A comparative study of telephone and face-to-face use of phone screening interview for autistic spectrum disorder symptoms (PSI-ASD) / Estudo comparativo da aplicação por telefone e presencial da entrevista de triagem por telefone de sintomas do espectro autista (PSI-TEA)

ABSTRACT Objective: Describe reliabilities evidence of the Phone Screening Interview (PSI), a telephone screening interview for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms, capable of investigating mild to moderate ASD symptoms. Moreover, the PSI also works for verbal and non-verbal children and is consistent with the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. Methods: An interview was performed with sixty-eight parents of children between 2 and 15 years old attended by the Psychiatry Ambulatory of Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro through the PSI in person and by telephone. Results: No significant differences in comparison between averages of the total score of the face-to-face and telephone applications were observed. The agreement analysis between the items indicated three items with lower values, leading to the modification of some questions, culminating in a new interview version for further studies. Given the disagreement in the values found, the order of application of the interviews seems to not impact the results, demonstrating strong correlations between both interviews, even with a different order of application. Aiming to facilitate the use of the scale by different examiners, the interobserver reliability was investigated, which did not show significant differences in the means. Conclusion: The study suggests that the telephone interview can be used similarly to the face-to-face interview, by different evaluators, with no impact on its efficiency in detecting ASD symptoms.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever evidências de confiabilidade da Phone Screening Interview (PSI), uma entrevista para rastreio telefônico de sintomas do Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) de fácil aplicação, capaz de investigar sintomas de TEA leve a moderado, aplicável a crianças verbais e não verbais e consistente com os critérios diagnósticos do DSM-5. Métodos: Sessenta e oito pais de crianças com idade entre 2 e 15 anos atendidas pelo Ambulatório de Psiquiatria da Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro foram entrevistados por meio da PSI, tanto de maneira presencial quanto telefônica. Resultados: As médias da pontuação total da aplicação presencial e telefônica foram comparadas, não sendo obtidas diferenças significativas. A análise de concordância entre os itens apontou três itens com valores muito baixos, levando à modificação de algumas perguntas, culminando em uma nova versão, para estudos posteriores. Diante da discordância de valores encontrada, foi verificado que a ordem de aplicação das entrevistas não impactaria os resultados, demonstrando fortes correlações entre as entrevistas, mesmo com ordem de aplicação diferente. Para viabilizar o uso da escala por diferentes examinadores, investigou-se a confiabilidade interobservadores, que não mostrou diferenças significativas nas médias. Conclusão: O estudo sugere que a entrevista telefônica pode ser utilizada de forma semelhante à presencial, por diferentes avaliadores, sem impacto em sua eficiência na detecção de sintomas de TEA.

Metagenomics of Coral Reefs Under Phase Shift and High Hydrodynamics.

Local and global stressors have affected coral reef ecosystems worldwide. Switches from coral to algal dominance states and microbialization are the major processes underlying the global decline of coral reefs. However, most of the knowledge concerning microbialization has not considered physical disturbances (e.g., typhoons, waves, and currents). Southern Japan reef systems have developed under extreme physical disturbances. Here, we present analyses of a three-year investigation on the coral reefs of Ishigaki Island that comprised benthic and fish surveys, water quality analyses, metagenomics and microbial abundance data. At the four studied sites, inorganic nutrient concentrations were high and exceeded eutrophication thresholds. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration (up to 233.3 µM) and microbial abundance (up to 2.5 × 105 cell/mL) values were relatively high. The highest vibrio counts coincided with the highest turf cover (∼55-85%) and the lowest coral cover (∼4.4-10.2%) and fish biomass (0.06 individuals/m2). Microbiome compositions were similar among all sites and were dominated by heterotrophs. Our data suggest that a synergic effect among several regional stressors are driving coral decline. In a high hydrodynamics reef environment, high algal/turf cover, stimulated by eutrophication and low fish abundance due to overfishing, promote microbialization. Together with crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS) outbreaks and possible of climate changes impacts, theses coral reefs are likely to collapse.