Ilegítimos na transição entre o Império e a República: o caso do estado de São Paulo (1886-1900) / Illegitimacy in the transition between the Empire and the Republic: the case of the state of São Paulo (1886-1900) / Ilegítimos en la transición entre el imperio y la república: el caso del estado de São Paulo (1886-1900)

Resumo No Brasil, o estudo da condição de legitimidade (filiação) é tópico que vem sendo tratado pela literatura especializada, tanto no âmbito da História quanto no da Demografia Histórica, sobretudo a partir da década de 1980. O objetivo deste artigo é contribuir para o avanço da temática, mapeando a incidência e a distribuição espacial da ilegitimidade no estado de São Paulo, no final do século XIX, a partir de uma perspectiva diferente daquela dos estudos já elaborados, especialmente em relação ao recorte temporal e às fontes utilizadas. Assim, foram analisados os dados sobre a filiação na população paulista a partir dos Recenseamentos Gerais da População Brasileira, realizados em 1890 e 1900, acrescidos de outras fontes de cunho estatístico, produzidas para o estado de São Paulo. Os resultados apontam um quadro diferenciado em relação às várias zonas que compõem o estado e, embora as fontes sejam distintas, corroboraram o papel fundamental da imigração internacional, pois, nas áreas onde ela foi mais intensa, verificou-se a queda nos percentuais da ilegitimidade.

Abstract In Brazil, the study of the condition of legitimacy (affiliation) is a topic that has been studied by the specialized literature, both in the field of History and in that of Historical Demography, especially from the 1980s onwards. The objective of this article is to contribute to the advancement of the debate on illegitimacy, mapping the incidence and the spatial distribution of the phenomenon in the state of São Paulo, at the end of the 19th century, from a different perspective of previous studies, especially in relation to the considered period and the used sources. Thus, data on affiliation in the São Paulo population were analysed from the General Censuses of the Brazilian Population, carried out in 1890 and 1900, in addition to other statistical sources produced for the state of São Paulo. The results point to a different picture in relation to the various zones that make up the state of São Paulo and, although the sources are different, the results corroborate the fundamental role of international immigration, because in the areas where it was more intense, there was a decrease in the percentages of illegitimacy.

Resumen En Brasil, el estudio de la condición de legitimidad (filiación) es un tema que viene siendo abordado por la literatura especializada tanto en el campo de la Historia como en el de la Demografía Histórica, especialmente a partir de la década del ochenta del siglo XX. Es nuestra intención contribuir al avance del tema, mapeando la incidencia y la distribución espacial de la ilegitimidad en el estado de São Paulo, a finales del siglo XIX, desde una perspectiva diferente a la de estudios anteriores, en especial en relación con el marco temporal y las fuentes utilizadas. Así, los datos de afiliación en la población paulista fueron analizados a partir de los censos generales de población brasileña de 1890 y de 1900, además de otras fuentes estadísticas producidas para el estado de São Paulo. Los resultados apuntan a un cuadro diferente en relación con las diversas zonas que componen el estado de São Paulo y, aunque las fuentes son diferentes, los resultados corroboran el papel fundamental de la inmigración internacional, pues en las áreas donde fue más intensa disminuyeron los porcentajes de ilegitimidad.

Comparing two data collection methods to track vital events in maternal and child health via community health workers in rural Nepal.

BACKGROUND: Timely tracking of health outcomes is difficult in low- and middle-income countries without comprehensive vital registration systems. Community health workers (CHWs) are increasingly collecting vital events data while delivering routine care in low-resource settings. It is necessary, however, to assess whether routine programmatic data collected by CHWs are sufficiently reliable for timely monitoring and evaluation of health interventions. To study this, we assessed the consistency of vital events data recorded by CHWs using two methodologies-routine data collected while delivering an integrated maternal and child health intervention, and data from a birth history census approach at the same site in rural Nepal. METHODS: We linked individual records from routine programmatic data from June 2017 to May 2018 with those from census data, both collected by CHWs at the same site using a mobile platform. We categorized each vital event over a one-year period as 'recorded by both methods,' 'census alone,' or 'programmatic alone.' We further assessed whether vital events data recorded by both methods were classified consistently. RESULTS: From June 2017 to May 2018, we identified a total of 713 unique births collectively from the census (birth history) and programmatic maternal 'post-delivery' data. Three-fourths of these births (n = 526) were identified by both. There was high consistency in birth location classification among the 526 births identified by both methods. Upon including additional programmatic 'child registry' data, we identified 746 total births, of which 572 births were identified by both census and programmatic methods. Programmatic data (maternal 'post-delivery' and 'child registry' combined) captured more births than census data (723 vs. 595). Both methods consistently classified most infants as 'living,' while infant deaths and stillbirths were largely classified inconsistently or recorded by only one method. Programmatic data identified five infant deaths and five stillbirths not recorded in census data. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that data collected by CHWs from routinely tracking pregnancies, births, and deaths are promising for timely program monitoring and evaluation. Despite some limitations, programmatic data may be more sensitive in detecting vital events than cross-sectional census surveys asking women to recall these events.

Mortality Statistics in India: Current Status and Future Prospects.

When plague epidemics swept India in the second half of the 19th century, there was an epidemiological need for mortality statistics; as a result, vital event registration systems were established. However, despite the existence of multiple sources of mortality statistics in many ministries/departments of the government, neither the number of deaths nor the causes of deaths reported annually are complete yet. Multilateral international organisations have supported modelling for the generation of mortality statistics in developing countries rather than supporting and funding the development of real-time mortality data. With specific initiatives for decentralising the registration process to primary health centres and sub-health centres, the civil registration system despite its flaws, can be improved for gathering accurate data on mortality, including the causes of deaths.

Emotion regulation processes as mediators of the impact of past life events on older adults' psychological distress.

OBJECTIVE: Although it is known that certain emotion regulation processes produce a buffering effect on the relationship between life events and well-being, this issue has been poorly studied in the elderly population. Thus, the aim of the present study is to test and confirm a comprehensive model of the impact that past life events have on older adults' psychological distress, exploring the possible mediating roles of emotion regulation processes. These include rumination, experiential avoidance, and personal growth. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 387 people over 60 years old residing in the community were assessed on life events, physical functioning, emotion regulation variables, psychological well-being, as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression. RESULTS: The structural model tested achieved a satisfactory fit to the data, explaining 73% of the variance of older adults' psychological distress. In addition, the main results suggest possible mediation effects of both the physical functioning and the emotional variables: rumination, experiential avoidance, and personal growth in the face of hardship. CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm the importance of emotion regulation processes in the final stages of life. They reveal the various adaptive and maladaptive mechanisms that underlie the relationship between life events and psychological distress. The findings suggest - both in the explanatory models of psychological well-being and in psychotherapeutic interventions - the importance of emotion regulation in the elderly population's health.

Factores de riesgo psicosociales de hipertensión arterial en una comunidad venezolana / Psychosocial risk factors of hypertension in a Venezuelan community

Introducción: la hipertensión arterial constituye un importante problema de salud. En el mundo aproximadamente 7,6 millones de muertes prematuras y 92 millones de años de vida ajustados por discapacidad son atribuidas a esta afección. Objetivo: identificar la asociación de la hipertensión arterial con algunos factores de riesgo psicosociales. Métodos: se efectuó un estudio transversal (de corte) de 197 pacientes (74 hipertensos y 123 sin hipertensión arterial) que acudieron al Consultorio UD-140 de la urbanización 25 de Marzo, perteneciente al municipio de Caroní, en el Estado Bolívar de Venezuela, desde enero del 2004 hasta noviembre del 2005. Se identificaron las variables demográficas, los antecedentes personales y familiares de trastornos psiquiátricos, así como los eventos vitales que afectaron a los pacientes. En el análisis estadístico se emplearon el porcentaje, la prueba de la ײ y la oportunidad relativa. Resultados: en la serie predominaron las mujeres, el grupo etario de 55 y más años, la escolaridad primaria, las amas de casa y las víctimas de maltrato físico o psicológico, o ambos. Los pacientes hipertensos tuvieron mayor probabilidad de presentar familiares de primer grado con trastornos psiquiátricos, así como de padecer enfermedades físicas y experimentar conflictos con su pareja. Conclusiones: algunas variables demográficas se convierten en estresores que se asocian a la hipertensión; también algunos eventos vitales son causa más probable de estrés en las personas hipertensas.

Introduction: hypertension constitutes an important health problem. Approximately 7,6 million of premature deaths and 92 million of years adjusted to life due to disabilities are attributed to this disorder. Objective: to identify the association of hypertension with some psychosocial risk factors. Methods: a cross-sectional study of 197 patients, (74 with hypertension and 123 without it) who visited the doctor's office UD-140 of the urbanization 25 de marzo, belonging to Caroní municipality, in the State of Bolivar, Venezuela was carried out from January, 2004 to November, 2005. The demographic variables, personal and family history of psychiatric disorders, as well as vital events affecting the patients were identified. In the statistical analysis the percentage, the Chi squared test and the relative opportunity were used. Results: women, the age group 55 and more, the primary school level, the housewives and the victims of physical and psychological abuse, or both, prevailed in the series. The hypertensive patients had higher probabilities of having first generation relatives with psychiatric dysfunctions, as well as of suffering physical diseases and of experiencing conflicts with their couples. Conclusions: some demographic variables become stressors associated to hypertension; some vital events are also more probable the cause of stress in hypertensive patients.

Estrés laboral en trabajadores desde el enfoque de los sucesos vitales / Occupational stress of workers analyzed from an approach to vital events

Objetivo: identificar los sucesos vitales más frecuentes que se relacionan con el estrés en los trabajadores de una empresa de Arequipa. Métodos: se trabajó con una muestra de 100 trabajadores varones de una empresa dedicada a la asistencia y mantenimiento minero, pertenecientes a tres grupos profesionales: ingenieros, administrativos y mecánicos, en un rango de edad de 19 a 55 años. Se aplicó la Escala de Evaluación de Reajuste Social de Holmes y Rahe. Resultados: los sucesos vitales más frecuentes entre los trabajadores de la empresa fueron: cambios en los hábitos de alimentación y de sueño, en las condiciones de vida, en el estatus económico y gran logro personal. Los administrativos marcaron, además, el cambio de responsabilidades en el trabajo y los ingenieros, el matrimonio y las vacaciones. Estos últimos fueron los que obtuvieron las puntuaciones más elevadas de estrés. Conclusiones: los sucesos vitales más frecuentes que se relacionan con el estrés en la muestra de trabajadores varones, son fundamentalmente de tipo económico y laboral. Los ingenieros tienen un nivel de estrés más alto que los mecánicos y los administrativos, dado por una crisis de vida considerable en la mayoría.

Objectives: to identify the most common vital events related to the stress suffered by the workers of a company located in Arequipa. Methods: a sample of 100 male workers from a mining assistance and maintenance company was used. They belonged to three professional groups, that is, engineers, managers and mechanics aged 19 to 55 years. Holmes and Rahe's social readjustment evaluation scale was used. Results: the most frequent vital events were changes in the feeding and sleeping habits, in the living conditions, in the economic status and a great personal performance. Additionally, the managers pointed out the change of responsibilities at work, whereas the engineers mentioned marriage and vacations. The latter were the ones that had the highest stress scores. Conclusions: the most frequent stress-related vital events found in the sample of male workers were mainly of economic and working type. The engineers showed higher level of stress than the mechanics and the managers, due to deep crisis in their lives.

Sobrevivencia fetal según historia genésica materna / Fetal survival according to maternal genesial history

OBJETIVO: determinar el nivel de los riesgos de expulsión y de la permanencia en útero del producto de la concepción, según la historia genésica previa de la madre. MÉTODOS: el universo de estudio estuvo comprendido por todos los embarazos expulsados durante el año 2003, con 22 ó más semanas de gestación, en la provincia Granma. La información proviene de las bases de datos de nacidos vivos y defunciones perinatales de la Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas (ONE) y de la Dirección Nacional de Estadística (DNE) del Ministerio de Salud Pública. Se diseñaron tablas de vida según el resultado del embarazo, para lo que fue necesaria la construcción de cohortes de embarazos según la historia genésica previa de la madre. Este proceder permitió contar con curvas de riesgo de expulsión de eventos vitales (nacido vivo, defunción fetal) en función de la edad gestacional y de permanencia en útero. Esta última usada como medida potencial del desarrollo fetal. RESULTADOS: el nivel de las curvas de riesgo de expulsión de los nacidos muertos es creciente en la medida que la gestante ha tenido un mayor número de eventos en su historia genésica previa, mientras que ese nivel para el caso de nacidos vivos no se afecta por esa historia. CONCLUSIONES: en términos generales, la formación de los fetos que resultarán nacidos vivos es bastante independiente de la historia genésica de la madre, mientras que la de aquellos que nacerán muertos presenta diferencias marcadas según esa historia.

OBJECTIVE: to determine the level of the expulsion risks and of the permanence in the uterus of the product of conception, according to the previous genesial history of the mother. METHODS: the universe of study was composed of all the deliveries expelled during 2003, with 22 or more weeks of gestation in Granma province. The information was obtained from the databases of live births and perinatal deaths of the National Statistics Office and the National Statistics Division of the Ministry of Public Health. Life tables were designed according to the result of pregnancy, for which it was necessary the construction of pregnancy cohorts according to the previous genesial history of the mother. This procedure allowed to have risk curves of expulsion of vital events (live birth, fetal death) by gestational age and permanence in the uterus. The latter was used as a potential measure of fetal development. RESULTS: the level of the risk curves of expulsion of the still births increases as the pregnant woman has a greater number of events in her previous genesial history; however, this level for the case of live births is not affected by this history. CONCLUSIONS: in general terms, the formation of fetuses that will be live births is fairly independent from the genesial history of the mother, whereas that of those that will be born dead in still births presents marked differences according to that tory.