An Explanatory Model of Suicidal Behaviour in Indigenous Peoples of the Department of Vaupés, Colombia. / Un modelo explicativo de la conducta suicida de los pueblos indígenas del departamento del Vaupés, Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Suicidal behaviour is a global public health problem. Indigenous peoples are one of the most vulnerable populations. OBJECTIVE: To establish an explanatory model of the suicidal behaviour of the indigenous peoples of the department of Vaupés. METHODS: Mixed qualitative-quantitative study with the population of Vaupés. A univariate analysis of local databases, and implementation of different qualitative data collection techniques in the field, with hermeneutic analysis following guidelines proposed by other authors. RESULTS: Suicidal behaviour is a problem for the indigenous peoples of Vaupés. Different explanations for these behaviours involving traditional and structural aspects are integrated in an explanatory model, which makes it possible to guide action. CONCLUSIONS: The explanatory model makes it possible to advance socioculturally in the appropriate way to address suicidal behaviours, and opens up new possibilities for interaction with other healthcare models.

Un modelo explicativo de la conducta suicida de los pueblos indígenas del departamento del Vaupés, Colombia, / An Explanatory Model of Suicidal Behaviour in Indigenous Peoples of the Department of Vaupés, Colombia

RESUMEN Introducción: La conducta suicida es un problema de salud pública en todo el mundo. Los pueblos indígenas son una de las poblaciones más vulnerables. Objetivo: Establecer un modelo explicativo de la conducta suicida de los pueblos indígenas del departamento del Vaupés. Métodos: Estudio mixto cualicuantitativo con población del Departamento del Vaupés. Análisis univariable de bases de datos locales e implementación de diferentes técnicas de recolección de datos cualitativos en campo, con el respectivo análisis hermenéutico siguiendo pautas propuestas por otros autores. Resultados: La conducta suicida es un problema para los pueblos indígenas del Departamento del Vaupés. Se presentan diferentes explicaciones para dichas conductas que involucran aspectos tradicionales y estructurales, los cuales se integran en un modelo explicativo que permite orientar las intervenciones. Conclusiones: El modelo explicativo permite avanzar en la intervención de las conductas suicidas adecuada en lo sociocultural, y abre nuevas posibilidades para la interacción con otros modelos de cuidado.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Suicidal behaviour is a global public health problem. Indigenous peoples are one of the most vulnerable populations. Objective: To establish an explanatory model of the suicidal behaviour of the indigenous peoples of the department of Vaupés. Methods: Mixed qualitative-quantitative study with the population of Vaupés. A univariate analysis of local databases, and implementation of different qualitative data collection techniques in the field, with hermeneutic analysis following guidelines proposed by other authors. Results: Suicidal behaviour is a problem for the indigenous peoples of Vaupés. Different explanations for these behaviours involving traditional and structural aspects are integrated in an explanatory model, which makes it possible to guide action. Conclusions: The explanatory model makes it possible to advance socioculturally in the appropriate way to address suicidal behaviours, and opens up new possibilities for interaction with other healthcare models.

Ancient genetic divergence in bumblebee catfish of the genus Pseudopimelodus (Pseudopimelodidae: Siluriformes) from northwestern South America.

Pseudopimelodus is a Neotropical genus of bumblebee catfish, composed of four valid species occurring in both trans- and cis-Andean rivers of South America. The orogeny of the Andes has led to diversification in the genus Pseudopimelodus in Colombia. This study analyzed partial sequences of mitochondrial cox1 and nuclear rag2 genes to test the hypothesis that the species, nominally recognized as P. schultzi and P. bufonius in Colombia, correspond to more than two different evolutionary lineages. Results indicate high levels of genetic divergence among individuals of nominal P. schultzi and P. bufonius, from trans- and cis-Andean basins in Colombia. In addition, five divergent lineages of Pseudopimelodus were confidently delimited by using a single-locus species-discovery approach and confirmed by species tree analyses. Additionally, molecular-clock dating showed that most diversification processes in Pseudopimelodus took place during the Miocene, when Andean tectonic evolution was occurring in northwestern South America. The present study provides, for the first time, phylogeographic insight into this Neotropical genus.

Diversity and genetic structure analysis of three Amazonian Amerindian populations from Colombia / Análisis de la diversidad y la estructura genética de tres poblaciones indígenas amazónicas colombianas

Introduction: In the departments of the Vaupés and Guaviare, in southeastern Colombia, in a transitional area between Amazonia and the eastern plains, inhabit indigenous groups belonging to the Tukanoan (East) and Guahiban linguistic families. Although some studies have dealt with the culture and the cosmology description of these groups, little research has been done on the biological diversity and genetic relationships of such groups.Objective: To estimate the diversity, the structure, and the genetic relationships of one Guahiban and two Tukanoan groups of the Colombian Amazonian region.Methods: Samples were collected (n = 106) from unrelated individuals belonging to the Vaupés native indigenous communities. The DNA was extracted and nine autosomal microsatellites were typed. Several measures of diversity, FST, pairwise FST, and population differentiation between groups were calculated. Finally, it was estimated the genetic distances of the groups studied in relation with other Amazonian, Andean and Central American indigenous people.Results: 1. The genetic diversity found stands within the range of other Amazonian populations, whereas compared to the mestizo and afro-descendant Colombian populations, such diversity showed to be lower. 2. The structure and population differentiation tests showed two clusters; one consisting of the Vaupés Tukanoan and Guaviare Tukanoan groups, and a second one formed by the Guayabero. 3. Tukanoan groups are found to be closer related to the Brazilian Amazonian populations than to the Guayabero.Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the Guayabero group from Guaviare, are genetically differentiated from those Tukanoan groups of the Vaupés and Guaviare

Diversity and genetic structure analysis of three Amazonian Amerindian populations of Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: In the departments of the Vaupés and Guaviare, in southeastern Colombia, in a transitional area between Amazonia and the eastern plains, inhabit indigenous groups belonging to the Tukanoan (East) and Guahiban linguistic families. Although some studies have dealt with the culture and the cosmology description of these groups, little research has been done on the biological diversity and genetic relationships of such groups. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the diversity, the structure, and the genetic relationships of one Guahiban and two Tukanoan groups of the Colombian Amazonian region. METHODS: Samples were collected (n = 106) from unrelated individuals belonging to the Vaupés native indigenous communities. The DNA was extracted and nine autosomal microsatellites were typed. Several measures of diversity, FST, pairwise FST, and population differentiation between groups were calculated. Finally, it was estimated the genetic distances of the groups studied in relation with other Amazonian, Andean and Central American indigenous people. RESULTS: 1. The genetic diversity found stands within the range of other Amazonian populations, whereas compared to the mestizo and afro-descendant Colombian populations, such diversity showed to be lower. 2. The structure and population differentiation tests showed two clusters; one consisting of the Vaupés Tukanoan and Guaviare Tukanoan groups, and a second one formed by the Guayabero. 3. Tukanoan groups are found to be closer related to the Brazilian Amazonian populations than to the Guayabero. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the Guayabero group from Guaviare, are genetically differentiated from those Tukanoan groups of the Vaupés and Guaviare.

INTRODUCCIÓN: En los departamentos del Vaupés y el Guaviare, al Suroriente de Colombia, en un área transicional entre la Amazonía y los Llanos Orientales, habitan pueblos indígenas de las familias lingüísticas Tucano (Oriental) y Guahibo. Se han hecho estudios sobre la cultura y la cosmología de dichos grupos, pero poco se ha investigado sobre su diversidad biológica y sus relaciones genéticas. OBJETIVO: Estimar la diversidad, la estructura y las relaciones genéticas de dos poblaciones Tucano Oriental y un grupo Guayabero (Guahibo) de la Amazonía colombiana. METODOS: Se recolectaron muestras de 106 individuos no emparentados, pertenecientes a comunidades indígenas del Vaupés y el Guaviare. Se tipificaron nueve microsatélites autosómicos. Se estimó la heterocigosidad, la diversidad génica, FST y FST pareados entre grupos. Se realizó una prueba de estructura espacial y se construyó un árbol de distancias genéticas con otras poblaciones indígenas amazónicas, Andinas y centroamericanas. RESULTADOS: La diversidad genética se encuentra en el rango estándar de otras poblaciones amazónicas, pero es más baja que en población mestiza y afrodescendiente de Colombia. Los Tucano Oriental del Vaupés y el Guaviare conforman una unidad genética que se diferencia significativamente de los Guayaberos. Los grupos Tucano están más cerca genéticamente de las poblaciones amazónicas brasileras que de los Guayabero. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que los Guayaberos en el Guaviare, están diferenciados genéticamente de los grupos Tucano del Vaupés y de los Tucano del Refugio en el Guaviare.