia de síntomas psicóticos. Por otra parte, el tamaño de la lesión o su localización neuroanatómica específica tendrían menor relevancia. La resección quirúrgica de la lesión, en conjunto con el manejo psiquiátrico adecuado, usualmente conduce al cese de la sintomatología psicótica. En la evaluación de pacientes con síntomas psicóticos se debe tener un elevado índice de sospecha, en particular en cuadros de reciente inicio, con manifestaciones atípicas o resistentes al tratamiento. En estos casos se recomienda un estudio con neuroimágenes. Este artículo presenta el caso de una paciente evaluada en nuestro hospital diagnosticada con un meningioma frontal izquierdo de gran tamaño, que presentó sintomatología psicótica secundaria, y se expone una revisión bibliográfica actualizada de esta asociación.

Meningiomas are the most frequent central nervous primary tumors, which tend to be benign and present a slow growth. They may be asymptomatic or present clinically just with psychiatric symptoms including a psychotic state. There are no clinical randomized controlled trials that study the relationship between meningioma and a psychotic episode. Available evidence is based on case reports and series. There is a relationship between the magnitude of perilesional edema and the presence of psychotic symptoms. On the other hand, the size of the tumor or its specific neuroanatomic location would have less relevance. Surgical resection of the tumor associated with psychiatric management usually leads to the cessation of psychotic symptoms. In the assessment of patients with psychotic symptoms, there must be a high index of suspicion, particularly in first psychotic episodes, atypical manifestations and resistance to treatment. In these cases, a neuroimaging study is recommended. This article presents the case of a patient evaluated in our hospital and diagnosed with a large left frontal meningioma with secondary psychotic symptoms, and an updated bibliographic review of this association is presented.

Tumores cerebrales en pacientes menores de 3 años: 10 años de experiencia / Brain tumors in patients younger than 3 years: 10 years of experience

Introducción: Los primeros 3 años de vida son cruciales en el desarrollo del sistema nervioso central (SNC). Un tumor en dicha localización, en este período, está asociado a un severo deterioro de la calidad de vida y alta mortalidad. El objetivo del trabajo es realizar un análisis de la evolución y tratamiento en estos pacientes. Material y métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de las historias clínicas y el archivo de imágenes de pacientes menores de 36 meses de edad con diagnóstico de tumor en SNC tratado quirúrgicamente en el Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, CABA, Argentina. Periodo: 01/03/2009-01/01/2020. Se dividieron en 3 grupos según edad: 1 (0-12 meses), 2 (13-24 meses) y 3 (25-35 meses).Resultados: Se incluyeron 71 pacientes, 36 varones y 35 mujeres. El síndrome de hipertensión endocraneana se presentó al debut en 42 pacientes (59%) luego alteraciones de la motricidad en 13 (18%). 46 (65%) presentaron hidrocefalia, de los cuales 20 presentaron post-resección tumoral. Se observó predominio de localización supratentorial en los grupos 1 (69%) y 2 (58%), e infratentorial en el grupo 3 (86%). Se realizó resección completa en 18 pacientes (25%), subtotal en 6 (11%), parcial en 38 (54%), y biopsia en 7 (10%). 27 (38%) pacientes requirieron reoperaciones, de los cuales 19 (70%) pertenecieron al grupo 1. Los diagnósticos anatomopatológicos más frecuentes fueron astrocitomas (20), meduloblastomas (12), papilomas de plexos coroideos (9), ependimomas anaplásicos (8), tumores teratoides rabdoides atípicos (8) y otros (14). En el estudio de calidad de vida, 15 pacientes (21%) presentaron un severo retraso psicomotor, y 23 pacientes (32%) presentaron desarrollo normal. La mortalidad a los 5 años fue 38% y a los 10 años 50%. Conclusión: Los tumores de SNC en menores de 3 años son de difícil manejo, con pronóstico reservado. Debido a que la radioterapia está contraindicada, la cirugía tiene una importancia fundamental en el tratamiento junto a la quimioterapia.

Introduction: The first three years of life are critical for the central nervous system (CNS) development. A tumor in this location at this stage will be associated with severe impairment of the quality of life and high mortality. The objective of the paper is to analyze the evolution and treatment of these patients. Material and methods: The records of all the patients under 3 years of age who were operated for intracranial brain tumors at our institution from March 2009 to January 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into three groups depending on their age at onset: under 1 year of age (group 1), between 13-24 months (group 2), and between 25-35 months (group 3). Results: We included 71 patients (36 male and 35 female). 42 patients (59%) presented with an increase of intracranial pressure at the onset, followed by gait disturbance in 13 (18%). 46 patients (65%) suffered hydrocephalus, of whom 20 were post-resection. The predominance of supratentorial localization was observed in group 1 (69%) and 2 (58%), and infratentorial localization in group 3 (86%). Total resection of the tumor was accomplished in 18 patients (25%), subtotal in 6 (11%), partial in 38 (54%), and biopsy in 7 (10%). 27 patients (38%) required re-intervention. Of these, 19 (70%) corresponded to group 1. The principal histological diagnoses were astrocytoma (20), medulloblastoma (12), choroid plexus papilloma (9), anaplastic ependymoma (8), atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (8), and others (14). The quality of life analysis showed 23 patients (32%) with normal development and 15 (21%) with severe psychomotor retardation. 5-years mortality was 38% and 10-years mortality was 50%. Conclusion: CNS tumors in children younger than 3 years are difficult to handle and have a guarded prognosis. Surgery, along with chemotherapy, is very important to treat these patients

A neuropsychological approach in a paediatric acquired brain injury unit under the public health system. / Abordaje neuropsicológico en una unidad pediátrica de daño cerebral adquirido del sistema público de salud.

INTRODUCTION: Paediatric acquired brain injury (ABI) causes cognitive and behavioural difficulties and alters the course of child development. The ABI unit at Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús is the first within the public Spanish health system to provide comprehensive coverage to these patients and their families. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to show the working methodology followed with patients and their families, and to describe the clinical characteristics of the patients treated and the outcomes of treatment. PATIENTS: Fifty-three patients aged between three months and 16 and a half years received treatment. The conditions treated were brain tumours, stroke, traumatic brain injury, damage secondary to epilepsy surgery, and hypoxia. METHODS: All patients were evaluated at admission and at discharge. Treatments were adapted to each patient's difficulties and their severity, as well as to the patient's age. Families received individual and group therapy. RESULTS: Older age was associated with better cognitive recovery and shorter duration of treatment. Different conditions show differential impact on intelligence quotient and developmental quotient scores at the beginning of treatment, with hypoxia and encephalitis being associated with greatest severity. Intelligence quotient and developmental quotient scores and visual memory and attention scores at discharge improved significantly after the faceted neuropsychological treatment with respect to scores registered at admission. CONCLUSIONS: The care of patients with ABI should include neuropsychological rehabilitation programmes and provide emotional support to the family so that they may actively participate in the recovery of the child or adolescent.

Neurosarcoidosis presenting with isolated intracranial mass lesion and communicating hydrocephalus.

Isolated neurosarcoidosis is a very rare disease, which makes up 5-15% of sarcoidosis cases. Hydrocephalus is a rare clinical feature with a prevalence of 6% among these patients. Considering neurosarcoidosis in the differential diagnosis of a unique parenquimal mass lesion could help in the early identification of this disease. We report the case of a 27-year-old African man who developed with a sole intracranial mass lesion mimicking radiologically a glioma, which finally came out as an isolated neurosarcoidosis. There is a difficulty in diagnosis when isolated neurosarcoidosis appears. In addition, the low prevalence of the disease entails a not standardized medical treatment. Natural outcome is poor even when hydrocephalus is resolved. Multimodal treatments including complete pharmacological treatment do not seem to assure a better outcome in these patients until date.

Intraoperative imaging in the neurosurgery operating theatre: A review of the most commonly used techniques for brain tumour surgery. / Imagen intraoperatoria en el quirófano de neurocirugía: revisión de las técnicas más empleadas para la cirugía de los tumores cerebrales.

INTRODUCTION: New intraoperative imaging techniques, which aim to improve tumour resection, have been implemented in recent years in brain tumour surgery, although they lead to an increase in resources. In order to carry out an update on this topic, this manuscript has been drafted by a group from the Sociedad Española de Neurocirugía (Spanish Society of Neurosurgery). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Experts in the use of each one of the most-used intraoperative techniques in brain tumour surgery were presented with a description of the technique and a brief review of the literature. Indications for use, their advantages and disadvantages based on clinical experience and on what is published in the literature will be described. RESULTS: The most robust intraoperative imaging technique appears to be low- and high-field magnetic resonance imaging, but this is the technique which results in the greatest expenditure. Intraoperative ultrasound navigation is portable and less expensive, but it provides poorer differentiation of high-grade tumours and is observer-dependent. The most-used fluorescence techniques are 5-aminolevulinic acid for high-grade gliomas and fluorescein, useful in lesions which rupture the blood-brain barrier. Last of all, intraoperative CT is more versatile in the neurosurgery operating theatre, but it has fewer indications in neuro-oncology surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative imaging techniques are used with increasingly greater frequency in brain tumour surgery, and the neurosurgeon should assess their possible use depending on their resources and the needs of each patient.

Radioterapia en pacientes con tumores cerebrales primarios. Hospital V.I. Lenin, noviembre 2014 - mayo 2017 / Radiation therapy in patients with primary brain tumors. V.I. Lenin, November 2014 - May 2017 / Radioterapia em pacientes com tumores cerebrais primários. V.I. Lenin, novembro de 2014 - maio de 2017

RESUMEN Los tumores primarios del cerebro constituyen un grupo heterogéneo de neoplasias con comportamiento biológico y con pronóstico muy diferente. Su incidencia se ha incrementado en los últimos años en todos los grupos de edades. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo de 58 pacientes con tumores cerebrales primarios, atendidos en la consulta de Radioterapia del Centro Oncológico del Hospital Vladimir Ilich Lenin en el período de Noviembre del 2014 a Mayo del 2017, con el objetivo de determinar los síntomas físicos y las manifestaciones cognitivas en pacientes tratados por tumores cerebrales primarios. Se caracterizaron las variables de edad y sexo, diagnóstico histológico, tratamiento oncológico, síntomas físicos y manifestaciones cognitivas. El grupo de edad entre los 40 y 59 años fue el más afectado (51,72%), siendo en el sexo masculino más frecuente esta patología (65,52%). El tipo histológico que predominó fue el astrocitoma en un 77,11 %. Se empleó la radioterapia en el 100% de los pacientes, y concurrente al nimotuzumab en 43 pacientes. Los síntomas físicos más frecuentes fueron los trastornos del sueño (39,28%), y dentro de las manifestaciones cognitivas identificadas los problemas visuales alcanzaron el 35%. Los síntomas físicos y las manifestaciones cognitivas producidas, ya sea por el tumor primario o por el tratamiento oncológico en pacientes con tumores cerebrales primarios, son factores que influyen negativamente en la calidad de vida de estos pacientes.

ABSTRACT Primary tumors of the brain constitute a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with biological behavior and with a very different prognosis. Its incidence has increased in recent years in all age groups. A prospective descriptive study of 58 patients with primary brain tumors was performed, attended in the Radiotherapy office of the Vladimir Ilich Lenin Hospital Oncology in the period from November 2014 to May 2017, with the objective of determining the physical symptoms and Cognitive manifestations in patients treated for primary brain tumors. The variables of age and sex, histological diagnosis, cancer treatment, physical symptoms and cognitive manifestations were characterized. The age group between 40 and 59 years was the most affected (51.72%), being in the most frequent male sex this pathology (65.52%). The histological type that predominated was astrocytoma in 77.11%. Radiation therapy was used in 100% of patients, and concurrent to nimotuzumab in 43 patients. The most frequent physical symptoms were sleep disorders (39.28%), and within the cognitive manifestations identified visual problems reached 35%. The physical symptoms and cognitive manifestations produced, either by the primary tumor or by the cancer treatment in patients with primary brain tumors, are factors that negatively influence the quality of life of these patients.

RESUMO Os tumores primários do cérebro constituem um grupo heterogêneo de neoplasias com comportamento biológico e com prognóstico muito diferente. Sua incidência aumentou nos últimos anos em todas as faixas etárias. Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo descritivo de 58 pacientes com tumores cerebrais primários, atendidos no serviço de Radioterapia do Hospital Vladimir Ilich Lenin Oncologia no período de novembro de 2014 a maio de 2017, com o objetivo de determinar os sintomas físicos e Manifestações cognitivas em pacientes tratados por tumores cerebrais primários. Foram caracterizadas as variáveis ​​idade e sexo, diagnóstico histológico, tratamento do câncer, sintomas físicos e manifestações cognitivas. A faixa etária entre 40 e 59 anos foi a mais afetada (51,72%), sendo no sexo masculino mais frequente essa patologia (65,52%). O tipo histológico que predominou foi o astrocitoma em 77,11%. A radioterapia foi usada em 100% dos pacientes e concomitante ao nimotuzumabe em 43 pacientes. Os sintomas físicos mais frequentes foram distúrbios do sono (39,28%) e, nas manifestações cognitivas, os problemas visuais identificados atingiram 35%. Os sintomas físicos e as manifestações cognitivas produzidas, seja pelo tumor primário ou pelo tratamento do câncer em pacientes com tumores cerebrais primários, são fatores que influenciam negativamente a qualidade de vida desses pacientes.

Harvey Cushing, padre de la neurocirugía contemporánea / Harvey Cushing, father of contemporary neurosurgery

La neurocirugía como especialidad se inició en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y su nombre se debe a la iniciativa del médico Harvey Cushing, quien, después de realizar un periplo por tierras europeas, regresó a Estados Unidos y se dedicó por entero a la cirugía del sistema nervioso. En el presente trabajo se señalan aspectos relacionados con su niñez y adultez, así como su ingreso en el Johns Hopkins Hospital, su participación en la Primera Guerra Mundial y su consolidación como neurocirujano entre los años 1912 y 1932; periodo en el que trabajó en el Peter Bent Brigham Hospital. También se destacan sus aportes a esta rama de la medicina y a otras, su sorprendente producción científica, integrada por 24 libros y 658 artículos, y sus diferentes galardones, entre ellos el Premio Pulitzer de 1926. Finalmente, se le reconoce su papel fundacional de la Society Neurological Surgeons, que luego adoptó el nombre Harvey Cushing Society y hoy es la American Association of Neurological Surgeons. Con estas páginas se persigue rendir tributo a este ilustre galeno, padre de la neurocirugía contemporánea.

Neurosurgery as specialty began in the second half of the XIX century and its name is due to the initiative of the doctor Harvey Cushing who, after carrying out a journey for European lands, returned to the United States and was entirely devoted to the nervous system surgery. Some aspects related to his childhood and adulthood are pointed out in this work, as well as his admission to Johns Hopkins Hospital, his participation in the First World War and his consolidation as neurosurgeon from 1912 to 1932; when he worked at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital. His contributions to this branch of medicine and to other branches, his surprising scientific production, integrated by 24 books and 658 articles, and his different rewards, such as the Pulitzer Prize in 1926 are also remarkable. Finally, his fundational role of the Society Neurological Surgeons is recognized, that adopted the name Harvey Cushing Society and today is the American Association of Neurological Surgeons. The aim of these pages is to pay tribute to this distinguished physician, father of the contemporary neurosurgery.

Linfocitos T modificados por ingeniería genética: ¿Una nueva esperanza para el tratamiento del glioblastoma? / Genetically modified T lymphocytes: A new hope for glioblastoma treatment?

Resumen El glioblastoma es uno de los tumores primarios del sistema nervioso central más agresivos, debido a su alta capacidad de generar resistencia a la mayoría de los tratamientos oncológicos disponibles actualmente. Asimismo, este tumor tiene un elevado potencial de recidiva y genera una mortalidad alta entre los individuos afectados. Por lo tanto, existe una urgente necesidad por contar con nuevas estrategias terapéuticas que permitan lograr una mayor tasa de remisión y una mejor sobrevida en los pacientes con glioblastoma. Novedosos avances en inmunoterapia, como la generación de linfocitos T autólogos modificados por ingeniería genética, prometen ser agentes terapéuticos capaces de proveer un grado considerable de control sobre diferentes tipos de cánceres. En el presente artículo, se comentan los resultados de algunas investigaciones recientes sobre el uso específico de esta estrategia para el manejo de individuos con glioblastoma.

Abstract Glioblastoma is among the most aggressive primary tumors of the central nervous system due to its high capacity to acquire resistance to many of the currently available oncologic treatments. Likewise, this tumor possesses an elevated potential for recurrence generating a high mortality among affected individuals. Therefore, there is an urgent necessity for new therapeutic strategies to achieve a higher remission rate and a better survival rate in patients with glioblastoma. New advances in immunotherapy, such as the production of autologous T lymphocytes modified by genetic engineering, are promissory therapeutic agents capable of providing a considerable degree of control over different types of cancers. In this article, we discuss the results of some recent studies

Comportamiento de los gliomas de alto grado en el servicio Neurocirugía de Matanzas. 2017-2019 / Behavior of high-grade gliomas at Matanzas Neurosurgery service. 2017-2019

RESUMEN Introducción: el astrocitoma anaplásico y el glioblastoma multiforme son las formas más agresivas de glioma maligno. Existen avances en radioterapia, quimioterapia y tratamientos de resección quirúrgica agresiva. Esto último incluye métodos como los de tomografía de coherencia óptica, cirugía guiada por fluorescencia, craneotomía de vigilia, terapia térmica intersticial con láser para la ablación por glioblastoma multiforme, microscopía intraoperatoria confocal y espectrometría de masas intraoperatoria, pero a pesar de todo ello el pronóstico resulta sombrío. Objetivo: determinar el comportamiento de los gliomas de alto grado en el Servicio de Neurocirugía de la provincia Matanzas. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, con los pacientes diagnosticados de gliomas de alto grado, en el Servicio Neurocirugía, de la provincia Matanzas, en el período de 1ero de enero del 2017 a 1ero de enero del 2019, para un total de 40 casos. Resultados: la edad media de las lesiones fue de 52 años, la cefalea fue el síntoma predominante, con el 72,2 %. La sintomatología se presentó con una evolución de menos de un mes. Conclusiones: en el 62 % predominaron los gliomas frontales y la variedad histológica glioblastoma multiforme. La excéresis subtotal se aplicó en la mayor cantidad de cirugías, la calidad de vida al egreso fue superior que al ingreso (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction. Anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) and Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the most aggressive forms of malignant glioma. Despite advances in radiotherapy, chemotherapy and aggressive surgical resection treatments, such as optical coherence tomography, fluorescence-guided surgery, waking craniotomy, laser interstitial thermal therapy for GBM ablation, intraoperative confocal microscopy and intraoperative mass spectrometry, the prognosis remains bleak. Objective: to determine the behavior of high grade gliomas in the Neurosurgery Service of the province of Matanzas. Materials and methods: cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study with patients diagnosed with high-grade gliomas in the Neurosurgery Service of the province of Matanzas, in the period from January 1, 2017 to January 1, 2019, for a total of 40 cases. Results: the average age of the lesionated patients was 52 years; headache was the predominant symptom, with 72.2 %; the evolution at the presentation of symptoms was less than a month. Conclusions: frontal gliomas predominated in 62 % of the cases, and predominated also glioblastoma multiforme histological variety. Subtotal excision was used in most surgeries. Life quality at discharging was higher than at the moment of admission (AU).

Aspirador ultrasónico para manejo de tumores cerebrales / Ultrasonic aspirator for brain tumor management

INTRODUCCIÓN: Este documento técnico se realiza a solicitud del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño - San Borja. A. Cuadro clínico: Los tumores cerebrales pueden ser primarios (30%) o metastásicos (70%). De todos los tumores primarios, el 40% son benignos y raramente se diseminan fuera del sistema nervioso central (SNC). Los tumores cerebrales metastásicos, en su mayoría, se originan del pulmón, mama, riñón, sistema digestivo y piel (melanoma). El tratamiento depende del tipo de tumor, la histología, la progresión y la localización. Entre estos tratamientos se encuentra la resección quirúrgica, la radiación y la quimioterapia. Existen diferentes tecnologías que se utilizan para la resección de tumores cerebrales, entre ellas se encuentra el aspirador ultrasónico. B. Tecnología sanitaria: El aspirador ultrasónico es un dispositivo que succiona de forma selectiva el tejido tumoral utilizando energía ultrasónica focalizada de gran intensidad. Existen diferentes marcas en el mercado internacional, sin embargo, no se ha podido identificar marcas disponibles en el Perú a través de una fuente oficial. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la eficacia y seguridad, así como documentos relacionados a la decisión de cobertura del aspirador ultrasónico para tumores cerebrales. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó una búsqueda en las principales bases de datos bibliográficas: MEDLINE, LILACS, COCHRANE, así como en buscadores genéricos de Internet incluyendo Google Scholar y TRIPDATABASE. Adicionalmente, se hizo una búsqueda dentro de la información generada por las principales instituciones internacionales de neurología y neurocirugía de tecnologías sanitarias que realizan revisiones sistemáticas (RS), evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias (ETS) y guías de práctica clínica (GPC). RESULTADOS: No se identificaron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, revisiones sistemáticas o estudios observacionales que proporcionaran datos comparativos de la tecnología de interés versus el comparador. Complementariamente, se identificaron tres series de casos y un estudio de opinión de experto acerca de la experiencia utilizando la tecnología en una institución. CONCLUSIONES: La evidencia con respecto al uso del aspirador ultrasónico para el manejo de tumores cerebrales es escasa. Si bien no se identificó estudios comparativos del uso de esta tecnología, existen series de casos que evidencian éxito en la remoción de tejido tumoral sin reportar lesiones en los vasos sanguíneos o los nervios en la zona de la intervención. No se han reportado eventos adversos severos asociados al uso de esta tecnología. Las guías de práctica clínica recabadas recomiendan la extirpación de tumores según sea el caso, pero no especifican una técnica quirúrgica preferencial para el procedimiento. No se identificaron evaluaciones de tecnología sanitaria ni evaluaciones económicas que evalúen a la tecnología.

Aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos y quirúrgicos de los tumores cerebrales metastásicos / Aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e cirúrgicos dos tumores cerebrais metastáticos / Epidemiological, clinical and surgical aspects of metastatic brain tumors

Introducción: los tumores que se diseminan en el cerebro, provenientes de una neoplasia primaria localizada en otros órganos del cuerpo son conocidos como tumores cerebrales metastásicos. Se estima que el 25 por ciento de los tumores malignos en otros lugares del organismo provocan metástasis en la cabeza. Objetivo: sistematizar los aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos y quirúrgicos de los tumores cerebrales metastásicos, así como las herramientas diagnósticas y terapéuticas necesarias para ofrecerles al enfermo y familiares las mejores alternativas ante la enfermedad. Método: se realizó una revisión narrativa a partir del estudio documental de revisiones sistemáticas, metaanálisis, guías de práctica clínica, artículos originales y tesis doctorales que se encontraron en las bases de datos electrónicas. Resultados: la incidencia de la metástasis cerebral varía en dependencia de la localización del tumor primario. En los adultos, la incidencia más alta se observó entre la quinta y séptima década de vida, sin diferencias en el sexo. Los tumores cerebrales tienen diferentes formas de presentación clínica, entre ellas se encontraron el síndrome de hipertensión intracraneal, signos focales, crisis epilépticas y síndrome endocrino. Los tres componentes primordiales del manejo de pacientes con metástasis cerebral fueron las drogas no quimioterapéuticas y quimioterapéuticas, la intervención quirúrgica para la exéresis tumoral y la radioterapia. Conclusiones: los tumores metastásicos cerebrales constituyen un problema de salud con incidencia creciente, con un cuadro sindrómico complejo y polimorfo, poseen amplio arsenal terapéutico que abarca las drogas no quimioterapéuticas, la quimioterapia, la quirúrgica y la radioterapia las cuales deben ser ajustadas a las características de cada paciente para lograr una sobrevida lo más larga posible, con mayor calidad de vida(AU)

Introduction: tumors that spread in the brain, from a primary neoplasm located in other organs of the body are known as metastatic brain tumors. It is estimated that 25per cent of malignant tumors in other parts of the body cause head metastases. Objective: to systematize the clinical, epidemiological and surgical aspects of metastatic brain tumors, as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic tools necessary to offer the patient and family the best alternatives to the disease. Method: a narrative review was carried out based on the documentary study of systematic reviews, meta-analysis, clinical practice guides, original articles and doctoral theses that were found in the electronic databases. Results: the incidence of brain metastasis varies depending on the location of the primary tumor. In adults, the highest incidence was observed between the fifth and seventh decade of life, without differences in sex. Brain tumors have different forms of clinical presentation, including intracranial hypertension syndrome, focal signs, epileptic seizures and endocrine syndrome. The three primary ISSN 1028-9933 526 components of the management of patients with cerebral metastases were non-chemotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic drugs, surgical intervention for tumor excision and radiotherapy. Conclusions: metastatic brain tumors constitute a health problem with increasing incidence, with a complex syndromic and polymorphic picture, they have a wide therapeutic arsenal that includes non-chemotherapeutic drugs, chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy which must be adjusted to the characteristics of each patient to achieve a survival as long as possible, with a better quality of life(AU)

Introdução: tumores que se espalham no cérebro, a partir de uma neoplasia primária localizada em outros órgãos do corpo, são conhecidos como tumores cerebrais metastáticos. Estima-se que 25per cent dos tumores malignos em outras partes do corpo causem metástases na cabeça. Objetivo: sistematizar os aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos e cirúrgicos dos tumores cerebrais metastáticos, bem como as ferramentas diagnósticas e terapêuticas necessárias para oferecer ao paciente e à família as melhores alternativas para a doença. Método: foi realizada uma revisão narrativa baseada no estudo documental de revisões sistemáticas, metanálises, guias de prática clínica, artigos originais e teses de doutorado encontradas nas bases de dados eletrônicas. Resultados: a incidência de metástases cerebrais varia de acordo com a localização do tumor primário. Nos adultos, a maior incidência foi observada entre a quinta e a sétima década de vida, sem diferenças entre os sexos. Os tumores cerebrais têm diferentes formas de apresentação clínica, incluindo síndrome de hipertensão intracraniana, sinais focais, convulsões epilépticas e síndrome endócrina. Os três componentes principais do tratamento de pacientes com metástases cerebrais foram medicamentos não quimioterápicos e quimioterápicos, intervenção cirúrgica para excisão de tumores e radioterapia. Conclusões: os tumores cerebrais metastáticos constituem um problema de saúde com incidência crescente, com quadro sindrômico e polimórfico complexo, possuem amplo arsenal terapêutico que abrange medicamentos não quimioterápicos, quimioterapia, cirurgia e radioterapia, que devem ser ajustados às características de cada paciente para alcançar a sobrevivência o maior tempo possível, com uma melhor qualidade de vida(AU)

Concurrencia de meningioma y astrocitoma: breve reporte de caso / Concurrence of meningioma and astrocytoma: brief case report

Las neoplasias intracraneales múltiples son infrecuentes, representan alrededor del 4 por ciento de todos los tumores cerebrales. Estas lesiones se observan ocasionalmente en pacientes con neurofibromatosis y en tratados con radioterapia. Presentamos el caso de un paciente portador de meningioma y una lesión de estirpe glial manejado en nuestro servicio de neurocirugía.

Multiple intracranial neoplasms are rare, representing about 4 percent of all brain tumors. These lesions are occasionaly observed in patients with neurofibromatosis and in patients treated with radiotherapy. We report the case of a patient with a meningioma and a glial lineage lesion , handled in our service of neurosurgery, University of Cartagena, Colombia.