¿influyen los determinantes socioeconómicos en la oferta de los menús escolares? / Do socioeconomic determinants influence school menus?

Introducción: la oferta de menús escolares es un área relevante en las estrategias de salud. Objetivos: analizar las diferencias en el cumplimiento de las frecuencias recomendadas de alimentos y otras características del comedor escolar en los centros educativos según su titularidad y la renta del barrio. Métodos: se ofreció la revisión trienal a los centros escolares de la ciudad de Barcelona que disponían de servicio de comedor. En los tres cursos académicos, participaron 341 centros: 175 públicos y 165 de titularidad privada. Para observar si existían diferencias, se utilizó la prueba de Pearson Chi-cuadrado o el test exacto de Fisher según el caso. Los análisis se realizaron con el programa estadístico STATA SE/15. Resultados: no se encontraron diferencias significativas según el nivel socioeconómico del barrio del centro educativo. Los centros educativos privados y concertados presentaban un menor cumplimiento en la pasta (11,1 %), las carnes rojas y procesadas (24,7 %), la carne total (7,4 %) y la fruta fresca (12,1 %), así como un menor uso del aceite recomendado para cocinar (13,1 %). Por el contrario, en los centros educativos públicos se observaba un menor cumplimiento en la recomendación del tipo de aceite para freír (16,9 %). Conclusiones: en los centros privados y concertados es necesario recomendar mejoras en la adecuación de las raciones. Se debería indagar en las causas que pueden explicar esta menor adecuación en varios aspectos como en el cumplimiento de las adecuaciones en estos centros.(AU)

Introduction: the components of school menus is an important area in health strategies.Objectives: the aim of this study was to analyse differences in adherence to recommended food frequencies and other characteristics of schoolmeals in educational centres according to the type of school and neighbourhood income.Method: schools in the city of Barcelona with a lunch service were offered a three-year review. In the three academic years, 341 schoolsparticipated: 175 were public and 165 were private. To identify any differences, the Pearson Chi-squared test or Fisher exact test were used, asappropriate. Statistical analyses were performed with the STATA SE/15 programme.Results: no statistically significant differences were found by the socioeconomic level of the school neighbourhood. Private and subsidisedschools showed lower adherence to recommendations on pasta (11.1 %), red and processed meat (24.7 %), total meat (7.4 %) and fresh fruit(12.1 %), and lower use of the recommended cooking oil (13.1 %). In contrast, public schools showed lower adherence to the recommendedtype of frying oil (16.9 %).Conclusions: in private and subsidised schools, improvements should be recommended on the frequency of intake of certain foods. Futurestudies should examine the causes of lower adherence to certain recommendations in these centres.(AU)

Peers and teachers as the best source of social support for school engagement for both advantaged and priority education area students.

Promoting student's school engagement is a major goal in our society. The literature has shown that students' proximal sources of social support can play a fundamental role in facilitating this engagement. The purpose of this study was (1) to compare perceived support from four sources (mother, father, teacher, and peers) as a function of two different middle-school student backgrounds, a priority education area and a privileged area; (2) and (3) to examine the contribution of these main sources of social support, either directly or indirectly (through sense of school belonging) to school engagement; and (4) to test whether perceived social support is more strongly related to school engagement, directly or indirectly, among students from priority education school compared to students from the advantaged area. In all, 623 middle-school students (aged 11-16) from either a privileged or priority education area participated in this study. The results showed that the mother was perceived as providing more support, followed by the father, the teachers, and the peers. Students from the priority education area perceived more support from their teachers than their counterparts from the more privileged area did. A path analysis showed that each source of social support, except for maternal support, contributed to school engagement. Peers and teachers emerged as the best source of support for school engagement, having significant direct effects among students from the priority education area and both direct and indirect (through the sense of school belonging) effects among students from the advantaged area. Peer support also appears to have a double-edged effect on school engagement among students in the priority education area. This study contributes to enlightening the phenomenon of school engagement in adolescence by clarifying the role of social support and the related mediating process. Being perceived as an important source of social support by students is not enough to contribute to their sense of school belonging and school engagement.

Internet addiction among Czech adolescents.

Our study estimates the prevalence of Internet addiction in Czech adolescents as well as differences by gender and school type. A total of 3,950 adolescents (n = 1,940 boys, n = 2,010 girls) from 11 to 19 years of age (M = 15.73, SD = 1.99) participated in the research. They completed the Internet Addiction Test, which consists of subscales for Salience, Excessive Use, Neglect Work, Anticipation, Lack of Control, and Neglect Social Life. The results indicate that adolescent girls have higher levels of internet addiction. In boys, unlike girls, internet addiction was associated with a reduction in social relationships and interactions. Our findings show interesting differences between adolescent girls and boys and the type of school attended in the Czech population in terms of Internet addiction.

Theory of mind complex task: validity based on relationships with external variables / Tarefa complexa de teoria da mente: validade baseada nas relações com variáveis externas / Tarea compleja de la teoría de la mente: validez basada en relaciones con variables externas

Most research on Theory of Mind (ToM) focuses on preschool years, with few studies targeting later years, especially in the national context. This study aimed to investigate evidence of the validity of a Theory of Mind Complex Task from the relationship with the external variables: age, type of school, and vocabulary. Ninety-eight children, aged between 6 and 9, from private and public schools participated. Results showed age and school effect, with better performance of children from private schools. There was a positive, significant, and moderate magnitude correlation with vocabulary. This study provides the first sources of evidence of task validity, indicating that age and type of school were relevant variables for ToM performance, and therefore should be considered in the elaboration of future norms.

A maior parte das pesquisas sobre a teoria da mente (ToM) concentra-se nos anos pré-escolares, sendo poucos os estudos direcionados aos anos posteriores, principalmente em contexto nacional. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar evidências de validade de uma tarefa complexa de ToM a partir da relação com variáveis externas: idade, tipo de escola e vocabulário. Participaram 98 crianças, entre 6 e 9 anos de idade, de escolas privadas e públicas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram efeito de idade e de escola, com melhor desempenho das crianças de escolas privadas. Houve correlação positiva, significativa e de magnitude moderada com vocabulário. Este estudo disponibiliza as primeiras fontes de evidências de validade da tarefa, indicando que idade e tipo de escola se mostraram variáveis relevantes para o desempenho em ToM, as quais, por isso, devem ser consideradas na elaboração de normas futuras.

Las investigaciones sobre la teoría de la mente (ToM) se centra en los años preescolares, especialmente en el contexto nacional. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la evidencia de la validez de una tarea compleja de la ToM a partir de la relación con variables externas: edad, tipo de escuela y vocabulario. Participaron 98 niños, de edades comprendidas entre 6 y 9 años, de escuelas privadas y públicas. Los resultados mostraron efecto de la edad y escolar, con un mejor desempeño de los niños de escuelas privadas. Hubo una correlación de magnitud moderada, positiva y significativa con el vocabulario. Este estudio proporciona las primeras fuentes de evidencia de la validez de la tarea, indicando que la edad y el tipo de escuela son variables relevantes para el desempeño de la ToM y, por lo tanto, deberían considerarse en la elaboración de normas futuras.

Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of screen time and physical activity with school performance at different types of secondary school.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have already reported associations of media consumption and/or physical activity with school achievement. However, longitudinal studies investigating independent effects of physical activity and media consumption on school performance are sparse. The present study fills this research gap and, furthermore, assesses relationships of the type of secondary school with media consumption and physical activity. METHODS: The consumption of screen-based media (TV/video, game console, PC/internet, and mobile phone) and leisure physical activity (organized and non-organized) of 10 - to 17-year old adolescents participating in the LIFE Child study in Germany were related to their school grades in two major school subjects (Mathematics and German) and in Physical Education. In addition to a cross-sectional analysis at baseline (N = 850), a longitudinal analysis (N = 512) investigated the independent effects of these activities on the school grades achieved 12 months later. All associations were adjusted for age, gender, socio-economic status, year of data assessment, body-mass-index, and school grades at baseline. A further analysis investigated differences in the consumption of screen-based media and physical activity as a function of the type of secondary school (highest vs. lower secondary school). RESULTS: Adolescents of lower secondary schools reported a significantly higher consumption of TV/video and game consoles than adolescents attending the highest secondary school. Independently of the type of school, a better school performance in Mathematics was predicted by a lower consumption of computers/internet, and a better performance in Physical Education was predicted by a lower consumption of TV/video and a higher frequency of non-organized physical activity. However, the association between non-organized physical activity and subsequent grades in Physical Education was significant in girls only. CONCLUSION: The present results suggest that media consumption has a negative effect on school achievement, whereas physical activity has a positive effect, which, however, is restricted to the subject Physical Education. Future studies might explore the relationship between media consumption and school career, for example, the choice or change of the secondary school type, in more detail. TRIAL REGISTRATION: LIFE Child study: ClinicalTrials.gov, clinical trial number NCT02550236.

What it feels like to be me: Linking emotional intelligence, identity, and intimacy.

The search for the self and for an intimate other are the normative tasks of adolescence and early adulthood. The role of emotions in the resolution of these developmental tasks, however, remains largely under-studied, especially in non-western cultures. The objective of the present study, therefore, was to examine the relationships between emotional intelligence, identity, and intimacy, among Indian adolescents. Differences across genders (boys vs. girls) and types of school (gender segregated vs. integrated) were also explored. A sample of 486 adolescents completed measures of emotional intelligence, identity, and intimacy. Girls scored higher than boys on intimacy, and those from segregated schools scored higher, than those from integrated schools, on emotional intelligence. Significant relationships emerged between emotional intelligence, and identity and intimacy, and were invariant across the groups. These findings underscore the pivotal role that emotional intelligence plays in healthy adolescent development, irrespective of personal and environmental variables.

Variabilidad del peso, la estatura y el índice de masa corporal según desarrollo puberal y tipo de colegio en adolescentes de Medellín, Colombia / Weight, height and body mass index variability according to both puberal development and to the type of school in adolescents of Medellín, Colombia

Introducción: La ciudad de Medellín carece de investigaciones sobre variaciones del crecimiento según grado de desarrollo puberal y condiciones socioeconómicas en adolescentes. Objetivo: analizar la variabilidad de peso, estatura e índice de masa corporal (IMC) según grado de desarrollo puberal y tipo de colegio en adolescentes de Medellín. Sujetos y métodos: de la investigación "Factores de riesgo cardiovascular de Medellín en 1998-1999", se seleccionaron adolescentes de ambos sexos en estadios II al V de desarrollo puberal según Tanner (genitales externos en hombres y desarrollo mamario en mujeres). Se analizaron los datos de peso, estatura e IMC (kg/m2), según desarrollo puberal y tipo de colegio público o privado. Resultados: los varones de los colegios privados tuvieron un peso (p=0,000), estatura (p=0,001) e IMC (p=0,002) superiores a los de los públicos, sin interacción del desarrollo puberal y tipo de colegio (p>0,05). En las mujeres, el peso y la estatura fueron superiores en las de colegios privados (p=0,000) con interacción entre desarrollo puberal y el tipo de colegio para ambos (p=0,013 y 0,040 respectivamente); el tipo de colegio no influyó sobre el IMC (p=0,347), pero si hubo interacción con el desarrollo puberal (p=0,013), al inicio el IMC fue mayor en las de colegios privados y la situación se invirtió en las de estadio V de desarrollo mamario. Conclusión: el grado de desarrollo puberal influye en el crecimiento de varones y mujeres; sin embargo la magnitud de la diferencia en IMC y los estadios en que ocurren podrían estar relacionados con factores culturales en las mujeres.

Introduction: Studies ofgrowth variation in adolescents according to puberal development and socio-economic conditions is lacking for Medellin city. Aim: to analyze weight, height and body mass index (BMI) variability according to puberal development and type of school in adolescents from Medellin. Subjects and methods: Adolescents ofboth sexes at stages II to V of Tanner puberal development previously involved in the study "Cardiovascular risk factors in Medellin 1998-1999" were selected. Weight, height and BMI (Kg/m2) data were analyzed according to puberal development and type of school (public or private). Results: Males from private schools had weight (p=0.000), height (p=0.001) and BMI (p=0.002) greater than those from public schools, without interaction ofpuberal development and type of school (p>0.05). In females, weight and height were greater in adolescents from private schools (p=0.000) showing an interaction between puberal development and type of school (weight p=0.013; height p=0.040); school type did not influence BMI (p=0.347), although there was interaction with puberal development (p=0.013). In the beginning BMI was greater for private schools women and then the situation became inverted at the end ofpuberal development (Tanner V). Conclusion: puberal development influences both males and females growth. However, the different magnitude on BMI and stages at which they occur could be related to cultural factors in women.

The differences of oral health-related behaviors by type of school among high school students in Gangneung city / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The principle purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of oral health-related behaviors by a type of school among high school students in Gangneung city. The secondary purpose was to assess the influences of other factors (father's education status, mother's education status, subjective economic status, FAS, experienced part-time job, pocket money and perceived stress) on these differences. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 1,282 high school students was conducted in Gangneung city. The response rate was 93.4%; general high school students were 773 and vocational high school students were 509. The data were collected by self-administered structured questionnaires. The differences of oral health-related behaviors of high school students by school type were assessed by a chisquare test. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the influences of other factors on these differences. RESULTS: Oral health-related behaviors were markedly better in students attending general high school, rather than vocational high school (P<0.001). The differences of oral health-related behaviors by school type were persisted after adjusting for gender (Model 1), socio-economic factors (Model 2), part-time job and pocket money (Model 3), psychological variables (Model 4) and all variables (Model 5), except for visiting a dental clinic. CONCLUSIONS: We found a marked influence of school type in oral health-related behaviors. This finding suggests that school type is a risk factor of oral health-related behaviors in high school students. Therefore, one of the best ways to enhance oral health for high school students is to develop oral health promotion programs for vocational high school students.