Physalis peruviana L. (Solanaceae) Is Not a Host of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae): Evidence from Multi-Year Field and Laboratory Studies in Colombia.

Scientifically-based, tephritid fly host status determination lies at the heart of strategic regulatory decisions impinging on international fruit trade. Here we conducted intensive field and laboratory studies with peaches as controls, to determine the host status of Physalis peruviana for the Medfly-Ceratitis capitata, as this fruit is experiencing a consumption boom worldwide. A total of 98,132 Uchuvas (local name), collected in Colombia from the plant or the ground over a three-year period (2016-2018) did not yield a single C. capitata larva or pupa, thus reaching a Probit 9 level with 99.9968% efficacy and 96% confidence level. Field-cage studies with enclosed fruit-bearing Uchuva plants, exposing fruit with an intact, damaged or totally removed husk to the attack of C. capitata, also failed to yield infestations. Highly artificial choice experiments, exposing gravid females to unripe and fully ripe fruit, resulted in an absence of infestations, even when overripe Uchuvas were artificially damaged. The husk and surface resins/waxes inhibit fly landings on fruit and oviposition activity. Considering our results and the fact that the foliage, husk and fruit of P. peruviana are repellent/toxic to insects, we conclude that this plant should be treated as a non-natural and non-conditional host of C. capitata.

Extracts of Physalis peruviana Protect Astrocytic Cells Under Oxidative Stress With Rotenone.

The use of medicinal plants to counteract the oxidative damage in neurodegenerative diseases has steadily increased over the last few years. However, the rationale for using these natural compounds and their therapeutic benefit are not well explored. In this study, we evaluated the effect of different Physalis peruviana extracts on astrocytic cells (T98G) subjected to oxidative damage induced by rotenone. Extracts of fresh and dehydrated fruits of the plant with different polarities were prepared and tested in vitro. Our results demonstrated that the ethanolic extract of fresh fruits (EF) and acetone-dehydrated fruit extract (AD) increased cell viability, reduced the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and preserved mitochondrial membrane potential. In contrast, we observed a significant reduction in mitochondrial mass when rotenone-treated cells were co-treated with EF and AD. These effects were accompanied by a reduction in the percentage of cells with fragmented/condensed nuclei and increased expression of endogenous antioxidant defense survival proteins such as ERK1/2. In conclusion, our findings suggest that ethanolic and acetone extracts from P. peruviana are potential medicinal plant extracts to overcome oxidative damage induced by neurotoxic compounds.

Cambios en el contenido nutricional de la uchuva (Physalis peruviana) frente a osmodeshidratación como método de conservación / Changes in nutritional content of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) versus osmotic dehydration as a preservation method

Antecedentes: la osmodeshidratación en un método de conservación de frutas, que en ocasiones se acompaña de escaldado. Objetivo: evaluar el cambio en el contenido nutricional de la uchuva (Physalis peruviana) después de proceso de osmodeshidratación previo escaldado y sin este. Materiales y métodos: se sometieron a osmodeshidratación en jarabe de sacarosa de 80 °Brix durante 48 horas uchuvas maduras escaldadas y sin escaldar. Se secaron a 50 °C durante tres horas. En los productos se comparó el contenido de humedad, grasa, fibra, proteína, ceniza y vitamina C frente a la uchuva fresca. Resultados: el aspecto visual de la uchuva fue igual en los dos tratamientos. El contenido de las frutas frescas frente a las sometidas a osmodeshidratadas con y sin escaldado fueron respectivamente: ceniza (g) 8,2±0,3; 1,3±0,2 y 3,4±0,4; grasas (g) 1,0±0,0; 1,0±0,1 y 0,2±0,0; proteínas (g) 9,8±0,2; 3,8±0,3 y 9,3±0,3 y vitamina C (mg) 92±0,3; 20±0,8 y 34±1,0. Los valores de p según Anova fueron 0,0001 para fibra, ceniza, proteína y vitamina C, y 0,0008 para grasa. Con excepción de las grasas, los valores más bajos fueron cuando se uso la osmodeshidratación con escaldado. Conclusiones: la osmodeshidratación disminuye el contenido nutricional de la uchuva, sin embargo las pérdidas son mayores cuando se hace escaldado previo.

Background: Osmotic dehydration is a preserving fruits method which may be associated to blanching. Objective: Assessing change in cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) nutritional content, after being subjected to osmotic dehydration process with and without prior blanching. Materials and methods: Ripe cape gooseberries blanching and unbleached were exposed to osmotic dehydration by sucrose syrup 80 °Brix for 48 hours. Then, fruits were removed from the osmotic agent, and were placed in a drying oven at 50 °C for 3 hours. Finally, content of fat, fiber, protein, ash and vitamin C were determined. Results: Cape gooseberries visual aspect did not differ between used methods. Content of different compounds content in fresh fruit versus, and under osmodehydrated with and without blanching were, respectively: ash (g) 8.2±0.3; 1.3±0.2 and 3.4 ±0.4; fat (g) 1.0±0.0; 1.0±0.1 and 0.2±0.0, protein (g) 9.8±0.2; 3.8±0.3 and 9.3±0. 3 and vitamin C (mg) 92±0.3; 20±0.8 and 34±1.0. P values evaluated by Anova were 0,0001 by fiber, ash, proteins and vitamin C, and 0,0008 by fat. Except for fat, in which the lowest values were obtained when osmotic dehydration with blanching was used. Conclusions: Osmotic dehydration decreases nutritional content of the cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana). However, the nutritious loss is especially affected if osmotic dehydration is joined to thermal processes as blanching.

Uchuva (Physalis peruviana L. ) ecotipo Colombia, mínimamente procesada inoculada con la cepa nativa lactobacillus plantarum LPBM10 mediante técnica de impregnación a vacío / Capegooseberry (Physalis Peruvian L. ) Colombian ecotype, minimal processed inoculated with native strain Lactobacillus Plantarum LPBM10 by means of vaccum impregnaron technique

During the last decade, the development of functional food has grown as the demand has increased significantly. The Group Functional Foods Research (GAF) of the National University of Colombia, Headquarters Medellin; applies the matrix engineering as the methodology to obtain these, adding antioxidant vitamins, minerals, pro-biotics, among others, in the structure of the fruits. Aim of this study was to develop cape gooseberry minimally processed inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum in glucose solution, using it as mechanism of incorporating the vacuum impregnation technique. Impregnated samples and stored at 4ºC, at time 0,5,10 and 15 days, counting showed 1J52 +/- 0,6 x 109 CFU/100g fresh cape gooseberry. Having dairy products as a referent to consider food as probiotic (106 CFU/day), an agreement can be made based on the results. The fruit cape gooseberry inoculated with L. plantarum presents these characteristics, providing an improvement in the consumer's diet. The development of innovative products like fruits minimally processed with probiotic microorganisms represents an advance in research and development that reinforces the growing culture food consumption that favors health.

En la última década el desarrollo de alimentos funcionales ha evolucionado y su demanda se ha incrementado notablemente. El grupo de Investigación en Alimentos Funcionales (GAF) de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, aplica la Ingeniería de Matrices como metodología de obtención de estos, adicionando vitaminas antioxidantes, minerales, probióticos, entre otros, en la estructura de los frutos. El objetivo de este estudio es desarrollar uchuva mínimamente procesada, inoculada con Lactobacillus plantarum en solución de glucosa, utilizando como mecanismo de incorporación la técnica de impregnación a vacío. Las muestras impregnadas y almacenadas a 4ºC, en los tiempos deO, 5, 10 y 15 días; presentaron conteos de 1,52 +/- 0,6 x 10(9) UFC/100g uchuva fresca. Teniendo como referente los productos lácteos para considerar un alimento como probiótico (10(6) UFC/día), se puede decir de acuerdo con los resultados, que la uchuva inoculada con L. plantarum presenta estas características y puede proporcionar un mejoramiento en la salud del consumidor. El desarrollo de productos innovadores como frutas mínimamente procesadas con microorganismos probióticos, representa un avance en investigación que refuerza la creciente cultura de consumo de alimentos que favorecen la salud.

CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LOS COMPUESTOS VOLÁTILES ACTIVOS OLFATIVAMENTE EN UCHUVA (Physalisperuviana L.) / CHARACTERIZATION OF ODOR-ACTIVE VOLATILES IN UCHUVA (Physalis peruviana L.) / CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE COMPOSTOS VOLÁTEIS ATIVOS OLFATIVAMENTE EM UCHUVA (Physalis peruviana L.)

Durante el estudio de los compuestos activos olfativamente en el aroma de la uchuva (Physalis peruviana L.) se identificaron los compuestos volátiles, obtenidos por 3 técnicas, extracción líquido-líquido con pentano-diclorometano (1:1) (LL), Solvent-Assisted Flavor Evaporation (SAFE) y í/eadspace-Microextracción en fase sólida (HS-MEFS), y se encontraron diferencias en la calidad del aroma de los extractos mediante el análisis olfato-métrico. La técnica SAFE permitió obtener un extracto con un aroma muy semejante al de la fruta fresca. Los compuestos que presentaron los valores más altos de factor de dilución de aroma (FD) fueron: hexanal, 3-hidroxi-2-butanona, 2-metil-propanol, 2-hidroxibutanoato de etilo, octanoato de etilo y 3-hidroxibutanoato de butilo. En el extracto LL se detectaron algunos compuestos sin actividad olfativa en la fruta; en contraste, mediante la técnica de HS-MEFS no fue posible detectar todos los compuestos activos olfativamente, principalmente los de mayor polaridad. Estos resultados muestran la utilidad del nuevo enfoque de análisis en química de aromas, el cual le da más relevancia al análisis olfativo en estos estudios.

During the study of odor-active active compounds in the aroma of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.), volatile compounds obtained by three techniques-liquid liquid extraction with penta-ne-dichloromethane (1:1) (LL), Solvent-Assisted Flavor Evaporation (SAFE) and Headspace-Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) were identified. Differences in the aroma quality of the extracts were found by olfactometric analyses. The SAFE technique allowed obtain in ganextract with similar aroma to the freshfruit. Thecompounds with highest Flavor Dilution factor (FD) value were hexanal, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 2-methylpropanol, ethyl 2-hydroxybutanoate, ethyl octanoate, and butyl 3-hydroxybutanoate. Some compounds without olfactive activity in the fruit aroma were detected in the LL extract; in contrast, it was not possible todetectalloftheodor-activevolatilesby using HS-SPME technique, especially those of the most polarity. These results showtheutilityinusingthenewapproach of flavor chemistry analysis, which gives more relevance to the odor analysis during these studies.

Durante o estudo de compostos olfativos ativos no aroma de uchuva (Physalis peruviana L.), foram identificados os compostos voláteis obtidos por três técnicas: extração líquido-líquido com pentano-diclorometano (1:1) (LL), Solvent-Assisted Flavor Evaporation (SAFE) e Heads-pace-Microextração em Fase Sólida (HS-MEFS). Também se acharam diferenças na qualidade do aroma dos extratos por meio de análise de olfatometria. A técnica SAFE permitiu a obtenção de um extrato com um aroma semelhante à fruta fresca. Os compostos que apresentaram os maiores valores de fator de diluição de aroma (FD) foram: hexanal, 3-hidroxi-2-butanona, 2 metilpropanol, octanoato de etilo e 3-hidroxibutanoato de butilo. No extracto LL foram detectados alguns compostos sem atividade olfativa no fruto; em contrapartida, pela técnica de HS-MEFS não foi possível detectar todos os compostos ativos olfativamente, principalmente os de maior polaridade. Estes resultados mostram a utilidade do uso de uma nova abordagem para a análise de química do aroma, que dá mais importância á análise olfativa em estes estudos.

EVALUACIÓN SENSORIAL DE UCHUVA (Physalis peruviana L.) ECOTIPO COLOMBIA IMPREGNADA CON LA CEPA NATIVA Lactobacillus plantarum LPBM10 Y LA CEPA COMERCIAL Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 / SENSORY EVALUATION OF CAPE GOOSEBERRY (Physalis peruviana L.) COLOMBIAN ECOTYPE IMPREGNATED WITH NATIVE STRAIN Lactobacillus plantarum LPBM10 AND COMMERCIAL STRAIN Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393

La evaluación sensorial es una de las herramientas más importantes en el desarrollo de alimentos innovadores, como es el caso de frutas con microorganismos probióticos; bacterias como L. plantarum y L. casei han demostrado efectos benéficos en la salud de quien los consume. Esta investigación evalúa los atributos sensoriales de uchuvas inoculadas con las cepas L. plantarum y L. casei utilizando el proceso de impregnación a vacío como mecanismo de incorporación en el fruto. Se utiliza como líquido de impregnación solución de glucosa al 14% p/p inoculada con lactobacilos a una concentración de 5 en la escala McFarland. A las muestras se les aplicaron pruebas descriptivas escalares de 9 bloques; los jueces evaluaron la mayor o menor intensidad del atributo calificado con respecto a la muestra control, que corresponde a uchuva fresca en las mismas condiciones de almacenamiento (temperatura y tiempo) que las muestras impregnadas. En general, los miembros del panel entrenado encuentran las uchuvas impregnadas más dulces, jugosas, translúcidas, anaranjadas, menos ácidas y menos duras.

Sensory evaluation is one of the most important tools in new food development, such as fruits with probiotic microorganisms. Bacteria like L. plantarum and L. casei show beneficial health effects in people consuming them. This investigation evaluates the sensory attributes of cape gooseberry inoculated with the strains L. plantarum and L. casei using the vacuum impregnation process as incorporation mechanism in the fruit. A 14% p/p glucose solution inoculated with lactobacilli in a concentration of 5 in a McFarland scale is used as the liquid of impregnation. Tests scalars descriptive of 9 blocks are applied to the samples. The judges evaluate the biggest or smallest intensity in the qualified attribute with regard to the control sample, which was fresh cape gooseberry under the same storage conditions (temperature and time) that the impregnated samples. In general, the results established by the trained panel show that impregnated cape gooseberry are sweeter, more juicy, more translucent, more orange-coloured, less acid and less harsh.

SECADO DE UCHUVA (Physalis peruviana L) POR AIRE CALIENTE CON PRETRATAMIENTO DE OSMODESHIDRATACIÓN / DRY GOOSEBERRY (Physalis peruviana L) WITH PRETREATMENT OF OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION

En este trabajo se determinan las condiciones de temperatura más favorables para un proceso de secado de uchuva (Physalis peruviana L) con aire caliente, con deshidratación osmótica (DO) como pretratamiento, utilizando una solución de sacarosa de 70o Brix a 40oC durante 16 horas. Se realiza un seguimiento de la degradación de β-caroteno con el tiempo y la temperatura. En la fruta tratada con aire caliente a 60oC y pretratada con DO, se obtiene una pérdida total de β-caroteno del 98%. La fruta tratada con aire caliente a 40 oC y sin DO, presenta la menor pérdida total de β-caroteno, la cual alcanza un 28%. Los tiempos de secado para alcanzar una humedad de la fruta cercana a 2,5% base seca son de 7, 9 y 12 horas a 60, 50 y 40oC respectivamente, para las frutas tratadas sin DO. Para las frutas tratadas con DO, los tiempos de secado son de 4, 5 y 6 horas a 60, 50 y 40ºC respectivamente. La cinética de degradación encontrada es de primer orden. El estudio de estimación de costos de proceso de secado encuentra que la mejor condición de proceso es a 60oC y sin el tratamiento de DO, con un costo aproximado de procesamiento de $374,42/Kg de fruta.

This study find the air temperatures for dehydrating Cape gooseberry, (Physalis peruviana L), with osmotic dehydration as a pretreatment, using a solution of sucrose of 70 o Brix to 40 oC by 16 hours. The highest level of β-carotene degradation, 98%, due to the effects of oxygen, temperature and provitamin lixiviation, takes place with the pretreated fruits, which dry at 60ºC. Lixiviation contributes to 80% of this. The fruits without pretreatment and dry at a temperature of 40ºC suffer a lower level of β-carotene degradation, 28%. The times for the untreated fruit, to reach a moisture level close to 2.5%, decrease as the air temperature increase (40, 50 y 60ºC, 12, 9 and 7 hours respectively). In the case of the pretreated fruit, the drying times are 4, 5, and 6 hours for 60, 50 y 40ºC respectively. Degradation kinetic is first order. The economic study find that the cost for dehydrating at 60°C for the untreated fruit was the most suitable with an approximately cost of $374.42/Kg of fruit.