Ureteral obstruction may activate kidney latent tuberculosis. A qualitative study.

Objectives: To analyze the hypothesis that ureteral obstruction may activate kidney latent tuberculous though qualitative study of Urogenital Tuberculosis patients. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted using semistructured interviews in eight patients with Urogenital Tuberculosis. The progression of the disease from the initial symptoms was characterized through the analysis of the clinical and radiological data. The presence of ureteral obstruction prior to the onset of renal tuberculosis was observed in three patients. Results: Patient 1: A 58-year-old female had five episodes of acute left ureteral lithiasis in two years prior to left kidney tuberculosis. Patient 2: A 55-year-old male patient had a 1.2 cm proximal left ureteral stone and in the following six months, the diagnosis of tuberculosis was made in a nonfunctioning left kidney with ureteral thickening and stenosis. Patient 3: A 47-year-old male patient had a 1.2 cm stone in the proximal right ureter and developed urinary tuberculosis with a nonfunctioning right kidney and a contracted bladder. Conclusion: Kidney tuberculosis may appear in the same kidney that had previously suffered stone ureteral obstruction, which may have created local conditions for the activation of latent foci of renal tuberculosis.

Extraction and quantification of oxalic acid in leaves of plant species used in the treatment of chronic non-communicable diseases / Extracción y cuantificación de ácido oxálico en hojas de especies vegetales utilizadas en el tratamiento de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles / Extração e quantificação de ácido oxálico em folhas de espécies vegetais utilizadas no tratamento de doenças crônicas nã transmissíveis

RESUMEN Introducción: Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT) tienen las tasas de mortalidad y morbilidad más altas del mundo. El uso de plantas medicinales en la terapia de estas enfermedades es una realidad muy extendida. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las especies vegetales contienen cristales de oxalato cálcico, producto del metabolismo vegetal y su ingesta se correlaciona con la aparición de problemas renales como la litiasis urinaria, especialmente en personas predispuestas a estas afecciones. Objetivo: Determinar la cantidad de ácido oxálico en especies vegetales que se utilizan en el tratamiento de las ECNT. Metodología: Se obtuvieron extractos acuosos y ácidos de 0,5 g del fármaco vegetal de la especie y, posteriormente, se tituló con una solución estandarizada de permanganato de potasio 0,02 mol.L-1con las concentraciones de ácido oxálico expresadas en g/100g de fármaco vegetal seco. Resultados: La concentración de ácido oxálico osciló entre 4,58 ± 0,09 g/100 g a 17,21 ± 0,07 g/100 g en especies de plantas y la extracción de ácido fue más eficiente. Se realizó una optimización metodológica para las especies que presentaron los mejores resultados, Psidiumguajava y Artocarpus heterophyllus. Conclusión: Los datos obtenidos pueden servir de base para decisiones médicas y para profesionales que prescriben plantas medicinales.

SUMMARY Introduction: Chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs) are a group of diseases characterized by having the highest mortality and morbidity rates in the world. Despite the increase in new drug technologies, the use of medicinal plants as an aid in therapy for these diseases is a widespread reality. However, most plant species contain inorganic crystals of calcium oxalate, a product of plant metabolism, which has several functions in plant tissues. For the human species, its ingestion is associated with the arising of kidney problems such as urinary lithiasis, especially in people who have a predisposition to these conditions. Aim: To determine the amount of oxalic acid in plant species, which are used in the treatment of CNCDs. Methodology: After collection and characterization the plant species, aqueous and acidic extracts were obtained from 0.5 g of the plant drug of each species and, subsequently, were titrated with a standardized 0.02 mol.L-1 potassium permanganate solution and the concentrations of oxalic acid were expressed in g/100 g of dry vegetable drug. Result: The data obtained from the concentration of oxalic acid ranged from 4.58 ± 0.09 g/100 g to 17.21 ± 0.07 g/100 g and demonstrated that the concentrations from acid extraction are higher compared to the aqueous extraction, for all vegetables species analyzed. Methodological optimization was performed for the species that showed the highest results, Psidium guajava and Artocarpus hetero phyllus. Conclusion: The data obtained can serve as input for medical decisions and for professionals who prescribe medicinal plants.

RESUMO Introdução: As doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) são um grupo de doenças caracterizadas por apresentar as maiores taxas de mortalidade e morbidade do mundo. Apesar do aumento de novas tecnologias medicamentosas, o uso de plantas medicinais como auxiliar na terapia dessas doenças é uma realidade bastante difundida. No entanto, a maioria das espécies vegetais contém cristais inorgânicos de oxalato de cálcio, um produto do metabolismo vegetal, que possui diversas funções nos tecidos vegetais. Para a espécie humana, sua ingestão está associada ao surgimento de problemas renais como a litíase urinária, principalmente em pessoas com predisposição a essas condições. Objetivo: Determinar a quantidade de ácido oxálico em espécies vegetais, que são utilizadas no tratamento de DCNT. Metodologia: Após a coleta e caracterização das espécies vegetais, extratos aquosos e ácidos foram obtidos a partir de 0,5 g da droga vegetal de cada espécie e, posteriormente, titulados com solução padronizada de permanganato de potássio 0,02 mol.L-1 e as concentrações de ácido oxálico foram expressos em g/100 g de fármaco vegetal seco. Resultado: Os dados obtidos da concentração de ácido oxálico variaram de 4,58 ± 0,09 g/100 g a 17,21 ± 0,07 g/100 g e demonstraram que as concentrações da extração ácida são maiores em relação à extração aquosa, para todas as espécies vegetais analisadas. A otimização metodológica foi realizada para as espécies que apresentaram os maiores resultados, Psidiumguajava e Artocarpus heterophyllus. Conclusão: Os dados obtidos podem servir de subsídio para decisões médicas e para profissionais que prescrevem plantas medicinais.

Use of ammonium chloride to prevent urolithiasis in sheep / [Utilização do cloreto de amônio na prevenção de urolitíase em ovinos]

Urolithiasis has a high incidence among confined sheep. It is multifactorial and may cause economic damage. Our aim was to determine the capacity of urinary acidification using ammonium chloride in sheep. Twenty-five 3-month-old male sheep were confined and randomly divided into three groups; the G200 and G500 groups received 200mg/kg/GW and 500mg/kg/GW of ammonium chloride daily for 56 consecutive days, respectively, whereas the CG group did not receive ammonium chloride. Sampling times and clinical evaluation were performed weekly, starting from the 14th day of confinement (M1 or immediately before administering ammonium chloride) until the 17th day (M9) of the feedlot. Hemogasometry, biochemical examination of serum urea and creatinine concentration and ultrasound evaluation of the urinary tract were performed. The urinalysis indicated a higher incidence of ammonium magnesium phosphate crystals at the beginning of the study, showing a migration to urate crystal formation, mainly in the G500 group because of urinary acidification. No hemogasometric, serum biochemistry, ruminal fluid, or ultrasonographic changes were observed. Urinary acidification was achieved and maintained after M7 during the administration of ammonium chloride in the G500 group, but not in the other study groups.(AU)

A urolitíase apresenta alta incidência em ovinos confinados, etiologia multifatorial, e pode causar prejuízo econômico. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a capacidade da acidificação urinária mediante o uso de cloreto de amônio em ovinos. Foram utilizados 25 ovinos de três meses de idade, confinados e divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos: grupo CG (controle) não recebeu cloreto de amônio; grupo G200 (200mg/kg/PV) recebeu cloreto de amônio por 56 dias consecutivos; grupo G500 (500mg/kg/PV) recebeu cloreto de amônio por 56 dias consecutivos, administrados diariamente por via oral. Os momentos (M) de colheita de amostras e de avaliação clínica foram realizados com intervalo de sete dias, sendo M1 (imediatamente antes do cloreto de amônio), M2 (sete dias após) até M9, totalizando 70 dias de confinamento. Foram realizadas hemogasometria, concentração sérica de ureia e creatinina e avaliação ultrassonográfica do trato urinário. Na urinálise, houve uma maior incidência de cristais de fosfato amônio magnesiano no início do estudo, com migração para formação de cristais de urato, principalmente no G500, devido à acidificação urinária. Não houve alterações hemogasométricas, na bioquímica sérica, no líquido ruminal, ou alterações ultrassonográficas. A acidificação urinária foi obtida e mantida a partir do M7 durante a administração do cloreto de amônio no grupo G500, não ocorrendo nos outros grupos de estudo.(AU)

Urinary Metabolic Disorders Associated with Urolithiasis in Cuban Pediatric Patients.

INTRODUCTION: Pediatric urinary lithiasis (urolithiasis) is an important health issue linked to urinary metabolic disorders. In the United States alone, annual costs associated with urolithiasis are $229 million for hospital admissions and $146 million for emergency care. OBJECTIVE: Identify urinary metabolic disorders in Cuban pediatric patients with urolithiasis and better understand the relationship of age, demographic and anthropometric variables to urinary metabolic disorders strongly associated with urolithiasis. METHODS: We carried out a descriptive, cross-sectional study. The study universe was comprised of Cuban patients aged 2 to 19 years with urinary lithiasis who underwent renal metabolic studies at the Dr Abelardo Buch López Nephrology Institute in Havana, Cuba, from 2008 through 2019. All data were obtained from reports of the aforementioned metabolic studies. We collected the following variables: age, sex, nutritional status, urinary volume, plasma and urinary creatine concentrations; and calcium, uric acid, oxalate and citrate urinary excretions collected during a 24-hour period. We included results of urinary cystine tests and urine mini-cultures. We obtained frequency distributions for categorical and qualitative variables and calculated means and standard deviations for quantitative variables. We also evaluated homogeneity of metabolic disorders between children and adolescents. RESULTS: We studied 1592 pediatric patients, of whom 67.7% (1078/1592) were adolescents. The main metabolic disorders included hypercalciuria (39.1%; 622/1592), decreased urinary flow (22.4%; 357/1592) and hypocitraturia (18.2%; 289/1592). Hypercalciuria, hypocitraturia and hyperoxaluria were more common in children, while decreased urinary flow and hyperuricosuria were more common in adolescents. Hyperuricosuria was more frequent in male patients (6.3%; 40/639 vs. 1.8%; 8/439) and had the greatest impact on lithogenesis. Hypercalciuria was more frequent in undernourished children (62.5%; 30/48) than in overweight children (21.7%; 10/46), or those with obesity (33.3%; 15/45). CONCLUSIONS: The main metabolic disorders among Cuban pediatric patients with urinary lithiasis are: hypercalciuria, decreased urinary flow and hypocitraturia. Hypercalciuria, hypocitraturia and hyperoxaluria are more common in children, and decreased urinary flow and hyperuricosuria are more common in adolescents. Identifying urinary metabolic disorders facilitates formulation of treatment plans tailored to decreasing the likelihood of urolithiasis.

Urolithiasis and sleeve gastrectomy: a prospective assessment of urinary biochemical variables / Urolitíase e gastrectomia vertical: uma avaliação prospectiva das variáveis bioquímicas urinárias

ABSTRACT Introduction: to evaluate urinary biochemical alterations related to urolithogenesis processes after sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Materials and methods : prospective study with 32 individuals without previous diagnosis of urolithiasis who underwent SG. A 24-h urine test was collected seven days prior to surgery and at 6-month follow-up. The studied variables were urine volume, urinary pH, oxalate, calcium, citrate, and magnesium and calcium oxalate super saturation (CaOx SS). Results: patients were mainly women (81.2%), with mean age of 40.6 years. Mean pre- and postoperative BMI were 47.1 ± 8.3 Kg/m2 and 35.5 ± 6.1 Kg/m2, respectively (p<0.001). Urine volume was significantly lower at the postoperative evaluation in absolute values (2,242.50 ± 798.26 mL x 1,240.94 ± 352.39 mL, p<0.001) and adjusted to body weight (18.58 ± 6.92 mL/kg x 13.92 ± 4.65 mL/kg, p<0.001). CaOx SS increased significantly after SG (0.11 ± 0.10 x 0.24 ± 0.18, p<0.001). Moreover, uric acid levels were significantly lower at the postoperative evaluation (482.34 ± 195.80 mg x 434.75 ± 158.38 mg, p=0.027). Urinary pH, oxalate, calcium, citrate, and magnesium did not present significant variations between the pre- and postoperative periods. Conclusion: SG may lead to important alterations in the urinary profile. However, it occurs in a much milder way than that of RYGB.

RESUMO Introdução: avaliar as alterações bioquímicas urinárias relacionadas aos processos de litíase urinária após gastrectomia vertical (GV). Método: estudo prospectivo, com 32 indivíduos submetidos a GV, sem diagnóstico prévio de urolitíase. Foi coletada urina de 24 horas, sete dias antes da operação e no retorno de 6 meses. As variáveis estudadas foram volume de urina, pH urinário, oxalato, cálcio, citrato e super saturação de oxalato e cálcio (SS CaOx). Resultados: os pacientes foram em sua maioria mulheres (81,2%), com idade média de 40,6 anos. O IMC médio pré e pós-operatório foi 47,1 ± 8,3 Kg/m2 e 35,5 ± 6,1 Kg/m2, respectivamente (p<0,001). O volume de urina foi significativamente baixo na avaliação pós-operatória em valores absolutos (2.242,50 ± 798,26 mL versus 1.240,94 ± 352,39 mL, p<0,001) e ajustado ao peso corporal (18,58 ± 6,92 mL/kg versus 13,92 ± 4,65 mL/kg, p<0,001). A SS CaOx aumentou significativamente após a GV (0,11 ± 0,10 versus 0,24 ± 0,18, p<0,001). Além disso, os níveis de ácido úrico apresentaram-se significativamente baixos na avaliação pós-operatória (482,34 ± 195,80 mg versus 434,75 ± 158,38 mg, p=0,027). PH urinário, oxalato, cálcio, citrato e magnésio não apresentaram variações significativas entre os períodos pré e pós-operatório. Conclusão: a GV pode levar a alterações importantes no perfil urinário. Entretanto, essas ocorrem de forma muito mais leve que na derivação gástrica em Y de Roux.

Litiasis urinaria: epidemiología y clasificación del cálculo urinario / Urinary lithiasis: epidemiology and classification of urinary calculus / Urolitíase: epidemiologia e classificação dos cálculos renais

Se estima que la incidencia de cálculos renales en España se ha incrementado en los últimos años. En este trabajo se realizó una aproximación epidemiológica de la litiasis urinaria, y se estableció una clasificación de los cálculos urinarios analizados durante un año. Se ha creado una base de datos con los cálculos analizados mediante espectroscopía de infrarrojos con Transformada de Fourier, considerando edad, sexo, recidivas y parámetros bioquímicos, en orina de 24 horas. La influencia del sexo en la litiasis urinaria es muy marcada y el número de cálculos en el varón es muy superior. Además, el factor edad incrementa la litiasis desde 5% a los 30 años hasta 25% a los 60. Estos datos se refieren a los cálculos totales y no diferencian su composición química. Si se diferencian según la composición, se ha encontrado una tendencia similar en hombres y mujeres en los cálculos de oxalato cálcico monohidratado, pero muy distinta en los de oxalato cálcico dihidratado y fosfocarbonato cálcico. La incidencia en menores de 20 años es muy baja, y prevalece en los niños en la primera década y en las niñas en la segunda década de vida. Además, se ha observado una mayor prevalencia de cálculos en los meses de verano asociada a mayores valores séricos de vitamina D. Por lo tanto, es imprescindible partir de unos criterios taxativos de clasificación de los cálculos urinarios para la realización de estudios epidemiológicos. En los últimos años la proporción entre las diferentes composiciones ha cambiado y se ha producido un aumento en los cálculos de oxalato.

The incidence of renal calculus in Spain has been increased in recent years. In this work, an epidemiological approach of urinary lithiasis has been made, establishing a classification of the urinary calculi analyzed during a year. A database has been created with the analyzed calculi by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, collecting age, sex, recurrences and biochemical parameters obtained from 24-hour urine. The influence of sex on urinary lithiasis is very marked and the number of stones in the male in much higher. In addition, the age factor increases lithiasis from 5% at 30 years of age to 25% at 60 years of age. These data refer to the total calculi, without differentiating their chemical composition. If differentiation is made according to the composition, a similar tendency is found in men and women in the monohydrate calcium oxalate calculi, but very different in those of dihydrate calcium oxalate and calcium phosphocarbonate. The incidence in children under 20 years of age is very low; males have more calculi in the first decade of life and girls in the second decade of life. In addition, a higher prevalence of stones has been observed in the summer months associated with higher serum levels of vitamin D. Thus, it is essential to stablish classification criteria of urinary calculi for epidemiological studies. In recent years, the ratio of the different compositions has changed, resulting in an increase of oxalate calculi.

Estima-se que a incidência de cálculos renais na Espanha tem aumentado nos últimos anos. Este trabalho foi realizado com uma abordagem epidemiológica da litíase urinária, estabelecendo uma classificação de cálculos urinários analisados durante um ano. Foi criado um banco de dados com os cálculos analisados por espectroscopia de infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier, considerando idade, gênero, recidivas e parâmetros bioquímicos na urina de 24 horas. A influência do gênero na litíase urinária é muito acentuada e o número de cálculos em homens é muito maior. Além disso, o fator idade aumenta a litíase de 5% aos 30 anos para 25% aos 60 anos. Estes dados referem-se os cálculos totais e não diferenciam sua composição química. Diferenciam-se de acordo com a composição, foi encontrada uma tendência semelhante em homens e mulheres nos cálculos de oxalato de cálcio mono-hidratado, mas muito diferente em oxalato de cálcio di-hidratado e fosfo-carbonato de cálcio. A incidência em pessoas menores de 20 anos é muito baixa, prevalecendo em meninos na primeira década e em meninas na segunda década de vida. Além disso, foi observada maior prevalência de cálculos nos meses de verão associada a maiores níveis séricos de vitamina D. Portanto, é essencial a partir de critérios taxativos de classificação dos cálculos urinários para realizar exames epidemiológicos. Nos últimos anos, a proporção entre as diferentes composições tem mudado, resultando num aumento dos cálculos de oxalato.

Ureteroscopía rígida retrógrada en el tratamiento de la litiasis urinaria / Rigid Retrograde Ureteroscopy in the Treatment of Urinary Lithiasis

Introducción: la ureteroscopía constituye, en la actualidad, una de las principales opciones de tratamiento para la litiasis renoureteral. Objetivo: describir los resultados del tratamiento, mediante ureteroscopía rígida retrógrada, en una serie de pacientes con litiasis del tracto urinario superior. Métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo, en una muestra de 53 pacientes con litiasis renal o ureteral, que recibieron tratamiento mediante ureteroscopía rígida retrógrada. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, localización de la litiasis, modalidad de litotricia realizada, técnicas complementarias empleadas y complicaciones presentadas. Los resultados fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados: prevalecieron los pacientes de la sexta década de la vida. El promedio de edad fue de 50,2 años con predominio del sexo masculino, con 36 pacientes, para un 67,9 por ciento. La litiasis preponderante fue la ureteral con 67,9 por ciento, y la mayoría localizadas en su porción distal con un tamaño de entre 10 y 20 mm. La modalidad de litotricia más utilizada fue la neumática en 46 pacientes (86,8 por ciento). La técnica complementaria más usada fue la litofragmentación (96,2 por ciento). Presentaron complicaciones 8 enfermos (15 por ciento), y todas en grados II y III de la clasificación de Clavien-Dindo. Conclusiones: la ureteroscopía rígida retrógrada, complementada con otros procederes endourológicos, constituye una modalidad terapéutica eficazy segura para el tratamiento de la litiasis renoureteral, y con un bajo índice de complicaciones(AU)

Introduction: Ureteroscopy is at present, one of the main treatment options for renal and ureteral lithiasis. Objective: To describe the results of the treatment, by rigid retrograde ureteroscopy, in a series of patients with upper urinary tract lithiasis. Methods: observational, descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study, in a sample of 53 patients with renal or ureteral lithiasis, who received treatment by rigid retrograde ureteroscopy. The variables studied were: age, sex, location of lithiasis, lithotripsy modality performed, complementary techniques used and complications presented. The results were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results: Patients of the sixth decade of life predominated. The average age was 50.2 years with predominance of males, with 36 patients, for 67.9 percent. The predominant lithiasis was the ureteral with 67.9 percent, and most located in its distal portion with a size between 10 and 20 mm. The most used lithotripsy modality was pneumatic in 46 patients (86.8 percent. The most used complementary technique was lithofragmentation (96.2 percent). There were complications in 8 patients (15 percent), and all in grades II and III of the Clavien-Dindo classification. Conclusions: Rigid retrograde ureteroscopy, complemented with other endourological procedures, constitutes an effective and safe therapeutic modality for the treatment of renoureteral lithiasis, and with a low rate of complications(AU)

Efecto de la ingestión de sal en la excreción renal de agua en pacientes urolitiásicos / Effect of salt intake on the renal excretion of water in urolithiasis patients

Introducción: la relación entre la excreción urinaria de sodio y el volumen urinario pudiera ser un elemento a tener en cuenta para la prescripción del tratamiento en los pacientes con litiasis urinarias.Objetivo: identificar la posible relación entre excreción urinaria de sodio y volumen urinario, en pacientes cubanos adultos con litiasis urinaria.Métodos: se realizaron estudio descriptivo de corte transversal y estudio metabólico renal en el Instituto de Nefrología, entre enero de 2009 y diciembre de 2012. Se registró edad, sexo, peso, talla y además, se realizaron determinaciones de creatinina sérica, sodio urinario y se midió el volumen urinario. La información fue procesada de forma automatizada (SPSS 18.0). Las comparaciones de los promedios fueron realizadas mediante la prueba t y ANOVA. También se empleó el coeficiente de correlación lineal de Pearson y la regresión lineal simple.Resultados: el volumen urinario diario medio de los varones fue de aproximado 106 mL superior al de las féminas. La media del mismo se incrementó desde 1267,8 mL, en los pacientes con excreción de sodio urinario inferior a 100 mEq/día, hasta 2927,7 mL, en los sujetos con excreción de sodio urinario superior a 400 mEq/día (p=0.00). El coeficiente de correlación lineal de Pearson resultó ser de 0,75, indicándose una asociación intensa y directa entre las variables.Conclusiones: en los pacientes urolitiásicos existe una relación directa y predecible entre volumen urinario y excreción urinaria de sodio, que debe ser tomada en consideración al realizar las recomendaciones dietéticas para el tratamiento(AU)

Introduction: The association of urinary sodium excretion and the urine volume may be an element to be considered for the prescription of treatment in patients with urinary lithiasis.Objective: To determine the possible association of urinary sodium excretion and urine volume in Cuban adult lithiatic patients.Methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive study and metabolic study were conducted at the Institute of Nephrology from January 2009 through December 2012. The variables age, sex, weight, and height were registered, serum creatinine and urinar ysodium were estimated and urine volumen was measured. Data were processed with the SPSS 18.0 software. The averages were compared through the t-test and ANOVA. Pearson´s linear correlation coefficient and the simple linear regression wereal soused in thestudy.Results: Average daily urine volume in males was higher than that of females by 105 ml approximately. The urinary volume mean increased from 1267.8 mL in patients with urinary sodium excretion below 100 mEq/day to 2927.7 mL in subjects with urinary sodium excretion over 400 mEq/day (p = 0.00). Pearson´s linear correlation coefficient was 0.75, which indicated a great direct association among the variables.Conclusions: In urolithiatic patients, there is direct predictable association of the urinary volume and urinary sodium excretion that should be taken into consideration when making dietary recommendations for treatment(AU)

Litíase urinária / Urinary lithiasis

A litíase urinária pode ser considerada uma doença crônica pela sua taxa de recorrência de 50% dos casos em até 10 anos de seguimento clínico. Como uma urgência médica, a ocorrência da cólica renoureteral manifestada pela súbita obstrução do trato urinário leva muitos pacientes ao pronto atendimento hospitalar e em determinadas situações com elevado risco quando associado à infecção do trato urinário e insuficiência renal.Elaboramos uma completa revisão sobre o assunto abordando desde a sua fisiopatologia até como realizar o tratamento atual da doença litiásica e sua prevenção.

Trastornos metabólicos renales en pacientes cubanos adultos con litiasis urinarias / Renal metabolic disturbances in Cuban adult patients with urinary lithiasis

Introducción: las litiasis urinarias constituyen un problema de salud. La recurrencia de ellas hace necesario implementar estrategias preventivas, para lo cual es indispensable conocer la frecuencia de los diferentes trastornos metabólicos renales. Objetivos: identificar los disturbios metabólicos más frecuentes en la enfermedad litiásica urinaria y la posible relación de estos con características de los pacientes. Métodos: estudio observacional analítico, transversal. Se estudiaron 3 655 pacientes adultos con litiasis urinaria, que se realizaron estudio metabólico renal en el Instituto de Nefrología entre los años 2003 y 2009. Las determinaciones analíticas fueron realizadas por técnica espectrofotométrica, según las normas del servicio. Toda la información se procesó mediante el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 15.0. Se utilizó la técnica de análisis de distribución de frecuencias...

Introduction: the recurrence of urinary lithiasis is a health problem needing the implementation of preventive strategies, thus knowing the frequency of the different renal metabolic disorders is essential. Objectives: To identify the most common metabolic disorders in urinary lithiasic disease and their relationship with patient characteristics. Methods: an analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted in 3655 adult patients with urolithiasis. A renal metabolic study was conducted at the Institute of Nephrology from 2003 to 2009. The analytical determinations were performed by spectrophotometric technique according to the standards of service. All information is processed using SPSS version 15.0. The technique of frequency distribution analysis was used. Relationships between variables were identified by the test of independence. Results: The main metabolic disorders found were: hyperuricemia (48.2 percent), hypercalciuria (45.1 percent), and urinary tract infection (16.2 percent). Hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria were less frequent in subjects older than 42 years (p= 0.01). Hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria and hyperuricosuria were more frequent in men (p= 0.00), while hypocitraturia was more frequent in women (p= 0.04). Hyperuricosuria was found more frequently in overweight and obese patients (p= 0.00), and hyperoxaluria was more frequent among overweight subjects (p= 0.01). Conclusions: In patients with renal lithiasis the most common metabolic disorders are hyperuricemia, hypercalciuria, and urinary tract infection. All subjects younger than 43 years suffered hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria. Men have higher frequency of hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria and hyperoxaluria. Women have higher frequency of hypocitraturia. The frequency of submission of hyperoxaluria, hyperuricosuria and hypocitraturia is related to the nutritional status of these subjects(AU)

Urinary lithiasis in civil construction workers as a management indicator for health and improvement in personnel / Litíase urinária em trabalhadores da construção civil como indicador para a gestão em saúde e melhoria na gestão de pessoas

Introduction: Empirical information provided by health care professionals acting in the first line of care report a constant increase in the number of civil construction workers that present painful acute conditions, in most cases associated with the existence of urinary tract calculi. Aims: Evaluating the prevalence of urinary lithiasis in civil construction workers, as a means to identify indicators for the management of health and personnel. Methods: Observational study based on directed questionnaire. Results: From the 94 participants, 18 (19%) were lithiasic, mostly due to overweight and reduced fluid intake. Conclusion: The observed prevalence appeared to be two times greater than that of the general population. Thus, prevention for such condition gains relevance, in order to avoid discomfort for the worker, and also reduce costs due to absenteeism, improving productivity, benefiting the workers by performance and creating the perspective of an improved quality of life.

Informações empíricas fornecidas por profissionais de saúde que atuam no setor de pronto atendimento relatam aumento constante do número de trabalhadores da construção civil que apresentam quadros dolorosos agudos, na sua maioria associados à presença de cálculos no trato urinário. O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a prevalência de litíase urinária em funcionários da construção civil, buscando identificar indicadores para a gestão em saúde e de pessoas. Método: Estudo observacional realizado com a aplicação de um questionário direcionado. Dos 94 participantes, 18 (19%) eram litiásicos, fato este associado principalmente ao sobrepeso e à reduzida ingestão hídrica. A prevalência observada mostrou-se o do dobro da população em geral. Desta forma, é importante prevenir os riscos desta condição, evitando assim o desconforto do trabalhador, reduzindo os custos do SUS com o tratamento e também os das empresas com o absenteísmo, gerando melhoria na produtividade, beneficiando o empregado pelo desempenho e criando perspectiva na melhoria da qualidade de vida.

Trastornos metabólicos renales en pacientes cubanos adultos con litiasis urinarias / Renal metabolic disturbances in Cuban adult patients with urinary lithiasis

INTRODUCCIÓN: las litiasis urinarias constituyen un problema de salud. La recurrencia de ellas hace necesario implementar estrategias preventivas, para lo cual es indispensable conocer la frecuencia de los diferentes trastornos metabólicos renales. OBJETIVOS: identificar los disturbios metabólicos más frecuentes en la enfermedad litiásica urinaria y la posible relación de estos con características de los pacientes. MÉTODOS: estudio observacional analítico, transversal. Se estudiaron 3 655 pacientes adultos con litiasis urinaria, que se realizaron estudio metabólico renal en el Instituto de Nefrología entre los años 2003 y 2009. Las determinaciones analíticas fueron realizadas por técnica espectrofotométrica, según las normas del servicio. Toda la información se procesó mediante el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 15.0. Se utilizó la técnica de análisis de distribución de frecuencias. Las relaciones entre las variables se identificaron mediante el test de independencia. RESULTADOS: los principales trastornos metabólicos encontrados fueron: hiperuricemia (48,2 %), hipercalciuria (45,1 %) e infección del tracto urinario (16,2 %). La hipercalciuria y la hiperuricosuria fueron menos frecuentes en los sujetos mayores de 42 años (p= 0,01). La hipercalciuria, la hiperoxaluria y la hiperuricosuria resultaron más frecuentes en los hombres (p= 0,00), mientras la hipocitraturia tuvo mayor frecuencia en las mujeres (p= 0,04). La hiperuricosuria se encontró con mayor frecuencia en pacientes sobrepesos y obesos (p= 0,00), y la hiperoxaluria fue más frecuente entre los sobrepesos (p= 0,01). CONCLUSIONES: en los pacientes con litiasis renal los trastornos metabólicos más frecuentes son hiperuricemia, hipercalciuria e infección del tracto urinario. Los menores de 43 años tienen más hipercalciuria e hiperuricosuria. Los hombres tienen mayor frecuencia de hipercalciuria, hiperoxaluria e hiperuricosuria y las mujeres, de hipocitraturia. La frecuencia de presentación de hiperoxaluria, hiperuricosuria e hipocitraturia se encuentra relacionada con el estado nutricional de los sujetos.

INTRODUCTION: the recurrence of urinary lithiasis is a health problem needing the implementation of preventive strategies, thus knowing the frequency of the different renal metabolic disorders is essential. OBJECTIVES: To identify the most common metabolic disorders in urinary lithiasic disease and their relationship with patient characteristics. METHODS: an analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted in 3655 adult patients with urolithiasis. A renal metabolic study was conducted at the Institute of Nephrology from 2003 to 2009. The analytical determinations were performed by spectrophotometric technique according to the standards of service. All information is processed using SPSS version 15.0. The technique of frequency distribution analysis was used. Relationships between variables were identified by the test of independence. RESULTS: The main metabolic disorders found were: hyperuricemia (48.2%), hypercalciuria (45.1%), and urinary tract infection (16.2 %). Hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria were less frequent in subjects older than 42 years (p= 0.01). Hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria and hyperuricosuria were more frequent in men (p= 0.00), while hypocitraturia was more frequent in women (p= 0.04). Hyperuricosuria was found more frequently in overweight and obese patients (p= 0.00), and hyperoxaluria was more frequent among overweight subjects (p= 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with renal lithiasis the most common metabolic disorders are hyperuricemia, hypercalciuria, and urinary tract infection. All subjects younger than 43 years suffered hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria. Men have higher frequency of hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria and hyperoxaluria. Women have higher frequency of hypocitraturia. The frequency of submission of hyperoxaluria, hyperuricosuria and hypocitraturia is related to the nutritional status of these subjects.

Enfermedad renal crónica en la población general: importancia de la tasa de filtrado glomerular estimada absoluta / Chronic renal disease in the general population: importance of the absolute estimated glomerular filtration rate

Introducción: Evaluamos la Prevalencia de la Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC) en la población general y la asociación con factores de riesgo reconocidos. Determinamos la utilidad de la Tasa de Filtrado glomerular estimada absoluta(TFGea). Métodos: Utilizamos la fórmula MDRD-4 variables corregida por la superficie corporal del individuo evaluado. Se definió como ôProbable ERC sin considerar la proteinuriaö a la población con TFGea < 60 ml/m y ôProbable ERC considerando proteinuriaö a la anterior más la población con TFGea ≥ 60 ml/m que presenta proteinuria ≥ 30 mg/L. Regresión logística uni y multivariable para determinar asociación de TFGea < de 60 ml/m con factores comórbidos. Resultados: Se evaluaron 811 personas de edad promedio 52.5 ± 17.0 años. La Tasa de Probable ERC sin considerar a la proteinuria patológica es de 11.7% (IC95%:9.5-14.3) y de 15.8%(IC95%:13.2-18.8) considerándola. El grupo 3a(TFGea 45-59 ml/m) resultó el más frecuente: 9.9 % (IC95%:7.8-12.3). Los factores predictores significativosde TFGea <60 ml/m en el modelo multivariado son: la Mayor edad, la Litiasis Urinaria actual o pasada, el Sexo femenino y el Antecedente de Neoplasia. La TFGe relativa (ml/m/1.73m2) demostró una Tasa de Probable ERC sin considerar proteinuria de 12.8% (IC95%: 10.48-15.54), 1.1% más que la demostrada por la TFGea. Conclusiones: La Prevalencia de Probable ERC es alta en Santa Fe. La mayor edad, la Litiasis Urinaria actual o pasada, el Sexo femenino y el Antecedente de Neoplasia se asocian a TFGea < 60 ml/m. La TFGea permite reducir la Tasa de Probable ERC en el 1.1%.(AU)

Introduction: We assessed the prevalence of the Chronic Renal Disease (CRD) in the general population and the association with known risk factors. We determined the use of the absolute estimated glomerular filtration rate ( absolute eGFR) Methods: We used the MDRD formula with 4 variables corrected for body surface area of the examined individual. The population with absolute eGFR < 60 mL/min was defined as ôLikely CRD regardless proteinuriaö and the latter plus the population with absolute eGFR ≥ 60 mL/ min presenting proteinuria ≥ 30 mg/L was defined as ôLikely CRD considering proteinuriaö. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression to determine the association between absolute eGFR <60 mL/min with comorbid factors. Results: 811 individuals of an average age of 52.5 ± 17.0 years were examined. The rate of likely CRD without consideration of pathological proteinuria is 11.7% (95% CI:9.5 -14.3) while the rate considering this factor is 15.8% (95% CI:13.2 -18.8). The 3a group (absolute eGFR 45-59 mL/min) was the most frequent one: 9.9 % (95% CI:7.8 -12.3). The significant predictive factors for absolute eGFR <60 mL/min in the multivariate model are: older age, past or current urinary lithiasis, female gender and history of neoplasia. The relative eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) showed a likely CRD rate without consideration of proteinuria of 12.8% (95% CI: 10.48 -15.54), 1.1% higher than observed for absolute eGFR. Conclusions: The prevalence of potential CRD is high in Santa Fe. The older age, either past or current urinary lithiasis, female gender and history of neoplasia are associated with absolute eGFR < 60 mL/min. Absolute eGFR helps to reduce the rate of likely CRD in 1.1%.(AU)

Enfermedad renal crónica en la población general: importancia de la tasa de filtrado glomerular estimada absoluta / Chronic renal disease in the general population: importance of the absolute estimated glomerular filtration rate

Introducción: Evaluamos la Prevalencia de la Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC) en la población general y la asociación con factores de riesgo reconocidos. Determinamos la utilidad de la Tasa de Filtrado glomerular estimada absoluta(TFGea). Métodos: Utilizamos la fórmula MDRD-4 variables corregida por la superficie corporal del individuo evaluado. Se definió como “Probable ERC sin considerar la proteinuria” a la población con TFGea < 60 ml/m y “Probable ERC considerando proteinuria” a la anterior más la población con TFGea ≥ 60 ml/m que presenta proteinuria ≥ 30 mg/L. Regresión logística uni y multivariable para determinar asociación de TFGea < de 60 ml/m con factores comórbidos. Resultados: Se evaluaron 811 personas de edad promedio 52.5 ± 17.0 años. La Tasa de Probable ERC sin considerar a la proteinuria patológica es de 11.7% (IC95%:9.5-14.3) y de 15.8%(IC95%:13.2-18.8) considerándola. El grupo 3a(TFGea 45-59 ml/m) resultó el más frecuente: 9.9 % (IC95%:7.8-12.3). Los factores predictores significativosde TFGea <60 ml/m en el modelo multivariado son: la Mayor edad, la Litiasis Urinaria actual o pasada, el Sexo femenino y el Antecedente de Neoplasia. La TFGe relativa (ml/m/1.73m2) demostró una Tasa de Probable ERC sin considerar proteinuria de 12.8% (IC95%: 10.48-15.54), 1.1% más que la demostrada por la TFGea. Conclusiones: La Prevalencia de Probable ERC es alta en Santa Fe. La mayor edad, la Litiasis Urinaria actual o pasada, el Sexo femenino y el Antecedente de Neoplasia se asocian a TFGea < 60 ml/m. La TFGea permite reducir la Tasa de Probable ERC en el 1.1%.

Introduction: We assessed the prevalence of the Chronic Renal Disease (CRD) in the general population and the association with known risk factors. We determined the use of the absolute estimated glomerular filtration rate ( absolute eGFR) Methods: We used the MDRD formula with 4 variables corrected for body surface area of the examined individual. The population with absolute eGFR < 60 mL/min was defined as “Likely CRD regardless proteinuria” and the latter plus the population with absolute eGFR ≥ 60 mL/ min presenting proteinuria ≥ 30 mg/L was defined as “Likely CRD considering proteinuria”. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression to determine the association between absolute eGFR <60 mL/min with comorbid factors. Results: 811 individuals of an average age of 52.5 ± 17.0 years were examined. The rate of likely CRD without consideration of pathological proteinuria is 11.7% (95% CI:9.5 -14.3) while the rate considering this factor is 15.8% (95% CI:13.2 -18.8). The 3a group (absolute eGFR 45-59 mL/min) was the most frequent one: 9.9 % (95% CI:7.8 -12.3). The significant predictive factors for absolute eGFR <60 mL/min in the multivariate model are: older age, past or current urinary lithiasis, female gender and history of neoplasia. The relative eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) showed a likely CRD rate without consideration of proteinuria of 12.8% (95% CI: 10.48 -15.54), 1.1% higher than observed for absolute eGFR. Conclusions: The prevalence of potential CRD is high in Santa Fe. The older age, either past or current urinary lithiasis, female gender and history of neoplasia are associated with absolute eGFR < 60 mL/min. Absolute eGFR helps to reduce the rate of likely CRD in 1.1%.

Experiencia en Cuba del tratamiento de la litiasis renoureteral con litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque en niños / Cuban experience in the treatment of renouretheral lithiasis in children by using extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Introducción: la litiasis urinaria en el niño resulta una enfermedad poco frecuente si se compara con su incidencia en el adulto.Objetivos: describir el resultado del tratamiento en Cuba de la litiasis del aparato urinario en niños, mediante la litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque, así como validar la eficacia del método.Métodos: la muestra corresponde a 227 niños, tratados en el Centro de Tratamiento de la Litiasis Urinaria del Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras' de La Habana, entre abril de 1986 y octubre de 2011, utilizando 3 tipos de litotritores: el HM3 (Dornier), Lithostar Plus (Siemens) y Medical Modulith® SLX (Storz).Resultados: las edades límites fueron 2 y 18 años. De manera general resultó similar el total de pacientes tratados del sexo femenino que el masculino (51 por ciento/49 por ciento). El síntoma predominante fue el cólico nefrítico con cálculos renales (81,9 por ciento), y en el uréter (18,1 por ciento). La superficie media fue de 1,20 cm2. Se utilizó anestesia general orotraqueal (34,4 por ciento) y general intravenosa (65,6 por ciento). Los retratamientos fueron necesarios en 8 casos (3,52 por ciento). Las complicaciones fueron la infección urinaria aguda (3,08 por ciento) y el hematoma subcapsular renal (0,88 por ciento). Resultó libre de material litiásico el 96,04 por ciento.Conclusiones: la terapéutica mediante la litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque resulta efectiva, con baja tasa de morbilidad y de complicaciones graves, por lo que creemos debe defenderse científicamente como la primera opción terapéutica en la resolución de la litiasis urinaria en estas edades. Debe recordarse que eliminar el cálculo no es suficiente, hay que identificar la enfermedad, su tratamiento de fondo, y evitar las recidivas(AU)

Introduction: urinary lithiasis is a rare disease in children if compared with its incidence on the adults. Objectives: to describe the results of the treatment of urinary lithiasis in children in Cuba, by using extracorporeal shock wave lithrotripsy, and to validate the efficacy of this method. Methods: a sample of 227 children treated at the Center of Urinary Lithiasis Treatment in Hermanos Ameijeiras hospital of Havana, Cuba, from April 1986 to October 2011. Three types of lithotripters were used: HM3 (Dornier), Lithostar Plus (Siemens) y Medical Modulith® SLX (Storz). Results: the ages ranged from 2 to 18 years. The numbers of treated females and males were similar (51 percent and 49 percent). The prevailing symptom was nephritic colic with renal calculi (81.9 percent) and in the urether (18.1 percent). The mean affected surface was 1.20 cm². General orotracheal(34.4 percent) and general intravenous (65.6 percent) types of anesthesia were used. Eight cases (3.52 percent) required repeated treatment. The complications were acute urinary infection (3.08 percent) and renal subcapsular hematoma (0.88 percent). Lithiasis was eliminated in 96.04 percent of patients. Conclusions: this therapy based on extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy proved to be effective, with low mortality and serious complication rates, so it should be scientifically defended as the first therapeutic option in the elimination of urolithiasis at these ages. It must be remembered that the elimination of calculi is not enough since the disease must be identified, treated in depth, and relapses must be avoided(AU)

Experiencia en Cuba del tratamiento de la litiasis renoureteral con litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque en niños / Cuban experience in the treatment of renouretheral lithiasis in children by using extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Introducción: la litiasis urinaria en el niño resulta una enfermedad poco frecuente si se compara con su incidencia en el adulto. Objetivos: describir el resultado del tratamiento en Cuba de la litiasis del aparato urinario en niños, mediante la litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque, así como validar la eficacia del método. Métodos: la muestra corresponde a 227 niños, tratados en el Centro de Tratamiento de la Litiasis Urinaria del Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico "Hermanos Ameijeiras'' de La Habana, entre abril de 1986 y octubre de 2011, utilizando 3 tipos de litotritores: el HM3 (Dornier), Lithostar Plus (Siemens) y Medical Modulith® SLX (Storz). Resultados: las edades límites fueron 2 y 18 años. De manera general resultó similar el total de pacientes tratados del sexo femenino que el masculino (51 %/49 %). El síntoma predominante fue el cólico nefrítico con cálculos renales (81,9 %), y en el uréter (18,1 %). La superficie media fue de 1,20 cm². Se utilizó anestesia general orotraqueal (34,4 %) y general intravenosa (65,6 %). Los retratamientos fueron necesarios en 8 casos (3,52 %). Las complicaciones fueron la infección urinaria aguda (3,08 %) y el hematoma subcapsular renal (0,88 %). Resultó libre de material litiásico el 96,04 %. Conclusiones: la terapéutica mediante la litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque resulta efectiva, con baja tasa de morbilidad y de complicaciones graves, por lo que creemos debe defenderse científicamente como la primera opción terapéutica en la resolución de la litiasis urinaria en estas edades. Debe recordarse que eliminar el cálculo no es suficiente, hay que identificar la enfermedad, su tratamiento de fondo, y evitar las recidivas.

Introduction: urinary lithiasis is a rare disease in children if compared with its incidence on the adults. Objectives: to describe the results of the treatment of urinary lithiasis in children in Cuba, by using extracorporeal shock wave lithrotripsy, and to validate the efficacy of this method. Methods: a sample of 227 children treated at the Center of Urinary Lithiasis Treatment in "Hermanos Ameijeiras" hospital of Havana, Cuba, from April 1986 to October 2011. Three types of lithotripters were used: HM3 (Dornier), Lithostar Plus (Siemens) y Medical Modulith® SLX (Storz). Results: the ages ranged from 2 to 18 years. The numbers of treated females and males were similar (51 % and 49 %). The prevailing symptom was nephritic colic with renal calculi (81.9 %) and in the urether (18.1 %). The mean affected surface was 1.20 cm². General orotracheal(34.4 %) and general intravenous (65.6 %) types of anesthesia were used. Eight cases (3.52 %) required repeated treatment. The complications were acute urinary infection (3.08 %) and renal subcapsular hematoma (0.88 %). Lithiasis was eliminated in 96.04 % of patients. Conclusions: this therapy based on extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy proved to be effective, with low mortality and serious complication rates, so it should be scientifically defended as the first therapeutic option in the elimination of urolithiasis at these ages. It must be remembered that the elimination of calculi is not enough since the disease must be identified, treated in depth, and relapses must be avoided.

Ureteroscopia flexible: experiencia inicial / Flexible ureteroscopy: experience in 13 patients

Background: Flexible ureteroscopy is an increasingly used diagnostic and therapeutic tool for the upper urinary tract. Aim: To report our experience with flexible ureteroscopy. Material and Methods: Analysis of 13 procedures performed to seven males and 6 women aged 30 to 72 years. Results: The indications for flexible ureteroscopy were urinary lithiasis in six patients, a filling defect found in a CAT scan in five, proximal displacement of a double J catheter in one patient and unilateral hematuria in one patient. Lithiasis was managed with extracorporeal lithotripsy using a Holmium laser. Biopsies were obtained from the sites with filling defects; the catheter was extracted using a Dormia basket. In the patient with hematuria, a hemangioma was found and managed with laser excision. No complications were registered. Conclusions: Flexible ureteroscopy is safe and effective.

Introducción: El gran desarrollo tecnológico de los últimos años ha permitido un impresionante avance en la endourologia. Debido a esto, la ureteroscopia flexible ha ganado cada vez más espacio, tanto como método diagnóstico y terapéutico, en la patología de la vía urinaria alta. Presentamos nuestra experiencia inicial en ureteroscopia flexible. Material y Métodos: Entre marzo y noviembre de 2009 realizamos 13 ureteroscopias flexibles, analizándose en todos los casos las variables demográficas y perioperatorias. Se describe además la técnica quirúrgica. Resultados: Realizamos un total de 13 ureteroscopias flexibles en 7 hombres y 6 mujeres, con una edad promedio de 55 años. Respecto a la indicación del procedimiento, en 6 casos esta fue producto de un cuadro de litiasis urinaria, en 5 casos debido a un defecto de llene en la tomografía axial computada (TC), en 1 paciente debido al desplazamiento proximal de un catéter Doble-J y en 1 paciente producto de una hematuria unilateral. El manejo de las litiasis se realizó mediante litotricia intracorpórea con láser Holmium. En los defectos de llene, se realizaron biopsias del sitio del defecto. El catéter Doble-J fue extraído con Dormia. Finalmente, en el paciente con hematuria se evidenció la presencia de un hemangioma, el que fue manejado con láser. No se registraron complicaciones. Discusión: El desarrollo de los ureteroscopios flexibles ha permitido ampliar el uso de la ureteroscopia tanto en lo diagnóstico como en lo terapéutico. Las complicaciones son cada vez menos frecuentes, convirtiéndolo en un procedimiento seguro y eficaz para el manejo de la patología de la vía urinaria alta.

Estudio de la frecuencia de litiasis urinaria por espectroscopía infrarroja en San Luis, Argentina / Study of urinary lithiasis frequency in San Luis, Argentina by using infrared spectroscopy

Se presenta por primera vez un estudio sobre la frecuencia de litiasis urinaria en la ciudad de San Luis, Argentina, a partir de datos de espectroscopía infrarroja. Se analizaron los espectros infrarrojos de 169 cálculos urinarios provenientes de centros sanitarios tanto públicos como privados. Los componentes químicos encontrados fueron oxalato de calcio monohidrato, uratos, fosfato de calcio, fosfato amónico magnésico hexahidrato y de composición mixta. El análisis cuantitativo de los datos, utilizando la estadística descriptiva, permitió determinar el tipo de composición litiásica más frecuente en el total de los sujetos y la distribución de los tipos encontrados según sexo y edad. La frecuencia de oxalato de calcio monohidrato y de uratos fue mayor en hombres que en mujeres correspondiendo a una franja etaria entre 21 y 60 años y entre 41 y 70 años, respectivamente. Esta relación se invierte en los fosfatos de calcio o magnesio presentando mayor incidencia en mujeres. Los cálculos de composición mixta se distribuyen de igual manera entre hombres y mujeres.

A study dealing with urinary lithiasis frequency in San Luis city, Argentina, applying infrared spectroscopy is reported for the first time. The infrared spectra of 169 urinary stones provided by public and private sanitary centers were analyzed. The most frequent chemical components found were calcium oxalate monohydrate, urates, calcium phosphate, magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate and mixed compositions. Quantitative data analysis, performed by descriptive statistics enabled the determination of the most frecuent lithiasic composition for all the cases, as well as its distribution according to the corresponding age and sex. Calcium oxalate monohydrate and urates were more frequently found in men than in women ranging between 21- 60 and between 41-70 years old, respectively. The inverse ratio is determined for calcium or magnesium phosphates, women being the most affected. Stones with mixed composition showed the same incidence in women and men.

Estudio metabólico en pacientes con urolitiasis de alto riesgo de recurrencia / Metabolic study in patients with urinary lithiasis at high risk of recurrence

Introducción: La urolitiasis es considerada actualmente una enfermedad metabólica con tendencia ala recurrencia. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la prevalencia de alteraciones metabólicas en pacientes de alto riesgo y su impacto según sexo y edad. Materiales y métodos: Es un estudio descriptivo de 36 pacientes (25 hombres y 11 mujeres), portadores de patología litiásica con alto riesgo de recurrencia. El estudio metabólico consistió en: calcemia, uricemia, fosfemia, PTH sérica, calciuria/24 hrs, uricosuria/24 hrs, fosfaturia/24 hrs, oxalaturia/24 hrs,citraturia/24 hrs y creatininuria/24 hrs. Los valores obtenidos fueron ajustados de acuerdo a la creatininuria y peso. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó t-student (STATA 7.0). Se consideró significativo p<0,05.Resultados: En el 69 por ciento (25/36) se observó alguna alteración metabólica; el 36 por ciento (13/36) presentó 2 omás alteraciones metabólicas. Las alteraciones más frecuentes fueron la hipercalciuria (30,6 por ciento; 11/36), la hipocitraturia (30,6 por ciento; 11/36), la hiperuricemia (19,4 por ciento; 7/36) y la hiperoxalaturia (13, por ciento; 5/36).No se observó diferencias significativas de edad o sexo entre los grupos con y sin alteración metabólica. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes con patología litiásica recurrente o de alto riesgo presentan una o más alteraciones metabólicas, predominando la hipercalciuria y la hipocitraturia. En este estudio no hubo diferencias entre ambos sexos en la mayoría de las alteraciones metabólicas, ni tampoco en su distribución etaria. Estos resultados demuestran la necesidad de realizar estudios metabólicos en pacientes de alto riesgo, dado que existen herramientas terapéuticas que permiten un manejo médico de las alteraciones metabólicas y de esta forma reducir la recurrencia de litiasis.

Introduction: Urolithiasis is a metabolic disorder with a tendency to relapse. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of metabolic abnormalities in patients at high risk and the impact of sex and age. Materials and methods: Descriptive study of 36 patients (25 men and 11 women),with lithiasic pathology at high risk of recurrence. The metabolic study included the measurement of calcemia, uricemia, fosfemia, parathormone, calciuria/24hrs, uricosuria/24hrs, fosfaturia/24hrs, oxalaturia/24hrs, citraturia/ 24hrs and creatinine/24hrs. The values obtained were corrected according to weight and creatinine. The test used for statistical analysis was t-student (STATA 7.0). It was considered significant p <0.05.Results: In 69 percent (25/36) of the cases a metabolic abnormality was observed and in 36 percent (13/36) there was 2 or more alterations present. The metabolic disorders most frequently observed were hypercalciuria (30.6 percent; 11/36), hypocitraturia (30.6 percent; 11/36), hyperuricemia (19.4 percent; 7/36) and hyperoxaluria (13.9 percent; 5/36). There was no significant difference in age or sex between the groups with and without metabolic abnormality. Conclusions: Most patients with recurrent lithiasic pathology or at high-risk display one or more metabolic disorders, being hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia the most frecuently encountered. In this study, there was no difference between sexes in most of the metabolic disorders, nor in its age distribution. These results demonstrate the need for metabolic studies in high-risk patients, since there are tools that allow therapeutic medical management of metabolic disorders and thus reduce the recurrence of lithiasis.