Power Dynamics in Discussions of Contemporary Jungian Theory and Practice.

Groups of Jungian analysts, which included the present authors, met to discuss four key theoretical concepts, each of which was felt to have problematic aspects if used unquestioningly in contemporary practice. The concepts were: The Primitive, Inner and Outer Worlds, Contrasexuality and Participation Mystique. The discussions were informed by clinical material and specific papers chosen for their critical evaluation of the topic. Four recorded transcripts were made, with permission, for further consideration of the relationship between contemporary Jungian theory and practice using the research method of thematic analysis. Three main themes were identified: Work of Analysis, Frames of Reference and Power Dynamics. The authors discuss the themes in relation to the overarching theme of power, understood as operating at conscious and unconscious levels. The artwork "Cold Dark Matter: An Exploded View" by Cornelia Parker is used as a metaphor in discussing the dynamic of challenging foundational concepts. The authors suggest that power dynamics are intrinsic in both the difficulty and the benefits of critically evaluating key concepts, binding together the theoretical (what informs us) with the clinical (what we do in the consulting room) as well as blowing apart pre-conceived notions of what underpins the analyst's work.

Les auteurs de cet article ont fait partie de groupes d'analystes jungiens qui se sont rencontrés pour débattre de quatre concepts théoriques fondamentaux, chacun de ces concepts étant perçu comme problématique si on l'utilise dans la pratique contemporaine sans se poser de questions. Ces concepts sont : primitif, mondes intérieur et extérieur, contra­sexualité et participation mystique. Les discussions ont été nourries par du matériel clinique et par des articles spécialement choisis pour leur évaluation critique du sujet traité. Quatre transcriptions enregistrées furent faites, avec l'accord des personnes concernées, pour une étude plus approfondie de la relation entre la théorie et la pratique jungienne contemporaine, en s'appuyant sur la méthode de recherche de l'analyse thématique. Trois thèmes furent identifiés : le travail d'analyse, les cadres de référence, et les dynamiques de pouvoir. Les auteurs débattent de ces thèmes en les reliant avec le thème fondamental du pouvoir, perçu comme fonctionnant aux niveaux conscient et inconscient. L'œuvre de l'artiste Cornelia Parker « Cold Dark Matter: An Exploded View ¼ est utilisée comme métaphore lorsqu'il est question de la dynamique de questionner des concepts fondamentaux. Les auteurs suggèrent que les dynamiques de pouvoir sont propres à la difficulté mais aussi aux bénéfices de cette remise en question, en reliant le théorique (ce qui nous informe) avec la clinique (ce que l'on fait dans la salle de consultation) et en faisant sauter les notions qui n'ont pas été questionnées, en ce qui concerne ce qui étaye le travail analytique.

Grupos de analistas Junguianos, los cuales incluyen a las presentes autoras, se reunieron para discutir cuatro conceptos teóricos fundamentales, cada uno de los cuales se consideraba que tenía aspectos problemáticos si se utilizaba sin cuestionamientos en la práctica contemporánea. Los conceptos eran: Primitivo, Mundos Interior y Exterior, Contrasexualidad y Participation Mystique. Los debates se basaron en material clínico y en artículos específicos elegidos para una evaluación crítica del tema. Se transcribieron con permiso cuatro grabaciones para un examen más detenido de la relación entre la teoría y la práctica junguiana contemporánea utilizando el método de investigación del análisis temático. Se identificaron tres temas: Trabajo Analítico, Marcos de Referencia y Dinámicas de Poder. Las autoras analizaron los temas en relación con el tema más amplio del poder, entendido como algo que opera a nivel consciente e inconsciente. La obra de arte "Cold Dark Matter: An Exploded View", de Cornelia Parker, fue utilizada como metáfora para discutir acerca de la dinámica de cuestionar los conceptos fundamentales. Se sugiere que las dinámicas de poder son intrínsecas tanto a la dificultad como a los beneficios de hacer esta tarea, ligando lo teórico (lo que nos informa) con lo clínico (lo que hacemos en la consulta), así como a desarmar nociones incuestionadas de aquello que sustenta el trabajo analítico.

The eightfold way of teaching psychological type.

For Jung, the discovery of type differences represented the beginning of his individuation journey, and his experiential discovery can model the path of learning about psychological type. A course on psychological type can enable individuals to discover empirically Jung's revelations about the psyche if it is structured like the individuation journey itself: beginning with differentiation of the preferred functions, proceeding to the inferior function at the midpoint of the journey, and concluding with an exploration of the unconscious functions. Such a pedagogical method mandates a non-prescriptive approach that empowers students to lead their own learning, an approach expressed by the Taoist concept of wu wei. Psychological Types references wu wei as a means of balancing consciousness and the unconscious. Sometimes Jung's typology is thought to deal only with consciousness, but in fact it represented Jung's own eightfold way into the unconscious. To illustrate the dynamic interaction of conscious and unconscious functions, John Beebe's eight-function eight-archetype model is an indispensable tool, because it illuminates the unconscious opposites inherent in each type and connects them with archetypal complexes. With the aid of Beebe's model, students can plot a typological trajectory of development for their journey to the Self.

Pour Jung, la découverte des différences de types a représenté le début de son voyage d'individuation. Sa découverte expérimentale peut être un modèle pour le chemin d'apprentissage concernant la typologie psychologique. Si une formation sur les types psychologiques est structurée comme le voyage d'individuation lui-même, elle peut permettre aux personnes de découvrir empiriquement les révélations de Jung sur la psyché: commençant par la différentiation des fonctions préférées, passant par la fonction inférieure à mi-parcours, et concluant par une investigation des fonctions inconscientes. Une telle méthode pédagogique requiert une approche non-normative qui autorise les étudiants à diriger leur propre apprentissage, une approche bien représentée par le concept taoïste de wu wei. Types Psychologiques fait référence à wu wei en tant que moyen pour équilibrer la conscience et l'inconscient. Parfois la typologie de Jung est comprise comme s'occupant seulement du conscient, mais elle représente en fait le mouvement en huit volets de Jung vers l'inconscient. Afin d'illustrer l'interaction dynamique des fonctions conscientes et inconscientes, le modèle « huit-fonction huit-archétype ¼ de John Beebe est un outil indispensable, parce qu'il éclaire les opposés inconscients inhérents dans chaque type et les relie aux complexes archétypaux. A l'aide du modèle de Beebe, les étudiants peuvent concevoir une trajectoire typologique du développement pour leur voyage vers le Soi.

Para Jung, el descubrimiento de las diferencias tipológicas representó el comienzo de su viaje de individuación, y su descubrimiento empírico puede modelar la vía de enseñar tipología. Un curso sobre tipología posibilita a los individuos descubrir empíricamente las revelaciones de Jung sobre la psique, si se estructura como el viaje de individuación, comenzando con la diferenciación de las funciones preferidas, continuando con la función inferior en el punto medio de la travesía, y concluyendo con la exploración de las funciones inconscientes. Semejante método pedagógico exige un abordaje no prescriptivo que empodera a los estudiantes a conducir su propio aprendizaje, un abordaje que se expresa a través del concepto taoísta de wu wei. Tipos Psicológicos hace referencia al wu wei como una vía de balancear procesos conscientes e inconscientes. A veces, se considera que la tipología Junguiana trata solamente con la consciencia, pero de hecho representa las ocho vías de acceso al inconsciente de acuerdo con Jung. Para ilustrar la interacción dinámica de las funciones conscientes e inconscientes, el modelo de ocho funciones, ocho arquetipos de John Beebe, es un instrumento indispensable, porque ilumina los opuestos inconscientes inherentes a cada tipo y los conecta con los complejos arquetipales. Con la ayuda del modelo de Beebe, las/los estudiantes pueden diagramar una trayectoria tipológica de desarrollo para su viaje hacia el Sí Mismo.

Stay alert: probability of African Swine Fever introduction from Eastern Asia is almost as high as from Eastern Europe.

INTRODUCTION: African Swine Fever (ASF) is a severe viral disease infecting all suid species. Since the first outbreak in Georgia in 2007, it has slowly spread towards Western Europe and reached the European Union when first cases were detected in Poland and the Baltic States in 2014. ASF was first reported in China in 2018 and since then, it has spread to 14 countries within two years. This study aimed to estimate the introduction probability of ASF from Eastern Asia in a qualitative risk assessment, and to compare it to the probability from Eastern Europe, which was assessed in an earlier risk assessment. A high probability of introduction was estimated for the import of meat and meat products, which was found to be the most likely route of introduction. Less important routes were introduction by human contamination (low probability) or import of feed or blood products (very low probability). Import of domestic pigs or free-ranging wild boar, contaminated means of transport, or infected semen, embryo or ticks were all estimated to be negligible. For Eastern Europe, import of meat and meat products was also estimated to pose a high risk and was therefore the most likely route of introduction. Higher probabilities were estimated for import of live pigs, contaminated feed or means of transport and human contamination. Overall, the probability of introduction from Eastern Asia is only slightly lower than from Eastern Europe. As it is important to detect the first case as quickly as possible, it is important not to fall victim to habituation effects, but to remain vigilant.

INTRODUCTION: La peste porcine africaine (PPA) est une maladie virale grave qui infecte toutes les espèces de suidés. Depuis le premier foyer en Géorgie en 2007, elle s'est lentement propagée vers l'Europe occidentale et a atteint l'Union européenne lorsque les premiers cas ont été détectés en Pologne et dans les États baltes en 2014. La PPA a été signalée pour la première fois en Chine en 2018 et depuis lors, elle s'est propagée dans 14 pays en deux ans. Cette étude visait à estimer la probabilité d'introduction de la PPA en provenance d'Asie orientale par une évaluation qualitative des risques et à la comparer à la probabilité en provenance d'Europe de l'Est, qui a été estimée dans une évaluation des risques antérieure. Une forte probabilité d'introduction a été estimée pour l'importation de viande et de produits carnés, qui s'est avérée être la voie d'introduction la plus probable. Les voies moins importantes étaient l'introduction par contamination humaine (faible probabilité) ou l'importation d'aliments pour animaux ou de produits sanguins (très faible probabilité). Les importations de porcs domestiques ou de sangliers sauvages, de moyens de transport contaminés ou de sperme, d'embryons ou de tiques infectés ont tous été estimés négligeables. Concernant l'Europe de l'Est, l'importation de viande et de produits carnés était également considérée comme présentant un risque élevé et était donc la voie d'introduction la plus probable. Des probabilités plus élevées ont été estimées pour l'importation de porcs vivants, d'aliments ou de moyens de transport contaminés et de contamination humaine. Dans l'ensemble, la probabilité d'introduction depuis L'Asie orientale n'est que légèrement inférieure à celle de l'Europe de l'Est. Comme il est essentiel de détecter le premier cas le plus rapidement possible, il est important de ne pas être victime d'effets d'accoutumance, mais de rester vigilant.

Free-ranging wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Switzerland: casual observations and model-based projections during open and closed season for hunting.

INTRODUCTION: Wild boar (i.e., Sus scrofa) are susceptible to a range of diseases that can be transmitted to domestic pigs. Assessing the potential risk of transmission-related events involves identifying where wild boar occur in Switzerland and where they still can colonize. It also involves identifying zones where piggeries are dense. In the work presented here, the distribution of wild boar in Switzerland was projected from grid data as probabilities of presence using an approach based on statistical modeling, separately for closed and open season for hunting. The predicted probabilities of wild boar presence were related to the density of piggeries in the six agricultural zones. The resulting maps show how the potential risk of transmission-related events, as a proxy for disease transmission, is distributed in Switzerland. Wild boar presence data consisted of hunting data and casual observations recorded from September 2011 to February 2018 at the coordinate level. They were obtained from all 16 Swiss cantons maintaining a license hunting system plus Solothurn (for 2017) and Zurich, as well as from info fauna. The probability of wild boar occurrence was high (> 0.7) in Jura, the valleys of the Southern Alps, the Rhone Valley down the river from Martigny, and the Rhine Valley down the river from Bündner Herrschaft; it was fair (0.5-0.7) in the Swiss Plateau. These regions broadly overlap agricultural zones with a high density of piggeries. Patches of perennially suitable, but currently not colonized habitat were found in the cantons of Berne, Obwalden, Uri, Schwyz, Glarus, and Grisons. The probability of wild boar occurrence across the entire study area, including the Alps, increased by 12% during closed season for hunting. The results were discussed with reference to similar studies.

INTRODUCTION: Le sanglier (Sus scrofa) est sensible à plusieurs maladies qui peuvent être transmises au cochon domestique. Afin d'estimer le risque potentiel de transmission, il est important d'identifier les zones occupées par le sanglier en Suisse ainsi que celles qu'il pourrait encore coloniser. De plus, cela implique également de pouvoir situer les secteurs où les élevages de cochons sont les plus abondant. Dans le présent travail, la distribution du sanglier a été projetée selon une grille à l'échelle de la Suisse à partir des présences confirmées en utilisant des méthodes statistiques, ceci en considérant la période d'ouverture de chasse d'une part et la période de fermeture d'autre part. Les probabilités de présence calculées ont été misent en relation avec la densité des porcheries dans les différentes zones agricoles. Les cartes résultant de cet exercice montrent comment le risque potentiel de transmission de maladies est distribué en Suisse. La base de données utilisée contenait des informations sur les sangliers tirés lors de la chasse, ainsi que des observations occasionnelles, rapportées à l'échelle de la coordonnée entre Septembre 2011 et Février 2018. Ces données ont étés obtenues de l'ensemble des 16 cantons maintenant un système de chasse à patente, plus Soleure (2017) et Zurich, et des données disponibles sur info fauna. La probabilité de trouver des sanglier est élevée (> 0.7) dans le Jura, les vallées du sud des Alpes, la vallée du Rhône en aval de Martigny et la vallée du Rhin en aval de Bündner Herrschaft. Elle est modérée (0.5­0.7) pour le Plateau Suisse. Ces régions correspondent à peu près aux zones agricoles possédant les plus grandes densités de porcheries. Des secteurs offrant des conditions favorables toute l'année, mais encore inoccupés par le sanglier ont été trouvés dans les cantons de Berne, Obwald, Uri, Schwyz, Glaris et les Grisons. Sur l'ensemble de la zone d'étude, la probabilité de présence des sangliers était supérieur de 12% en dehors de la période de chasse. Les résultats ont été discutés en les comparant à des études similaires.

Assessment of dexterity and diagnostic accuracy of the Functional Dexterity Test in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. / Valutazione della destrezza e accuratezza diagnostic del Functional Dexterity Test in soggetti affetti da syndrome del tunnel carpale.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (STC) is centered on the symptoms. However, patients also show an impairment of sensorimotor functions, but the relationship between STC and manual dexterity has never been investigated. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the correlation between manual dexterity and severity of the STC. Another objective was the diagnostic accuracy of the clinical battery including provocative tests (Phalen, Tinel) and Functional Dexterity Test (FDT). METHODS: A sample of 80 subjects with suspected STC was subdivided into 4 groups based on EMG (severe/extreme-GrA, moderate-GrB, mild/minimal-GrC, negative-GrD) and evaluated in blind by Phalen, Tinel and FDT. The relationship between the FDT and the allocation of subjects was investigated by Spearman's rho, while the groups were compared with univariate ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc analysis. Diagnostic accuracy of the clinical battery was expressed by sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios (LR). RESULTS: A moderate (r=0.48, p minor of 0.001) correlation was found between FDT and the 4 groups. ANOVA has returned a significant difference between GrA vs. all others and between GrB vs. GrD. The battery showed a sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (LR+) and negative likelihood ratio (LR-) of 70%, 94%, 11.98 and 0.31 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study supported the hypothesis that STC patients also have a dexterity impairment. The FDT was able to discriminate between three levels of severity (negative, mild to moderate, severe to extreme), maintaining a good level of diagnostic accuracy in addition to provocative tests.

Reduction of excavation face collapse risk in tunnelling.

Two large road tunnels, recently developed near Florence, showed instabilities of the excavation face which subsequently caused sixteen collapses. Due to the risk for workers' safety, the public authority for occupational health and safety (ASL) has monitored the failure rate and other background variables in order to assess the possible correlations between risk reductions, its own actions, and those of the various safety actors involved. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate if the interventions carried out by the design team were able to reduce the risks of collapse and which of the ASL actions and/or which other factors were more effective in changing the attitudes of the parties involved, leading to a more expensive but safer project variant. RESULTS: After adoption of the second of two project variants, no more collapses were observed. No correlation was found between trend of ASL inspections and observed variation of collapse rate. Conversely, the adoption of strongly coercive measures and investigation reporting by local media coincided with periods of risk reduction, even if the low number of events does not allow for statistical evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: These findings appear to be coherent with the ratio of the cost of penalties related to health and safety infringements (thousands of euros) to the overall cost of the safer project variant (a hundred times greater).  The safer variant required 7% more labour but avoided forced interruptions caused by the collapses, allowing a 13% faster excavation rate.

Analysis of incidents of violence in a large Italian hospital. / Analisi degli episodi di violenza in in grande ospedale italiano.

INTRODUCTION: An increase in the rate of non-fatal violence events, from 20.65/10,000 in 2012 to 22.81/10,000 in 2014, was observed at the IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino in Genoa. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the incidence and outcome of the phenomenon of violence, by identifying the type of aggressive event and the ward in which it occurred, assuming that the occurrence is evenly distributed and not only limited to the psychiatric or to the emergency department. The age and sex of both attackers and victims of aggression were also analyzed. METHODS: Retrospective analysis: study of injury trends related to episodes of violence between 2012 and 2015, incidence compared to other injuries and evaluation of the direct costs. Observational staff surveys with a questionnaire based on the Overt Aggression Scale and statistical data analysis. RESULTS: Following the aggressions, 36 injuries were identified over the study period (2012-2015), resulting in 431 days of absence from work. The direct estimated costs were € 64,170. The observational surveys of each ward showed a high concentration of events. Reports were received from 34 out of the 76 evaluated wards. Seventy-five percent of the reports concerned only four operative units: emergency room, intermediate care, psychiatry and geriatrics. Sixty-one percent of the questionnaires were filled out by nurses, 23% by support staff and the remaining 16% was provided by physicians and coordinators. CONCLUSIONS: Violence against healthcare workers is a well-known problem; action is required on the scheduling of activities, improvement of communication paths with users and the training of operators.

Assessing fitness for professional and non-professional drivers: legislation and medico-legal issues. / La valutazione dell'idoneità psico-fisica alla guida, professional e non: normativa di riferimento e implicazioni medico-legali.

For a long time, European legislation has not considered the Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) a relevant factor for road safety. In Italy, in 2010 the Scientific Society of Legal Medicine COMLAS published Guidelines for the assessment of fitness to drive. An entire chapter, written in collaboration with the Commission "Sleepiness, Safety and Transportation" of the Italian Association of Sleep Medicine (AIMS), is dedicated to the criteria for assessing fitness to drive of people with OSAS or narcolepsy. Only in 2016, following the adoption of European Commission Directive 2014/85/EU, Italian law recognized OSAS as a condition to be considered in the assessment of fitness to drive. The author discusses the ascertainment criteria and the medico-legal implications regarding information to patients and reporting duty.

Não é só um problema de "satisfação dos usuários": considerações sobre a participação dos usuários na avaliação da atenção básica / It is not only a "user satisfaction problem". Considerations about users' participation in primary health care evaluation / Non è solo un problema di "soddisfazione degli utenti". Considerazioni sulla partecipazione degli utenti nella valutazione dell'assistenza primaria

Frente as transformações do novo cenário epidemiológico global, os sistemas e os serviços de saúde do Brasil e da Itália estão reorientando a lógica da assistência para produzir novas formas de cuidado, através da Atenção Primária em Saúde (a Política Nacional de Atenção Básica e a Estratégia Saúde da Família no Brasil; a implantação das Casas da Saúde na Itália), destacando a importância de colocar no centro dos processos de produção de cuidado os indivíduos e a comunidade, com os próprios valores, objetivos e trajetórias de vida. Na literatura destaca­se que para sustentar estas inovações atividades de pesquisa, avaliação e formação sejam necessárias e devem ser desenvolvidas em todos os níveis do sistema de saúde, desde o macro até o micro, levando em conta a estrutura do sistema onde os serviços de saúde estão inseridos, e os determinantes sociais, políticos e econômicos do contexto de referência A partir destas considerações apresentamos aqui os resultados de um estudo exploratório cujo objetivo é aprofundar as dimensões ético­políticas, culturais, sociais e técnicas da avaliação em Primary Health Care. Mais especificadamente, foi colocado em debate o cenário brasileiro e o sistema de avaliação do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e Qualidade da Atenção Básica­ PMAQ, a respeito da fase de avaliação externa ­ Módulo III, Satisfação e percepção dos usuários quanto ao acesso e utilização dos serviços de saúde. Elemento de inovação desta pesquisa é o foco no desenvolvimento de metodologias de análise e ação multi­ locais e multi­ situadas, que permitem a conexão entre atores interinstitucionais em nível local e promovem a estruturação de redes internacionais de troca de boas práticas entre diferentes territórios.

Considering the transformation of the new global epidemiological scenario, health systems and health services in Brazil and Italy are redirecting their logic of assistance to produce new forms of care through the Primary Health Care approach (the National Primary Care Policy and Strategy of Family Health Care in Brazil; the implementation of Houses of Health in Italy), highlighting the importance of putting at the center of care production processes individuals and the community, with their own values, objectives, and life trajectories. Literature emphasized that, in order to sustain these innovations, research, evaluation and training are necessary and must be developed at all levels of the health system, taking into account its structure, as well as the social, political and economic context. Starting from that, we present the results of an exploratory study whose aim is to deepen the ethical-political, cultural, social and technical dimensions of evaluation in Primary Health Care. It was analyzed the Brazilian scenario and the evaluation system of the National Program for Improving Access and Quality of Care ­ PMAQ, basically concerning the external evaluation phase - Module III, satisfaction and perception of users regarding access and use of health services. Innovation element of this research is the development of multi-local and multi-site methodologies, which provide the connection between inter-institutional actors at the local level and promote the structuring of international networks for best practices exchange between different territories.

Per rispondere alle trasformazioni che attraversano il nuovo scenario epidemiologico globale i sistemi e i servizi di salute di Brasile e Italia stanno riorientando le proprie logiche di assistenza attraverso l'approccio della Primary Health Care (la Politica Nazionale di Assistenza Primaria e la Strategia di Salute della Famiglia in Brasile; l'implementazione delle Case della Salute in Italia), sottolineando l'importanza di collocare al centro dei processi di presa in carico la comunità e gli individui, con i propri valori, obiettivi e itinerari di vita. Numerosi esempi in letteratura riportano che per sostenere tali innovazioni sono necessarie attività di ricerca, valutazione e formazione, sviluppate a tutti i livelli del sistema di salute, dal macro al micro, tenendo in considerazione la struttura del sistema in cui i servizi sono inseriti, e i determinanti sociali, politici e economici del contesto di riferimento. A partire da queste considerazioni presentiamo di seguito i risultati di uno studio esplorativo il cui obiettivo è approfondire le dimensioni etico-politiche, culturali, sociali e tecniche della valutazione in Assistenza Primaria in Salute. Nello specifico, si è analizzato lo scenario brasiliano e il sistema di valutazione del Programma Nazionale di Miglioramento dell'Accesso e della Qualità dell'Assistenza Primaria-PMAQ, prendendo in esame la fase di valutazione esterna ­ Modulo III, Soddisfazione e percezione dei pazienti rispetto all'accesso e all'utilizzo dei servizi sanitari. Elemento di innovazione di questa ricerca è lo sviluppo di metodologie di analisi e intervento multi-locali e multisituate, volte alla connessione tra attori inter-istituzionali a livello locale e alla promozione di reti internazionali di scambio e confronto di buone pratiche tra differenti territori.

Assessment of patient interpersonal behavior: Development and validation of a rating scale.

OBJECTIVE: Patient in-session interpersonal behavior, as part of the therapeutic alliance, is an important aspect of the psychotherapy process and impacts treatment outcome. In the present study, the development and validation of a rating scale of patient in-session interpersonal behavior is described. METHOD: A 10-item rating scale, the Assessment Form of Patient Interpersonal Behavior (AFPIB), was developed using an inductive procedure. The AFPIB was then validated in a sample of patients with hypochondriasis (N = 30), by having two independent raters assess patients' interpersonal behaviors shown in videotaped psychotherapy sessions (N = 60). RESULTS: The AFPIB demonstrated good reliability and validity. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the AFPIB seems to be a promising rating scale for the assessment of patient interpersonal behavior shown in psychotherapy sessions.