Anestesia de roedores sigmodontinos en condiciones de campo / Anesthesia in Sigmodontinae Rodents Living out in the Countryside

Resumen Algunas investigaciones de mamíferos silvestres requieren del uso de métodos que faciliten la manipulación de los individuos en condiciones de campo, sin afectar negativamente a los animales o a los investigadores. Dentro de estos métodos, se encuentra la inmovilización química, la cual no ha sido muy documentada en roedores silvestres de la subfamilia Sigmodontinae (Cricetidae). Por ello, en esta investigación se evaluó el uso de éter dietílico inhalado para manipular roedores sigmodontinos en campo, comparando el tiempo de inducción y el tiempo de recuperación de la anestesia entre especies, sexos y tipos de ambientes. Se capturaron y anestesiaron un total de 289 individuos de seis especies en el Parque Nacional Natural Chingaza. El tiempo de inducción de la anestesia fue diferente entre Microryzomys minutus, Neomicroxus bogotensis, Thomasomys laniger y Thomasomys niveipes (F3; 552 = 9,36; p < 0,05); de igual forma, el tiempo de recuperación de la anestesia fue diferente entre dichas especies (H = 9,59; p = 0,022). No se encontraron diferencias en los tiempos de inducción y recuperación de la anestesia entre sexos, ni entre ambientes. La mortalidad total fue de 4,5 %. No se observaron secreciones mucosas, vómito o complicaciones cardíacas o respiratorias en los individuos anestesiados. Los individuos fueron recapturados y no se evidenciaron alteraciones en su comportamiento o aspecto físico que indicaran una afectación por la anestesia o manipulación en capturas previas. La anestesia inhalada con éter dietílico puede ser una opción rápida y segura para inmovilizar y manipular sigmodontinos durante procedimientos cortos en campo dentro de estudios poblacionales o programas de monitoreo en vida silvestre.

Abstract Some researches in wild mammals require methods that enable to handle the animals living in wild conditions, without affecting negatively the animals, or the researchers. These methods include the chemical immobilization, which has not been enough documented when handling wild rodents of the Sigmodontinae subfamily (Cricetidae). Therefore, this research evaluated the use of diethyl ether when handling Sigmodontinae rodents out in the countryside. It compared the induction time to the anesthesia recovery time between species, genders, and type of environments. A total of 289 animals were caught and anesthetized from six species in the Chingaza National Natural Park. The anesthesia induction times were different between Microryzomys minutus, Neomicroxus bogotensis, Thomasomys laniger y Thomasomys niveipes (F3; 552 = 9.36; p < 0.05). Likewise, the anesthesia recovery times were different between the same species (H = 9.59; p = 0.022). No difference was found in the induction times and the anesthesia recovery times between genders, neither for the types of environment. Total mortality was 4.5%. None mucosal secretions, vomit, or cardiac/respiratory complications were observed in the anesthetized animals. These subjects were caught again and they did not show any alterations in their behavior or physical aspect indicating affection derived either from the anesthesia or the previous handling under captivation. Anesthesia with diethyl ether can be a quick and safe choice when it comes to immobilize and handle Sigmodontinae rodents during short procedures out in the countryside, when carrying out population studies or wildlife monitoring programs.

Influência de diferentes doses de butorfanol na anestesia com sevofluorano em papagaios-verdadeiros (Amazona aestiva) / Influence of different doses of butorphanol in anesthesia with sevoflurane in blue-fronted parrots (Amazona aestiva)

Background: Parrots frequently require veterinary medical care. To reduce their stress, it is necessary to use chemical restraint or anesthesia. The use of balanced anesthesia techniques such as combinations of inhaled and injectable drugs is recommended. However, there is a shortage of anesthetic and analgesic protocols and data on cardiovascular and respiratory variables in wild birds. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the analgesic, cardiovascular, and respiratory effects and the quality of anesthetic recovery in blue-front parrots (Amazona aestiva) anesthetized with sevoflurane in combination with various doses of butorphanol. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four clinically healthy animals, based on their clinical and hematological results (hematocrit and total plasma protein), were divided into 3 groups: 1- sevofluoran alone (GS); 2- associated with butorphanol at 3 mg/kg (GB3), and 3- 6 mg/kg (GB6) doses administered via the intramuscular (IM) route; digital clamping was used as a nociceptive stimulus. Induction and anesthetic maintenance were performed with sevoflurane at 5 and 2.5 V%, respectively, administered through a calibrated vaporizer and an anesthetic system adequate for the weight of the animals that were kept under spontaneous ventilation. It took 15 min after induction for the expired sevoflurane concentration (EtSevo) to stabilize, after which one intramuscular treatment was applied. The digital clamping was continued as a supramaximal nociceptive stimulus; if it presented a positive response, EtSevo increased by 10%, and when the stimulus decreased by 20%, digital clamping was repeated every 15 min until a positive response to the stimulus was observed. Heart rate (HR) and rhythm, respiratory rate (f), systolic blood pressure (SBP), EtSevo, expired CO2 (EtCO2 ), and body temperature (T°C) were measured during digital clamping. At the end, anesthetic...

The toxic exposure of flamingos to per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from firefighting foam applications in Bonaire.

In 2010 an oil terminal next to nature reservation Saliña Goto (Bonaire) caught fire. Firefighting resulted in elevated per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) concentrations in the salt lake. Within months flamingo abundance in Goto dropped to near complete absence. After statistical analysis, rainfall was deemed an unlikely cause for this decline. Toxicological effects on abundance of prey are likely the main cause for the flamingo absence. This reduced PFAS exposure via food and thus risk towards flamingos during the first years after the fires. Although the sediment is still polluted with persistent PFAS, flamingos returned, and started to feed on organisms with PFAS levels that exceed safety thresholds, placing the birds and other wildlife at risk. Monitoring bird populations is advised to assess potential toxic effects on birds and their offspring. This case suggests that applying persistent chemicals to reduce incident impacts may be more harmful than the incident itself.

Morphological characterization of Eustrongylides sp. larvae (Nematoda, Dioctophymatoidea) parasite of Rhinella marina (Amphibia: Bufonidae) from Eastern Amazonia / Caracterização morfológica de larva de Eustrongylides sp. (Nematoda, Dioctophymatoidea) parasita de Rhinella marina (Amphibia: Bufonidae) da Amazônia Oriental Brasileira

Eustrongylides spp. nematodes have birds as final hosts and uses other vertebrates as intermediate/paratenic host (fish, amphibians and reptiles) and have zoonotic potential. In amphibians, the larvae may be located in the subcutaneous tissues, liver and mesentery, between the muscle fibres, especially in the lower limbs. Rhinella marina, which is widely observed in Brazil, has exhibited complex diversity in its helminth fauna, reflecting the unique habitat of the Amazon biome. For the first time, this study describes the morphological aspects of third-stage larvae of Eustrongylides sp. in Rhinella marina from Santa Cruz do Ararí, Marajó Archipelago, Eastern Amazonia, using light and scanning electron microscopy.(AU)

Os nematoides do gênero Eustrongylides tem as aves como seus hospedeiros definitivos e utilizam outros vertebrados como hospedeiros intermediários/paratênicos (peixes, anfíbios, répteis), além de apresentar potencial zoonótico. Em anfíbios, as larvas podem estar localizadas em tecidos subcutâneos, fígado, mesentério e entre fibras musculares de membros inferiores. Rhinella marina, anfíbio o qual é distribuído amplamente no Brasil, apresenta uma complexa diversidade em sua helmintofauna, refletindo o seu hábitat no bioma amazônico. O presente estudo descreve, pela primeira vez, os aspectos morfológicos das larvas de terceiro estágio de Eustrongylides sp. em R. marina de Santa Cruz do Arari, Arquipélago do Marajó, Amazônia Oriental Brasileira, utilizando-se microscopia de luz e microscopia eletrônica de varredura.(AU)

Morphological characterization of Eustrongylides sp. larvae (Nematoda, Dioctophymatoidea) parasite of Rhinella marina (Amphibia: Bufonidae) from Eastern Amazonia / Caracterização morfológica de larva de Eustrongylides sp. (Nematoda, Dioctophymatoidea) parasita de Rhinella marina (Amphibia: Bufonidae) da Amazônia Oriental Brasileira

Absctract Eustrongylides spp. nematodes have birds as final hosts and uses other vertebrates as intermediate/paratenic host (fish, amphibians and reptiles) and have zoonotic potential. In amphibians, the larvae may be located in the subcutaneous tissues, liver and mesentery, between the muscle fibres, especially in the lower limbs. Rhinella marina, which is widely observed in Brazil, has exhibited complex diversity in its helminth fauna, reflecting the unique habitat of the Amazon biome. For the first time, this study describes the morphological aspects of third-stage larvae of Eustrongylides sp. in Rhinella marina from Santa Cruz do Ararí, Marajó Archipelago, Eastern Amazonia, using light and scanning electron microscopy.

Resumo Os nematoides do gênero Eustrongylides tem as aves como seus hospedeiros definitivos e utilizam outros vertebrados como hospedeiros intermediários/paratênicos (peixes, anfíbios, répteis), além de apresentar potencial zoonótico. Em anfíbios, as larvas podem estar localizadas em tecidos subcutâneos, fígado, mesentério e entre fibras musculares de membros inferiores. Rhinella marina, anfíbio o qual é distribuído amplamente no Brasil, apresenta uma complexa diversidade em sua helmintofauna, refletindo o seu hábitat no bioma amazônico. O presente estudo descreve, pela primeira vez, os aspectos morfológicos das larvas de terceiro estágio de Eustrongylides sp. em R. marina de Santa Cruz do Arari, Arquipélago do Marajó, Amazônia Oriental Brasileira, utilizando-se microscopia de luz e microscopia eletrônica de varredura.

Facoemulsificação bilateral seguida de implante de lentes acrílicas dobráveis em uma tigresa-de-Bengala (Panthera tigris tigris) relato de caso / Bilateral phacoemulsification followed by a foldable acrylic lens implant in a Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) case report / Facoemulsificación bilateral e implante de lentes de acrílico flexibles en un tigre de Bengala (Panthera tigris tigris) reporte de un caso

O advento da facoemulsificação com implante de lentes intraoculares (LIOs) acrílicas dobráveis trouxe melhores resultados nas cirurgias de catarata na medicina veterinária. Além de devolver a boa acuidade visual (detalhe da imagem), as lentes artificiais diminuem a opacidade de cápsula posterior, diminuindo a proliferação celular lenticular e também a incidência de glaucoma a longo prazo. O poder dióptrico de uma lente artificial varia de espécie para espécie, devido às variações encontradas nas dimensões do bulbo ocular. As particularidades anatômicas encontradas nos animais variam, o que pode prejudicar o prognóstico cirúrgico em muitos casos. Este relato de caso tem como objetivo descrever o preparo, a técnica utilizada e os resultados obtidos na facoemulsificação bilateral seguida de implante de lentes acrílicas dobráveis em uma tigresa-de-Bengala (Panthera tigris tigris) de 2,5 anos de idade.(AU)

The advent of phacoemulsification and foldable intraocular lens (IOLs) implants has provided improved outcomes for cataract surgery in veterinary patients. Besides restoring good visual acuity (image details), artificial lenses decrease posterior capsular opacification, diminishing the proliferation of lens cells and also the incidence of glaucoma in the long run. The dioptric power of artificial lenses varies among species because of the great variations of ocular globe dimensions. Species and anatomical differences vary greatly, which complicates the postoperative predictability in some cases. This report describes the preparation, employed technique and results obtained in a bilateral cataract surgery using phacoemulsification followed by a foldable acrylic IOL implant in a two and a half year-old Bengal Tigress (Panthera tigris tigris).(AU)

La llegada de la facoemulsificación con implante de lentes intraoculares (LIOs) de acrílico flexible a la medicina veterinaria trajo mejores resultados en las cirugías de catarata. Además de devolver una buena definición visual (detalle de imagen), las lentes artificiales disminuyen la opacidad de la cápsula posterior, disminuyendo la proliferación celular en la lente, y también, a largo plazo, la incidencia de glaucoma. El poder dióptrico de una lente artificial varía de una especie a otra debido a las variaciones que existen en la dimensión del bulbo ocular. Las particularidades anatómicas encontradas en los animales pueden variar, lo que puede llegar a perjudicar el pronóstico quirúrgico en muchos casos. Este relato de caso tiene como objetivo describir la preparación, la técnica y los resultados obtenidos con una facoemulsificación bilateral y colocación de implantes acrílicos flexibles en una tigresa de Bengala (Panthera tigris tigris) de dos años y medio de edad.(AU)

Facoemulsificação bilateral seguida de implante de lentes acrílicas dobráveis em uma tigresa-de-Bengala (Panthera tigris tigris) – relato de caso / Bilateral phacoemulsification followed by a foldable acrylic lens implant in a Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) – case report / Facoemulsificación bilateral e implante de lentes de acrílico flexibles en un tigre de Bengala (Panthera tigris tigris) – reporte de un caso

O advento da facoemulsificação com implante de lentes intraoculares (LIOs) acrílicas dobráveis trouxe melhores resultados nas cirurgias de catarata na medicina veterinária. Além de devolver a boa acuidade visual (detalhe da imagem), as lentes artificiais diminuem a opacidade de cápsula posterior, diminuindo a proliferação celular lenticular e também a incidência de glaucoma a longo prazo. O poder dióptrico de uma lente artificial varia de espécie para espécie, devido às variações encontradas nas dimensões do bulbo ocular. As particularidades anatômicas encontradas nos animais variam, o que pode prejudicar o prognóstico cirúrgico em muitos casos. Este relato de caso tem como objetivo descrever o preparo, a técnica utilizada e os resultados obtidos na facoemulsificação bilateral seguida de implante de lentes acrílicas dobráveis em uma tigresa-de-Bengala (Panthera tigris tigris) de 2,5 anos de idade.

The advent of phacoemulsification and foldable intraocular lens (IOLs) implants has provided improved outcomes for cataract surgery in veterinary patients. Besides restoring good visual acuity (image details), artificial lenses decrease posterior capsular opacification, diminishing the proliferation of lens cells and also the incidence of glaucoma in the long run. The dioptric power of artificial lenses varies among species because of the great variations of ocular globe dimensions. Species and anatomical differences vary greatly, which complicates the postoperative predictability in some cases. This report describes the preparation, employed technique and results obtained in a bilateral cataract surgery using phacoemulsification followed by a foldable acrylic IOL implant in a two and a half year-old Bengal Tigress (Panthera tigris tigris).

La llegada de la facoemulsificación con implante de lentes intraoculares (LIOs) de acrílico flexible a la medicina veterinaria trajo mejores resultados en las cirugías de catarata. Además de devolver una buena definición visual (detalle de imagen), las lentes artificiales disminuyen la opacidad de la cápsula posterior, disminuyendo la proliferación celular en la lente, y también, a largo plazo, la incidencia de glaucoma. El poder dióptrico de una lente artificial varía de una especie a otra debido a las variaciones que existen en la dimensión del bulbo ocular. Las particularidades anatómicas encontradas en los animales pueden variar, lo que puede llegar a perjudicar el pronóstico quirúrgico en muchos casos. Este relato de caso tiene como objetivo describir la preparación, la técnica y los resultados obtenidos con una facoemulsificación bilateral y colocación de implantes acrílicos flexibles en una tigresa de Bengala (Panthera tigris tigris) de dos años y medio de edad.

Revisión sobre aa importancia de la fauna silvestre en la epidemiologia de la leptosiirosis / Reviw on the impportance of wild fauna in leptospirosis epidemiology

Este artículo recopila revisiones e investigaciones previas realizadas por el grupo de investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias CIENVET y publicaciones científicas internacionales. El objetivo fue describir las características epidemiológicas de la emergencia de la leptospirosis en vida silvestre y dilucidar su papel en la transmisión de la enfermedad. Se realizó un análisis de la información disponible en las bases de datos: Science Direct, SciELO, ProQuest y PubMed, seleccionando los artículos más relevantes sobre la leptospirosis de acuerdo a su pertinencia y actualidad, para consolidar la revisión crítica sobre la enfermedad en animales silvestres. Los animales silvestres en su medio natural o en condiciones de cautividad son componentes vitales en el ciclo epidemiológico de enfermedades zoonóticas, entre las cuales se encuentra la leptospirosis, actuando como reservorios, hospedadores de mantenimiento, portadores u hospedadores accidentales, de acuerdo a factores relacionados con el agente, las especies taxonómicas y el ambiente, participando en la transmisión de diferentes serovares. Debido a que las enfermedades infecciosas emergentes constituyen una seria amenaza para las especies silvestres, las investigaciones de estas enfermedades en dichas poblaciones, pueden beneficiar los esfuerzos en la conservación y proveer una conexión entre estudios serológicos y las bien reconocidas necesidades de la detección, identificación y vigilancia epidemiológica oportuna de estas enfermedades.

The article compiles the previous reviews and research carried out by the Veterinary Science research group (CIENVET) and international scientific publications. The objective of the research was to describe epidemiologic characteristics of leptospirosis emergence in wildlife and to elucidate their role in disease transmission. An analysis of available information in: Science Direct, SciELO, ProQuest, and PubMed databases, selecting the most relevant articles on leptospirosis according to their relevance and timeliness, to strengthen the critical review disease in wild animals was carried out. Wild animals in the wild or in captivity are crucial components in the epidemiologic cycle of zoonotic diseases, including leptospirosis, acting as reservoirs, maintenance hosts, carriers or accidental hosts, according to factors related to the agent, taxonomic species and the environment, thus participating in the transmission of different serotypes. Since emerging infectious diseases pose a serious threat to wild species, investigations of these diseases in such populations can benefit conservation efforts and provide a connection between serological studies and the well-recognized detection, timely identification and surveillance needs of these diseases.