Albrecht von Graefe in the present, the past, and the future.

Albrecht von Graefe (1828-1870) is the founder of this archive (1854) and the founder of modern ophthalmology. In 2020, the anniversary of his death will be observed for the 150th time. The "German Ophthalmological Society" (DOG), also a Graefe foundation (1857), has therefore proclaimed a "Graefe year." In Berlin, his hometown, several Graefe-monuments exist. Ophthalmology owes Albrecht von Graefe numerous first discoveries such as excavation of the optic disc in glaucoma (1855), iridectomy in glaucoma (1857), or central artery occlusion (1859). But his after-effects are not only based on his clinical and scientific merits but also on his extraordinary, fascinating personality, which can be characterized by his spirit of internationality, friendship, self-criticism, love of truth, and modesty. Graefe became a myth not only because of his early death but also because he had apart from great successes, to accept human misfortunes at the same time. Albrecht von Graefe can be regarded as the conscience of ophthalmology in Germany.

Albrecht von Graefe (1828-1870) and his contributions to the development of ophthalmology.

PURPOSE: The aim of this article is to show Albrecht von Graefe's contributions to the development of ophthalmology on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of his death. He is regarded as the greatest ophthalmologist of the 19th century. Modern and scientific ophthalmology owes its beginning to him. METHODS: Extensive literature research is made and contacts with institutions for history of medicine as well as medico-historians in the field of ophthalmology. RESULTS: His contributions to ophthalmology were multiple. Von Graefe was the first to introduce iridectomy in acute glaucoma treatment, initiated visual field testing and developed the first tonometer. He made the first classification of glaucoma. Von Graefe was the ophthalmologist who created a special knife for cataract surgery. He was also the first to use Helmholtz' ophthalmoscope. He founded the first ophthalmological society in the world and the second ophthalmology journal which has been published continously up to now. In 1852 he founded famous private eye clinic in Berlin, where he treated many eye patients and educated many prominent ophthalmologists. At the age of 29 he became associate professor of ophthalmology, the first with such a title in Germany. CONCLUSION: Albrecht von Graefe was founder of modern ophthalmology and separated it from surgery. Graefe's contacts, correspondency and meetings at ophthalmological congresses with his teachers, assistants, collegaues also contributed to international co-operation and internationalization in ophthalmology. Although Albrecht von Graefe died before 150 years, he still provokes great admiration and respect in the world of ophthalmology.

Places where Famous Ophthalmologist Albrecht Von Graefe Lived and Worked in Berlin

Many things are said and written about famous ophthalmologist Albrecht von Graefe. This work gives detailed description of the places where he lived and practiced ophthalmology in Berlin, because very little was written about it and never in one paper. Von Graefe was born in 1828 in villa Finkenherd in the north-west part of Tiergarten in Berlin. He lived in Behrenstrasse, one of the fashionable streets in Berlin, where he began his ophthalmological practice in 1850. Later, in 1852 he founded a famous private eye clinic in Karlstrasse 46 where he treated numerous eye patients and educated many prominent ophthalmologists and surgeons. Several times he had changed his residence addresses. Among other places, he also stayed in Unter den Linden Avenue and Bellevuestrasse near Potsdamer Platz. In 1868 he became the head of the eye clinic in the Charité Hospital. Since then he lived in a spacious house on Viktoriastrasse until his death in 1870. Although Albrecht von Graefe lived only 42 years, he travelled a lot, but most of his life he spent in the city of Berlin. Graefe made many contributions to ophthalmology being considered the "father of glaucoma" and the nestor of modern ophthalmology.

Measuring the heterophoria: Agreement between two methods in non-presbyopic and presbyopic patients.

PURPOSE: To establish whether the cover test and von Graefe methods are interchangeable in a non-presbyopic and presbyopic population. METHODS: We performed a prospective study on a sample of 127 non-presbyopic subjects between 20 and 45 years old and 56 presbyopic between 40 and 78 years old. Distance and near vision phoria were measured using the von Graefe method (VG) and cover test (CT). We analyzed the significant differences between methods, their correlation and the agreement between them using the Bland and Altman method. RESULTS: For distance vision, heterophoria values for non-presbyopic subjects were -0.61±1.86Δ with CT and -0.88±2.37Δ with VG, and for presbyopic subjects were -0.56±1.64Δ with CT and -0.85±1.94Δ with VG. For near vision, CT yielded -3.02±3.97Δ, while VG achieved -3.49±4.70Δ in non-presbyopic subjects. For presbyopic subjects these values were -6.05±4.38Δ with CT and -6.29±4.19Δ with VG, respectively. Statistically significant differences between the two methods were observed for all groups analyzed (p<0.05), except for near vision in presbyopic subjects (p>0.05). Coefficient of agreement for non-presbyopic was ±2.97Δ for distance vision and ±6.74Δ at near. For presbyopic patients, this coefficient was ±1.59Δ for distance and ±1.86Δ for near vision. CONCLUSION: Cover test and von Graefe methods have a high level of agreement for both distance and near vision when considering presbyopic subjects. For non-presbyopic patients, the level of agreement is very low. Both methods for measuring heterophoria can only be considered interchangeable for presbyopic patients. For clinical purposes, this implies that any method can be used for measuring heterophoria in presbyopic patients.

Factores que generan variabilidaden la medida del A/CA / Factors that generate variability in the measurement of the a/ca

El A/CA es la sinergia existente entre la acomodación y la convergencia. Tiene una importante aplicación clínica, por lo que la medición lo más fiable posible de esta relación es de gran importancia. Los diferentesmétodos para medir la heteroforia (Cover Test, Von Graefe, Varilla de Maddox, Thorington) tienen diferentes grados de repetitividad, y los diferentes lentes estímulo generan unas respuestas acomodativasdiferentes, por lo que el empleo de una técnica lo más repetible para medir la foria y estímulos que generenmayor estabilidad de la acomodación son los recomendables para la evaluación del A/CA.

Relationship between Accommodative Convergenceand Convergence is namely AC/A ratio. It´s very important in clinic routine so it has to be measured pretty carefully. Different methods to get the heterophoriahave diverse repeatability, because that we should use a technique which most reliability and wear stimulus lens that yield more stability in the accommodative response.

Relación acomodación convergencia por acomodación (Ac/A) con el método del gradiente en un pequeño grupo poblacional de la Ciudad De Pereira / Relation between accommodation and convergence by accommodation (AC/A) with the gradient method in a small population group of Pereira

El propósito de este estudio fue determinar el valor promedio de la relación AC/A calculada con el método del gradiente en un pequeño grupo poblacional de la ciudad de Pereira y establecer el lente estímulo más pertinente para calcular esta sinergia. Metodología: se evaluaron 66 personas con edades entre 16 y 30 años, a los cuales se realizó: distancia interpupilar, agudeza visual , heteroforias visión lejana (VL) y visión próxima (VP), forias inducidas y AC/A gradiente Resultadas: se obtuvo un AC/A gradiente de 1:3,12 (SD =1.30); con el lente estímulo de +1.00, 1:3,41 (SD = 1,59), -1.00 D 1:2,82 (SD = 1,45), -2.00 D, 1:3,11 (SD =1,27), y -3.00 D, 1:3,18 (SD =1,27). La mejor correlación se obtuvo con los lentes de -2.00 y -3.00 D (SD =0.76) y la peor con los lentes de +1.00 y -1.00 D (SD =0.15). Conclusiones: La relación AC/A gradiente es menor a la reportada en la literatura y existe una significativa variabilidad al ser medida con diferentes lentes estímulo.

The purpose of this study was to determine theaverage value of the relation AC/A estimated with thegradient method in a small population group of Pereiraand to establish the most appropriate stimulus lensto calculate such synergy. Methods: 66 people wereevaluated between 16 and 30 years old who had thefollowing examination: inter pupilary distance, visualacuity, heterophories, near vision, far vision, inducedphories, and AC/A gradient. Results: an AC/A gradientof 1:3,12 (SD =1.30) was obtained; with an stimuluslens of +1.00, 1:3,41 (SD = 1,59), -1.00 D 1:2,82 (SD= 1,45), -2.00 D, 1:3,11 (SD =1,27), y -3.00 D, 1:3,18(SD =1,27). The best correlation was obtained withlenses -2.00 and -3.00 D (SD =0.76) and the worst withlenses +1.00 and -1.00 D (SD =0.15). Conclusions: therelation AC/A gradient was lower than the reported inliterature and there was a significant variability when itwas measured with different stimulus lenses.