Exploring the complex interplay: gut microbiome, stress, and leptospirosis.

Leptospirosis, a re-emerging zoonotic disease, remains a significant global health concern, especially amid floods and disasters such as the Kakhovka Dam destruction. As is known, the stress that occurs in the conditions of military conflicts among civilian and military personnel significantly affects susceptibility to infectious diseases and possibly even influences their course. This review aims to explore how the gut microbiome and stress mediators (such as catecholamines and corticosteroids) might impact the leptospirosis disease course. The review opens new horizons for research by elucidating the connections between the gut microbiome, stress, and leptospirosis.

Craniomaxillofacial trauma in war-torn nations: Incidence, management gaps, and recommendations.

Craniomaxillofacial trauma (CMFT) is a type of injury that affects the face, neck, and scalp, and includes facial bone fractures, dentoalveolar trauma, and soft tissue injuries. Work, traffic accidents, sports, and daily activities commonly cause these injuries. However, they are widespread in war-torn countries where armed conflict leads to a high incidence of CMFT. The lack of resources, health care infrastructure, and surgical personnel in these areas result in subpar treatment and poor patient outcomes, contributing to the high mortality and morbidity rates among war victims. The importance of a multidisciplinary approach to CMFT management cannot be overstated, but current obstacles, such as a lack of access to proper medical care and rehabilitation services, impede the development of effective treatments. CMFT treatment is complex and prohibitively expensive for war-torn nations to afford, necessitating international intervention to provide life-saving surgical procedures for those suffering from CMFT in conflict zones. Despite efforts to improve CMFT treatments in war-torn countries, more must be done to improve treatment outcomes. Data collection and research must also be improved in order to develop effective evidence-based treatment methods.

Global Burden of Violence.

This article documents the increasing numbers of children impacted annually by 1 or more types of violence against children and describes the range of types of injuries and their immediate and long-term impacts on child outcomes. The article describes the growing number of international collaborations to decrease the numbers of children impacted by violence and to mitigate the consequences thereof, with a particular emphasis on children living in war zones.

Palestinian Adolescents' Prolonged Exposure to Political Violence, Self- Esteem, and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms.

The goal of this study was to understand the relation between adolescents' long-term exposure to political violence (EPV) and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). We examined the relations among EPV, PTSS, and self-esteem to determine whether self-esteem could buffer the effects of EPV on PTSS. A systematic cluster random sample of 2,934 Palestinian adolescent boys and girls in the West Bank area of the Palestinian Authority and in East Jerusalem participated in a study using a self-administered questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis showed that the more Palestinian youth were exposed to political violence during the last year and during previous years, the more they exhibited PTSS and its three manifestations, that is, avoidance, intrusion, and arousal. In addition, EPV showed effects on PTSS after controlling for sociodemographic variables and self-esteem. Girls and residents of the West Bank reported more PTSS than boys and residents of East Jerusalem, respectively. Higher levels of EPV correlated with lower levels of self-esteem, and children with relatively low self-esteem were likely to report more PTSS than children with high self-esteem. Hence, the correlations between participants' EPV and some of the PTSS were found to be partially dependent on the levels of their self-esteem, indicating moderating and mediating effects for self-esteem on the relation between degree of EPV and PTSS. The limitations of the study and implications for future research are discussed.

Dealing With Burn Patients in War Zones.

OBJECTIVE: Treating burn patients in the battlefield is one of the biggest challenges that military doctors and medical personnel can face. Wound patterns have been changed over time due to the introduction of new weapons, and many different aspects play a major role in the management of those burns nowadays. There is a potential gap in care of burn patients in war zones. METHODS: A thorough literature search in PubMed, scientific journals, and Internet sites was conducted in regard to burn patients and trauma in war zones. RESULTS: It is crucial for military surgeons to be able to stabilize burn patients during wartime conflicts, especially those patients who suffer from extreme burn injuries, as specialized treatment should be given. Medical personnel should be aware of all medication types used, the ways to minimize the risk of bacterial infection, and the ways to keep the injured safe. CONCLUSIONS: Injured civilians with burn trauma in the field of battle are deserving care, and special recognition should be given to the non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that strive to ease human suffering in war zones. Proper management of burn patients in war zones is crucial, and military medical staff and NGOs can play a key role in that purpose.

The recent outbreaks and reemergence of poliovirus in war and conflict-affected areas.

BACKGROUND: Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious disease caused by poliovirus, which becomes difficult to manage/eradicate in politically unstable areas. The objectives of this study were to determine the movement and management of such polio outbreaks in endemic countries and countries with reoccurring cases of polio and to determine the effect of political instability on polio eradication. METHODS: In this study, the extent of polio outbreaks was examined and modeled using statistical methodologies and mapped with GIS software. Data on polio cases and immunization were collected for countries with polio cases for the period 2011 to 2014. Weekly data from the Global Polio Eradication Initiative were collected for selected countries. The recent virus origin and current movement was mapped using GIS. Correlations between immunization rates, the Global Peace Index (GPI), and other indicators of a country's political stability with polio outbreaks were determined. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 and ArcGIS 10. RESULTS: For several reasons, Pakistan remains highly vulnerable to new incidences of polio (306 cases in 2014). Overall immunization rates showed a steady decline over time in selected countries. Countries with polio cases were shown to have high rates of infant mortality, and their GPI ranked between 2.0 and 3.3; displaced populations, level of violent crime rating, and political instability also were ranked high for several countries. CONCLUSION: Polio was shown to be high in areas with increased conflict and instability. Displaced populations living in hard-to-reach areas may lack access to proper vaccination and health care. Wars and conflict have also resulted in the reemergence of polio in otherwise polio-free countries.

Conflitos urbanos e políticas da diferença / Urban conflicts and dissension policies

Debates na educação hoje destacam a importância do reconhecimento da diferença. Também o Estado, através das políticas públicas, demonstra interesse pela questão. Neste trabalho desejamos discutir como as políticas para o currículo na rede pública municipal do Rio de Janeiro estabelecem uma relação entre a elaboração pedagógica do reconhecimento da diferença com o problema das condutas e da regulação da vida na cidade. O bom governo da cidade exige localizações identitárias claras, bem delimitadas e configuradas desta forma onde as identidades culturais poderão realizar suas naturezas. Como política de localização, o elogio à diferença presente em um programa curricular multicultural constitui uma estratégia para regular os conflitos identitários na cidade. Uma essencialização do sujeito e da diferença fabrica identidades acomodadas a uma determinada noção de ordem pública e paz na cidade. Nossa análise incide sobre a implementação do Núcleo Curricular Básico Multieducação, orientação para o projeto pedagógico de cada escola.(AU)

Debates on education emphasize the importance of the recognition of the difference nowadays. The State, through public policies, demonstrates the interest on the subject. The aim of this work is to discuss how the policies for curriculum on the municipal public network of Rio de Janeiro establish a relation between the elaboration of the pedagogical recognition of the difference and the problem of the conduction and regulation of the life in the city. The good govern of the city requires clear, well delimitated and configurated identitary localizations where the cultural identities will be able to accomplish their natures. As a policy of localization, the praise of the difference present on a multicultural curricular program becomes a strategy to guide the identitary conflicts in the city. An essentialization of the subject and of the difference creates identities accommodated to a specific notion of the public order and peace in town. Our analysis falls upon the implementation of the Basic Curricular Nucleus Multieducation, a guidance for all pedagogical projects of each school.(AU)

Conflitos urbanos e políticas da diferença / Urban conflicts and dissension policies

Debates na educação hoje destacam a importância do reconhecimento da diferença. Também o Estado, através das políticas públicas, demonstra interesse pela questão. Neste trabalho desejamos discutir como as políticas para o currículo na rede pública municipal do Rio de Janeiro estabelecem uma relação entre a elaboração pedagógica do reconhecimento da diferença com o problema das condutas e da regulação da vida na cidade. O bom governo da cidade exige localizações identitárias claras, bem delimitadas e configuradas desta forma onde as identidades culturais poderão realizar suas naturezas. Como política de localização, o elogio à diferença presente em um programa curricular multicultural constitui uma estratégia para regular os conflitos identitários na cidade. Uma essencialização do sujeito e da diferença fabrica identidades acomodadas a uma determinada noção de ordem pública e paz na cidade. Nossa análise incide sobre a implementação do Núcleo Curricular Básico Multieducação, orientação para o projeto pedagógico de cada escola.

Debates on education emphasize the importance of the recognition of the difference nowadays. The State, through public policies, demonstrates the interest on the subject. The aim of this work is to discuss how the policies for curriculum on the municipal public network of Rio de Janeiro establish a relation between the elaboration of the pedagogical recognition of the difference and the problem of the conduction and regulation of the life in the city. The good govern of the city requires clear, well delimitated and configurated identitary localizations where the cultural identities will be able to accomplish their natures. As a policy of localization, the praise of the difference present on a multicultural curricular program becomes a strategy to guide the identitary conflicts in the city. An essentialization of the subject and of the difference creates identities accommodated to a specific notion of the public order and peace in town. Our analysis falls upon the implementation of the Basic Curricular Nucleus Multieducation, a guidance for all pedagogical projects of each school.