El estudio de la cognición: hacia una perspectiva corporizada / O estudo da cognição: em direção a uma perspectiva incorporada / The study of cognition: towards an embodied perspective / L'étude de la cognition: vers une perspective incarnée

Resumen El campo de la cognición ha tenido una larga historia en la que los modelos formales, el cuerpo y la interacción con el mundo físico y social han tenido significados y papeles variados. En los últimos años, las propuestas han intentado reintroducir el cuerpo y la variabilidad cognitiva resultante de la sensibilidad a contextos ricos e impredecibles. Este artículo presenta el enactivismo autopoiético, una de las versiones esenciales de las teorías encarnadas dentro de las ciencias cognitivas, señalando algunas limitaciones de las teorías clásicas de procesamiento de la información y sus nociones de representación. En este distanciamiento, las ciencias cognitivas han recuperado el cuerpo, la sensibilidad y flexibilidad de los procesos cognitivos, la naturaleza dinámica de la experiencia y el valor de los sistemas culturales que sustentan la actividad cognitiva.

Resumo O campo da cognição tem uma longa história na qual modelos formais, o corpo, e a interação com o mundo físico e social tiveram significados e papéis variados. Nos últimos anos, as propostas tentaram reintroduzir o corpo e a variabilidade cognitiva resultante da sensibilidade a contextos ricos e imprevisíveis. Este artigo apresenta o enativismo autopoiético, uma das versões essenciais das teorias corporizadas dentro das ciências cognitivas, apontando algumas limitações das teorias clássicas de processamento de informação e as suas noções de representação. Nesse distanciamento, as ciências cognitivas recuperaram o corpo, a sensibilidade e flexibilidade dos processos cognitivos, a natureza dinâmica da experiência e o valor dos sistemas culturais que sustentam a atividade cognitiva.

Abstract The field of cognition has had a long history where formal models, the body, and interaction with the physical and social world have had varied meanings and roles. In recent years, proposals have tried to reintroduce the body and the cognitive variability resulting from sensitivity to rich and unpredictable contexts. This article presents the autopoietic enactivism, one of the essential versions of embodied theories within the cognitive sciences, pointing out some limitations of classical information processing theories and their notions of representation. In this distancing, cognitive sciences have recovered the body, the sensitivity and flexibility of cognitive processes, the dynamic nature of experience, and the value of the cultural systems that support cognitive activity.

Résumé Le domaine de la cognition a connu une longue histoire dans laquelle les modèles formels, le corps et l'interaction avec le monde physique et social ont eu des significations et des rôles variés. Ces dernières années, des propositions ont tenté de réintroduire le corps et la variabilité cognitive résultant de la sensibilité à des contextes riches et imprévisibles. Cet article présente l'enactivisme autopoïétique, l'une des versions essentielles des théories incarnées au sein des sciences cognitives, en soulignant certaines limites des théories classiques du traitement de l'information et de leurs notions de représentation. Avec cet écartement, les sciences cognitives ont récupéré le corps, la sensibilité et la flexibilité des processus cognitifs, la nature dynamique de l'expérience et la valeur des systèmes culturels qui soutiennent l'activité cognitive.

Como a vida produz a política? Uma leitura sistêmica de Maturana e Varela sobre a sociedade / How does life produce politics? A systemic reading of Maturana and Varela on society / ¿Cómo produce la vida la política? Una lectura sistémica de Maturana y Varela sobre la sociedad

Desenvolve-se o conceito de sociedade, em Maturana e Varela, como produto do acoplamento vital do homem. Com essa tese, pretende-se avançar sobre a discussão da necessidade do Estado como garantidor da sociedade. Verificou-se que, para os autores, não só o Estado não é condição de sociabilidade, mas também é, ele mesmo, não social.(AU)

The concept of society, in Maturana and Varela, is developed as a product of man's vital coupling. With this thesis, it intend to advance on the discussion of the need of the State as guarantor of society. It has been found that, for the authors, not only the State is not a condition of sociability, but it is also not social.(AU)

El concepto de sociedad se desarrolla, en Maturana y Varela, como producto del acoplamiento vital del hombre. Con esta tesis pretendemos avanzar en la discusión de la necesidad del Estado como garante de la sociedad. Se encontró que, para los autores, el Estado no solo no es una condición de sociabilidad, sino que tampoco es social.(AU)

Ecological Psychology and Enactivism: Perceptually-Guided Action vs. Sensation-Based Enaction.

Ecological Psychology and Enactivism both challenge representationist cognitive science, but the two approaches have only begun to engage in dialogue. Further conceptual clarification is required in which differences are as important as common ground. This paper enters the dialogue by focusing on important differences. After a brief account of the parallel histories of Ecological Psychology and Enactivism, we cover incompatibility between them regarding their theories of sensation and perception. First, we show how and why in ecological theory perception is, crutially, not based on sensation. We elucidate this idea by examining the biological roots of work in the two fields, concentrating on Gibson and Varela and Maturana. We expound an ecological critique of any sensation based approach to perception by detailing two topics: classic retinal image theories and perception in single-celled organisms. The second main point emphasizes the importance of the idea of organism-environment mutuality and its difference from structural coupling of sensations and motor behavior. We point out how ecological-phenomenological methods of inquiry grow out of mutualism and compare Gibson's idea of visual kinesthesis to Merleau-Ponty's idea of the lived body. Third, we conclude that Ecological Psychology and varieties of Enactivism are laying down different paths to pursue related goals. Thus, convergence of Ecological Psychology and Enactivism is not possible given their conflicting assumptions, but cross-fertilization is possible and desirable.

Félix Varela: precursor del independentismo y la epidemiología hospitalaria en Cuba / Felix Varela: precursor of the independence ideas and the hospitalary epidemiology in Cuba

Félix Varela, fue hombre que se devela como precursor de variadas actividades, y no solo como patriota de ideas independentistas que legó a su patria los fundamentos de un pensamiento revolucionario radical, que tenía como centro la independencia y la abolición de la esclavitud, también se incluye entre los primeros de la epidemiología hospitalaria en Cuba. Con sus conocimientos, como observador no profesional de la medicina y de la dinámica hospitalaria, supo identificar las situaciones en que se asistían en un hospital de su época y proponer soluciones correctas para ellas(AU)

Felix Varela was a man who has revealed as the precursor of many activities, not only as a patriot of emancipating ideas who bequeathed to his homeland the fundaments of the radical revolutionary thoughts, having as a center the independence and the slavery abolition, but he is also considered one of the beginners of the hospitalary epidemiology in Cuba. With his knowledge, as a no professional observer of the medicine and the hospitalary dynamics, he identified the situations that took place in the hospitals of his epoch and proposed correct solutions for them(AU)

Humanismo y asistencia benéfica en las "Cartas a Elpidio" de Félix Varela / Humanism and Beneficence in Félix Varela's "Letters to Elpidio"

En el presente trabajo se valora la presencia de la concepción humanista de Félix Varela en su obra "Cartas a Elpidio". Se toma como punto de partida al humanismo filosófico en su variante latinoamericana, ubicando a Varela en el lugar correspondiente al llamado "triángulo básico" de la filosofía cubana del siglo XIX. En particular, se hace énfasis en sus ideas acerca de la asistencia benéfica y de la subordinación del bien individual al bien común, cuestiones que aunque constituyen una línea temática permanente dentro del pensamiento vareliano obra, reciben aquí un tratamiento muy maduro, que no ha sido objeto de estudios precedentes. Asimismo se toman en consideración las condiciones y el momento histórico en que fue escrita la obra y las acciones benéficas, de asistencia social, que conjuntamente se generan (AU)

The presence of Félix Varela's humanistic position in his work "Letters to Elpidio" is appraised in this work. Philosophical humanism in its Latin American variant is taken as a starting point, placing Varela in a position corresponding to the so-called "basic triangle" of Cuban philosophy in the XIX century. In particular, emphasis is made in his ideas about beneficence and the subordination of individual well-being to common well-being, issues that although they constitute a permanent thematic line in Varela's thought; receive a very mature treatment in this work, even more mature than that of precedent studies. Also they take into consideration the conditions and the historical context in which this work was written and the beneficent actions, of social assistance that are consequently generated (AU)

Algumas ressonâncias entre a abordagem enativa e a psicologia histórico-cultural / Some resonance between enactive approach and the historic-cultural one

O artigo examina as ressonâncias entre a abordagem enativa de F. Varela e a psicologia histórico-cultural de L. S. Vygotski, tomando como foco os mecanismos de construção da cognição. O mecanismo histórico-dialético e o mecanismo autopoiético são comparados quanto à possibilidade de darem conta da inventividade da cognição. A metodologia utilizada tem por base as indicações fornecidas por Y. Clot na coletânea Avec Vygotski. São analisadas as ressonâncias entre os autores, sublinhando seus pontos de afastamento e de proximidade, com destaque para as respectivas contribuições ao entendimento da aprendizagem, envolvendo o questionamento do foco na solução de problemas e do determinismo do meio ambiente.

The article examines the resonance between F. Varela's enactive approach and the historic-cultural one from L. S. Vygotski focusing on the cognition building mechanisms. The dialectic-historical mechanism and the self-poietic one are compared towards the possibility of comprehending cognition inventivity. The methodology used in this work is based on the indications given by Y. Clot in the anthology Avec Vygotski. The resonance between the authors is analyzed, and the proximity and furthering aspects are highlighted, with special attention given to the respective contributions to the understanding of learning, considering the focus questioning on problem solving and environmental determinism.

Humanismo y asistencia benéfica en las "Cartas a Elpidio" de Félix Varela / Humanism and Beneficence in Félix Varela's "Letters to Elpidio"

En el presente trabajo se valora la presencia de la concepción humanista de Félix Varela en su obra "Cartas a Elpidio". Se toma como punto de partida al humanismo filosófico en su variante latinoamericana, ubicando a Varela en el lugar correspondiente al llamado "triángulo básico" de la filosofía cubana del siglo XIX. En particular, se hace énfasis en sus ideas acerca de la asistencia benéfica y de la subordinación del bien individual al bien común, cuestiones que aunque constituyen una línea temática permanente dentro del pensamiento vareliano obra, reciben aquí un tratamiento muy maduro, que no ha sido objeto de estudios precedentes. Asimismo se toman en consideración las condiciones y el momento histórico en que fue escrita la obra y las acciones benéficas, de asistencia social, que conjuntamente se generan.

The presence of Félix Varela's humanistic position in his work "Letters to Elpidio" is appraised in this work. Philosophical humanism in its Latin American variant is taken as a starting point, placing Varela in a position corresponding to the so-called "basic triangle" of Cuban philosophy in the XIX century. In particular, emphasis is made in his ideas about beneficence and the subordination of individual well-being to common well-being, issues that although they constitute a permanent thematic line in Varela's thought; receive a very mature treatment in this work, even more mature than that of precedent studies. Also they take into consideration the conditions and the historical context in which this work was written and the beneficent actions, of social assistance that are consequently generated.