Ovulation Induced by Intrauterine Seminal Plasma Increases Total Protein, PGE2, IL-8, and IL-1ß in Uterine Fluid of Llamas (Lama glama).

The establishment of a state of immunotolerance in the female reproductive tract is important for embryo development, implantation and placentation. Llamas are induced ovulators and more than 98% of pregnancies occur in the left uterine horn. The objective of this study was to determine the uterine immune response of llamas in different stages of the reproductive cycle. Adult llamas (n = 20) were examined daily by transrectal ultrasonography to determine follicular growth and then randomly assigned to four groups: Follicular phase (n = 5); Luteal phase induced by an intramuscular administration of 50 ug of GnRH analogue (n = 5); Luteal phase induced by intrauterine infusion of seminal plasma (n = 5); and Luteal phase induced by mating (n = 5). Uterine fluid was collected separately from both uterine horns by non-surgical flushing to determine the presence of cells, total proteins and concentration of IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IFN γ, TNF-α and PGE2. Inflammatory cells were not observed in the uterine fluid and total protein pattern and inflammatory mediators did not differ between the left and the right horn amongst groups. Llamas treated with an intrauterine infusion of seminal plasma showed the highest concentration of total proteins, inflammatory cytokines PGE2, IL-8 and IL-1ß in the uterine fluid. In conclusion, seminal plasma is made up of significant numbers of signaling molecules that are able to modify the uterine immune response in llamas.

Modelo experimental de endometrite em vacas inoculadas com Escherichia coli inativada por meio de infusão uterina / Endometritis experimental model in cows inoculated with inactivated Escherichia coli by uterine infusion

The aim of this study was to evaluate the endometrial inflammatory response of nine Zebu cows inoculated through uterine infusion with 30 mL of inactivated Escherichia coli suspension (1 x 109 UFC/mL) and nine with 30 mL of sterile phosphate buffered saline. Endometrial biopsies were performed before and after the inoculations during estrus, and ten days later in the diestrus phase. Neutrophilic infiltrates were observed in 88.8% of samples from the E. coli group in estrus phase and demonstrated different degrees of endometrial inflammation. This study characterizes a suitable model for studying endometritis in cattle.(AU)

Modelo experimental de endometrite em vacas inoculadas com Escherichia coli inativada por meio de infusão uterina

The aim of this study was to evaluate the endometrial inflammatory response of nine Zebu cows inoculated through uterine infusion with 30 mL of inactivated Escherichia coli suspension (1 x 109 UFC/mL) and nine with 30 mL of sterile phosphate buffered saline. Endometrial biopsies were performed before and after the inoculations during estrus, and ten days later in the diestrus phase. Neutrophilic infiltrates were observed in 88.8% of samples from the E. coli group in estrus phase and demonstrated different degrees of endometrial inflammation. This study characterizes a suitable model for studying endometritis in cattle.

Imunologia uterina e fertilidade / Uterine immunology and fertility

As células endometriais apresentam modificações nos mecanismos de defesa, que consistem em imunotolerância aos espermatozoides e ao feto, considerados alogênicos, ou intolerância aos microrganismos invasores que contaminam o ambiente uterino durante a cópula ou após o parto. A regulação da resposta imunológica determina a importância do endométrio para a manutenção da fertilidade, verificando-se que processos inflamatórios exacerbados e/ou persistentes são prejudiciais. O impacto econômico decorrente da subfertilidade associada às elevadas incidências de doenças uterinas estimula a realização de estudos que visam compreender os mecanismos envolvidos na imunidade do trato reprodutivo das mulheres e fêmeas das espécies domésticas. As principais informações obtidas nos últimos anos serão abordadas nesta revisão de literatura, com foco especial em vacas leiteiras.(AU)

The endometrial cells present changes in defense mechanisms, which consist of immune tolerance to allogeneic sperm and fetus, or intolerance to invading microorganisms that contaminate the uterine environment during the copulation or after the parturition. The regulation of the immune response determines the importance of the endometrium to maintain fertility of cows, verifying that exacerbated and/or persistent inflammatory conditions are harmful. The damages arising from subfertility associated with high incidence of uterine diseases stimulate the accomplishment of studies with the aim of understanding the mechanisms involved in immunity of the reproductive tract of women and females of domestic species. The main information will be reported in this review, with focus in dairy cows.(AU)

Imunologia uterina e fertilidade / Uterine immunology and fertility

As células endometriais apresentam modificações nos mecanismos de defesa, que consistem em imunotolerância aos espermatozoides e ao feto, considerados alogênicos, ou intolerância aos microrganismos invasores que contaminam o ambiente uterino durante a cópula ou após o parto. A regulação da resposta imunológica determina a importância do endométrio para a manutenção da fertilidade, verificando-se que processos inflamatórios exacerbados e/ou persistentes são prejudiciais. O impacto econômico decorrente da subfertilidade associada às elevadas incidências de doenças uterinas estimula a realização de estudos que visam compreender os mecanismos envolvidos na imunidade do trato reprodutivo das mulheres e fêmeas das espécies domésticas. As principais informações obtidas nos últimos anos serão abordadas nesta revisão de literatura, com foco especial em vacas leiteiras.

The endometrial cells present changes in defense mechanisms, which consist of immune tolerance to allogeneic sperm and fetus, or intolerance to invading microorganisms that contaminate the uterine environment during the copulation or after the parturition. The regulation of the immune response determines the importance of the endometrium to maintain fertility of cows, verifying that exacerbated and/or persistent inflammatory conditions are harmful. The damages arising from subfertility associated with high incidence of uterine diseases stimulate the accomplishment of studies with the aim of understanding the mechanisms involved in immunity of the reproductive tract of women and females of domestic species. The main information will be reported in this review, with focus in dairy cows.