O trabalho feminino assalariado: a dialética na produção e reprodução / Salaried female work: the dialectic in production and reproduction

Resumo: Neste texto, estamos trazendo alguns apontamentos baseados nas obras de Marx sobre trabalho produtivo e improdutivo. Refletimos também sobre aquele trabalho não remunerado realizado pela mulher no espaço doméstico. Com este pano de fundo, estamos dialogando criticamente com o texto "Salários contra o trabalho doméstico" ("Wages against housework"), presente no livro O ponto zero da revolução: trabalho doméstico, reprodução e luta feminista, de Silvia Federici.

Abstract: In this text we are bringing some notes based on Marx, about productive and unproductive work. We also reflect on the unpaid work performed by women in the domestic space. And against this backdrop, we are critically dialoguing with the text "Wages against housework", present in the book Revolution at point zero: housework, reproduction and feminist struggle by Silvia Federici.

Domains of Physical and Mental Workload in Health Work and Unpaid Domestic Work by Gender Division: A Study with Primary Health Care Workers in Brazil.

Various studies indicate that workload metrics can be used to assess inequities in the division of labor according to gender and in the mental health of health care professionals. In most studies, the workload is portrayed in a way that does not integrate the different fields of work, that is, work in health services and unpaid domestic work. The objective was to determine the effects of the workload domains of health work and unpaid domestic work according to the gender division of health professionals working in primary health care (PHC), and to analyze the workload as an inducer of anxiety disorders and episodes of depression. This cross-sectional study consisted of 342 health care professionals recruited for interview at primary health care units in the extreme south of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Sociodemographic and occupational variables, workload in PHC and unpaid domestic work, and dichotomies of anxiety disorders and episodes of depression were considered. Poisson and multivariate linear regression models were used for data analysis. Cohen's standardized effect size was used to assess the magnitude of the difference between women and men in terms of workload. The female professionals presented higher scores in terms of PHC work and unpaid domestic work and higher proportions of episodes of depression and anxiety disorders compared to males. The male professionals showed that anxiety disorders presented a medium standardized effect size on domestic workload and the level of frustration with family involvement was higher in those with episodes of depression. The results illustrate that the workload metric is an important indicator of female vulnerability to working conditions in PHC and in the family environment.

Self-perceived health status, gender, and work status.

This study analyzes the relationship between gender and self-perceived health status in Spanish retirees and housewives from a sample of 1,106 community-dwelling older adults. A multivariate linear regression model was used in which self-perceived health status was measured by the EQ-5D visual analogue scale and gender according to work status (retired men and women and housewives). Retired males reported a significantly better health status than housewives. Self-perceived health status was closely associated with physical, mental, and functional health and leisure activities. Finally, being a woman with complete dedication to domestic work is associated with a worse state of self-perceived health.

The division of labor by sex among Japanese physicians / 医学教育

1）To evaluate the division of labor by sex among Japanese physicians, we used anonymous, voluntary questionnaires to survey the alumni of a private medical school about the time spent weekly on clinical activities and unpaid domestic work.<br>2）Although the median time spent per week on clinical activities was less for women physicians （40 hours） than for men （50 hours）, the time spent on unpaid domestic work was significantly more for women （30 hours） than for men （3 hours）.<br>3）When the time spent on both clinical activities and domestic activities was totaled, women physicians worked more hours per week than did men physicians.<br>4）Our study showed a division of labor by sex among Japanese physicians.

El trabajo no remunerado de cuidado de la salud: naturalización e inequidad / O trabalho não remunerado de cuidado da saúde: naturalização e iniquidade / Unpaid care in health: naturalization and gender inequality

Gran parte del trabajo de cuidado de la salud-enfermedad se desarrolla en los hogares y tiene las características de ser femenino, no remunerado e inequitativo porque implica desigualdades de género en el reparto del tiempo, las actividades y las compensaciones. Para aportar a lasdiscusiones sobre la equidad sanitaria y la equidad de género, este ensayo busca controvertir los argumentos que definen las asimetrías de poder y posición que subyacen a las diferencias deroles entre hombres y mujeres sobre los cuales se apoyan muchas políticas y programas sociales que, basadas en la naturalización de las relaciones patriarcales y la división sexual del trabajo, contribuyen a mantener o profundizar las inequidades.

Health care often takes place at home. By acquiring feminine characteristics and connotations as an unpaid domestic activity, it implies gender discrimination in time distribution and its compensation for women. In order to contribute to the discussions in health and gender equality, this essay aims to reexamine power asymmetries and positions that emerge from the gender biased historical division of labor, where a significant amount of policies and social programs are based on naturalized patriarchal relations and this division of labor, a phenomenon that contributes to maintain or even deepen social inequalities.

Grande parte do trabalho de cuidado da saúde-doença desenvolve-se nos lares e tem características de ser feminino, não remunerado e díspar porque implica desigualdades de gênero na divisão do tempo, das atividades e as compensações. Para contribuir com as discussões sobre equidade sanitária e a equidade de gênero, este ensaio procurar controverter os argumentos quedefinem as assimetrias de poder e posição que subjazem as diferenças de papéis entre homens e mulheres sobre os quais se apoiam muitas políticas e programas sociais que, baseadas nanaturalização das relações patriarcais e a divisão sexual do trabalho, contribuem a manter ou aprofundar as iniquidades.