Energy-related influences on variation in breastfeeding duration among indigenous Maya women from Guatemala.

OBJECTIVES: The causes of variation in breastfeeding duration in humans are poorly understood, but life history factors related to maternal energetics drive much of the variation in lactation duration in nonhuman animals. With this in mind, we investigated whether four energy-related factors influence variation in breastfeeding duration in a non-industrial human population: (1) mortality risk during mother's development (assessed via mother's adult height), (2) reliance on nutrient-dense weaning foods, (3) access to and need for help with infant feeding and care ("allomaternal care"), and (4) maternal tradeoffs between current and future reproduction (measured via child's birth order). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data pertain to 51 Kakchiquel-speaking Maya mothers and 283 children from a village in rural Guatemala. We developed a linear mixed model to evaluate the relationships between breastfeeding duration and the energy-related factors. RESULTS: Duration of breastfeeding was associated with two of the energy-related factors in the ways we predicted but not with the other two. Contrary to predictions, taller mothers breastfed for shorter periods and we found no evidence that weanling diet quality impacts breastfeeding duration. As predicted, women who had more help with infants breastfed for shorter periods, and later-born infants breastfed longer than earlier-born ones. DISCUSSION: The results regarding allomaternal care suggest that help reduces mothers' lactation demands. The energy saved may be redirected to increasing fecundity or investment in other children. The birth order result suggests that children born to mothers nearing reproductive senescence receive higher levels of investment, which likely impacts children's fitness.

Comportamiento de algunos factores biosociales en la lactancia materna en los menores de un año / Comportamiento de algunos factores biosociales en la lactancia materna en los menores de un año / Behavior of some biosocial factors related to breastfeeding in babies aged less than 1 year / Behavior of some biosocial factors related to breastfeeding in babies aged less than 1 year

INTRODUCCIÓN: El abandono progresivo de la lactancia materna se ha considerado una nueva enfermedad propia de los siglos XX y XXI, en la cual han influido una serie de factores de muy diversa Índole. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar el comportamiento de los factores biosociales en la lactancia materna en los menores de un año. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, en un universo de 158 nacimientos ocurridos en el 2008 del Área de salud Aleida Fernández Chardiet . Se empleó el estudio bibliográfico, documental y la contrastación de criterios de diferentes autores como procedimiento teórico, además de procedimientos empíricos. RESULTADOS: Solo en el 55,7 por ciento de los lactantes estudiados, se logró una lactancia materna exitosa, cifras por debajo de las recomendaciones internacionales. El destete precoz ocurrió en el 44,3 por ciento y el motivo más frecuente fue la hipogalactia materna. CONCLUSIONES: El motivo más frecuente del destete precoz, fue sustentado por el criterio de las madres de que era insuficiente la producción y obtención de leche(AU)

INTRODUCCIÓN: El abandono progresivo de la lactancia materna se ha considerado una nueva enfermedad propia de los siglos XX y XXI, en la cual han influido una serie de factores de muy diversa Índole. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar el comportamiento de los factores biosociales en la lactancia materna en los menores de un año. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, en un universo de 158 nacimientos ocurridos en el 2008 del Área de salud Aleida Fernández Chardiet . Se empleó el estudio bibliográfico, documental y la contrastación de criterios de diferentes autores como procedimiento teórico, además de procedimientos empíricos. RESULTADOS: Solo en el 55,7 por ciento de los lactantes estudiados, se logró una lactancia materna exitosa, cifras por debajo de las recomendaciones internacionales. El destete precoz ocurrió en el 44,3 por ciento y el motivo más frecuente fue la hipogalactia materna. CONCLUSIONES: El motivo más frecuente del destete precoz, fue sustentado por el criterio de las madres de que era insuficiente la producción y obtención de leche(AU)

INTRODUCTION: The progressive neglect of breastfeeding has been considered a new disease own of XX and XXI centuries where a series of very diverse factors have been influenced. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the behavior of biosocial factors related to breastfeeding in babies aged less than 1 year. METHODS: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted in 158 births occurred in 2008 in Aleida Chardiet health area. Authors used the bibliographic, documentary study and the criteria contrast from different authors as a theoretical procedure, in addition to the empirical ones. RESULTS: Only in the 55.7 percent of study infants it was possible to achieve a successful breastfeeding, figures under the international recommendations. The early wean occurred in the 44.3 percent and the more frequent reason was the mother hypogalactia. CONCLUSIONS: The more frequent reason for the early wean was supported by the mother criterion related to a insufficient milk production and obtaining(AU)

INTRODUCTION: The progressive neglect of breastfeeding has been considered a new disease own of XX and XXI centuries where a series of very diverse factors have been influenced. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the behavior of biosocial factors related to breastfeeding in babies aged less than 1 year. METHODS: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted in 158 births occurred in 2008 in Aleida Chardiet health area. Authors used the bibliographic, documentary study and the criteria contrast from different authors as a theoretical procedure, in addition to the empirical ones. RESULTS: Only in the 55.7 percent of study infants it was possible to achieve a successful breastfeeding, figures under the international recommendations. The early wean occurred in the 44.3 percent and the more frequent reason was the mother hypogalactia. CONCLUSIONS: The more frequent reason for the early wean was supported by the mother criterion related to a insufficient milk production and obtaining(AU)

Comportamiento de algunos factores biosociales en la lactancia materna en los menores de un año / Behavior of some biosocial factors related to breastfeeding in babies aged less than 1 year

INTRODUCCIÓN: El abandono progresivo de la lactancia materna se ha considerado una nueva enfermedad propia de los siglos XX y XXI, en la cual han influido una serie de factores de muy diversa Índole. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar el comportamiento de los factores biosociales en la lactancia materna en los menores de un año. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, en un universo de 158 nacimientos ocurridos en el 2008 del Área de salud Aleida Fernández Chardiet . Se empleó el estudio bibliográfico, documental y la contrastación de criterios de diferentes autores como procedimiento teórico, además de procedimientos empíricos. RESULTADOS: Solo en el 55,7 por ciento de los lactantes estudiados, se logró una lactancia materna exitosa, cifras por debajo de las recomendaciones internacionales. El destete precoz ocurrió en el 44,3 por ciento y el motivo más frecuente fue la hipogalactia materna. CONCLUSIONES: El motivo más frecuente del destete precoz, fue sustentado por el criterio de las madres de que era insuficiente la producción y obtención de leche

INTRODUCTION: The progressive neglect of breastfeeding has been considered a new disease own of XX and XXI centuries where a series of very diverse factors have been influenced. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the behavior of biosocial factors related to breastfeeding in babies aged less than 1 year. METHODS: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted in 158 births occurred in 2008 in Aleida Chardiet health area. Authors used the bibliographic, documentary study and the criteria contrast from different authors as a theoretical procedure, in addition to the empirical ones. RESULTS: Only in the 55.7 percent of study infants it was possible to achieve a successful breastfeeding, figures under the international recommendations. The early wean occurred in the 44.3 percent and the more frequent reason was the mother hypogalactia. CONCLUSIONS: The more frequent reason for the early wean was supported by the mother criterion related to a insufficient milk production and obtaining

Probiótico e/ou prebiótico sobre as características da leitegada e da matriz lactante / Probiotic and/or prebiotic on litter characteristics and sow breastfeeding

Conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de verificar o efeito do uso de probiótico e/ou prebiótico na alimentação de matrizes suínas. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 4 tratamentos e 6 repetições (T1= controle; T2= prebiótico; T3= probiótico; e T4= prebiótico + probiótico), sendo cada fêmea considerada uma parcela. A adição de probiótico e/ou prebiótico diminuiu o número de leitões mumificados. A adição de prebiótico na ração das matrizes adicionado ou não de probiótico, elevou a concentração de proteína no leite no 21º dia de lactação. No 14º dia de lactação, as concentrações de Clostridium perfringens foram menores nas fezes de matrizes que se alimentaram de probiótico. No 21º dia de lactação, as concentrações de Bifidobacterium nas fezes das matrizes foram estatisticamente menores no tratamento com prebiótico (T2). As concentrações de Enterobacteriaceae foram maiores nas fezes de matrizes que receberam a adição de probiótico (T3).

The objective of the present study was to in determine the effect of probiotic and/or prebiotic added to feed for sows. An entirely randomized design with 24 sows, 4 treatments and 6 replicates (T1 = control; T2 = prebiotic; T3 = probiotic; and T4 = prebiotic + probiotic) was used. The addition of probiotic and/or prebiotic decreased the number of mummified piglets. The addition of prebiotic to sow´s feed, with or without probiotic, increased the concentration of milk protein on the 21st day of lactation. On the14th day of lactation, the of Clostridium perfringens was smaller in the faeces of sows fed with probiotic (T3 and T4). On the 21st day of lactation, the concentration of Bifidobacterium in the faeces was statistically lower in sow food with prebiotic (T2). Concentrations of Enterobacteriaceae were higher in the faeces of sows that received probiotic (T3).

Efeito da idade da vaca e da data juliana de nascimento sobre o ganho médio diário de bezerros de corte no período pré-desmame / Effects of age of the dam and julian birth date on average daily gain of beef calves from birth to wean

Estudaram-se os efeitos da idade da vaca ao parto (IDV) e da data juliana de nascimento (DJN) sobre o ganho médio diário no período pré-desmame de bezerros de corte e determinaram-se os respectivos fatores de correção (FC), utilizando 463.971 e 39.220 dados das raças Nelore e Tabapuã, respectivamente. O modelo estatístico continha os efeitos de IDV, modelada por um polinômio segmentado quadrático-quadrático com um nó aos sete anos e de DJN do bezerro, modelada por um polinômio segmentado com três segmentos quadráticos e dois nós, aos 185 e 295 dias. Tanto a IDV como a DJN influenciaram significativamente o ganho médio diário dos bezerros no período pré-desmame. Para os dois efeitos foram encontradas diferenças entre as duas raças. Para a IDV, os melhores ganhos ocorreram aos seis anos para a raça Tabapuã e aos nove anos para a raça Nelore. Quanto ao efeito da DJN, os melhores ganhos ocorreram no inverno para ambas as raças. Os FC foram calculados por raça, sendo os da IDV calculados separadamente para machos e fêmeas e as do DJN por estação. A determinação de fatores de correção deverá possibilitar melhor precisão da seleção, reduzindo os efeitos não genéticos que concorrem para a variação dessa característica.(AU)

The effects of age of dam (IDV) and julian birth date (DJN) on daily weight gain of beef calves from birth to wean were analyzed and correction factors were calculated. Data from 463,971 and 39,220 Nelore and Tabapuã animals were used in the analyses. The IDV, modeled by a polynomial segmented quadratic-quadratic with a knot at seven years and DJN modeled by a polynomial segmented with three quadratic segments and two knots at 185 and 295 days were included in the statistical model. The IDV and DJN had significant effects on daily weight gain of beef calves from birth to wean, and significant difference between breeds was observed for both effects. The best daily weight gain from birth to wean was observed for cows averaging 6 and 9 years for Tabapuã and Nelore breeds, respectively. The best daily weight gain from birth to wean was also observed in the winter for both breeds. Correction factors were calculated for breed, and those for IDV were calculated separately for males and females. The correction factors for DJN were calculated for each season. The calculated correction factors allowed higher precision in the selection of animals by reducing the non genetic effects on the variation of daily weight gain from birth to wean.(AU)