Characterization of Electrospinning Chitosan Nanofibers Used for Wound Dressing.

Wound dressings play a crucial role in promoting wound healing by providing a protective barrier against infections and facilitating tissue regeneration. Electrospun nanofibers have emerged as promising materials for wound dressing applications due to their high surface area, porosity, and resemblance to the extracellular matrix. In this study, chitosan, a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, was electrospun into nanofibers for potential use in wound dressing. The chitosan nanofibers were characterized by using various analytical techniques to assess their morphology and biocompatibility. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the formation of uniform and bead-free nanofibers with diameters ranging from tens to hundreds of nanometers. Structural analysis, including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD), elucidated the chemical composition and crystalline structure of the nanofibers. Furthermore, in vitro studies evaluated the cytocompatibility of the chitosan nanofibers with human dermal fibroblasts, demonstrating cell viability and proliferation on the nanofibers. Additionally, antibacterial properties were assessed to evaluate the potential of chitosan nanofibers in preventing wound infections. Overall, the characterization results highlight the promising attributes of electrospun chitosan nanofibers as wound dressings, paving the way for further investigation and development in the field of advanced wound care. This study has been carried out for the first time in our region and has assessed the antibacterial properties of electrospun chitosan nanofiber material. The created mat has shown efficaciousness against bacteria that are both gram-positive and gram-negative.

Polymer-Based Wound Dressings Loaded with Essential Oil for the Treatment of Wounds: A Review.

Wound healing can result in complex problems, and discovering an effective method to improve the healing process is essential. Polymeric biomaterials have structures similar to those identified in the extracellular matrix of the tissue to be regenerated and also avoid chronic inflammation, and immunological reactions. To obtain smart and effective dressings, bioactive agents, such as essential oils, are also used to promote a wide range of biological properties, which can accelerate the healing process. Therefore, we intend to explore advances in the potential for applying hybrid materials in wound healing. For this, fifty scientific articles dated from 2010 to 2023 were investigated using the Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and PubMed databases. The principles of the healing process, use of polymers, type and properties of essential oils and processing techniques, and characteristics of dressings were identified. Thus, the plants Syzygium romanticum or Eugenia caryophyllata, Origanum vulgare, and Cinnamomum zeylanicum present prospects for application in clinical trials due to their proven effects on wound healing and reducing the incidence of inflammatory cells in the site of injury. The antimicrobial effect of essential oils is mainly due to polyphenols and terpenes such as eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, and thymol.

Streamlining Skin Regeneration: A Ready-To-Use Silk Bilayer Wound Dressing.

Silk proteins have been highlighted in the past decade for tissue engineering (TE) and skin regeneration due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and exceptional mechanical properties. While silk fibroin (SF) has high structural and mechanical stability with high potential as an external protective layer, traditionally discarded sericin (SS) has shown great potential as a natural-based hydrogel, promoting cell-cell interactions, making it an ideal material for direct wound contact. In this context, the present study proposes a new wound dressing approach by developing an SS/SF bilayer construct for full-thickness exudative wounds. The processing methodology implemented included an innovation element and the cryopreservation of the SS intrinsic secondary structure, followed by rehydration to produce a hydrogel layer, which was integrated with a salt-leached SF scaffold to produce a bilayer structure. In addition, a sterilization protocol was developed using supercritical technology (sCO2) to allow an industrial scale-up. The resulting bilayer material presented high porosity (>85%) and interconnectivity while promoting cell adhesion, proliferation, and infiltration of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). SS and SF exhibit distinct secondary structures, pore sizes, and swelling properties, opening new possibilities for dual-phased systems that accommodate the different needs of a wound during the healing process. The innovative SS hydrogel layer highlights the transformative potential of the proposed bilayer system for biomedical therapeutics and TE, offering insights into novel wound dressing fabrication.

Soy Protein-Based Wound Dressings: A Review of Their Preparation, Properties, and Perspectives.

Wound healing is a major challenge worldwide, and people have been researching wound dressings that can promote wound healing for decades. Natural biobased materials, such as polysaccharides and proteins, have been widely used in the development of wound dressings. Among them, soy protein-based materials have attracted the interest of a wide range of researchers due to their safety, biocompatibility, controlled degradation, and ability to be mixed with other materials. However, there has been a lack of comments on these soy protein-based wound dressings. This work reviews various forms of soy protein-based wound dressings, such as hydrogels, films, and others, which could be prepared through physical/chemical cross-linking with synthetic or natural polymers. The important role played by soy protein-based materials in the wound healing phase and their properties will be examined, such as their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, angiogenesis-promoting, cellular biocompatibility, self-healing ability, adhesion, antimicrobial, and tunable mechanical properties. Additionally, insights into the market prospects and trends for soy protein dressings are provided, clarifying the enormous development potential of soy protein as a new type of wound repair material.

Development of carboxymethyl cellulose/gelatin hydrogel loaded with Omega-3 for skin regeneration.

Hydrogels have several characteristics, including biocompatibility, physical similarity with the skin's extracellular matrix, and regeneration capacity. Cell migration and proliferation are facilitated by natural polymers such as gelatin (Gel) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Gelatin dressing acts as a structural framework for cell migration into the wound area, stimulating cell division and promoting granulation tissue formation. Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil may prevent wound infection and improve the healing of wounds in the early stages. We studied the preparation of wound dressing containing Omega-3 and its ability to heal wounds. In this study, CMC-Gel hydrogels containing different concentrations of Omega-3 were investigated in full-thickness wounds. After the fabrication of the hydrogels by using surfactant (tween 20) and microemulsion method (oil in water), various tests such as SEM, Water uptake evaluation, weight loss, cell viability, blood compatibility, and in vivo study in rat cutaneous modeling during 14 days were performed to evaluate the properties of the fabricated hydrogels. The analysis of the hydrogels revealed that they possess porous structures with interconnected pores, with an average size of 83.23 ± 6.43 µm. The hydrogels exhibited a swelling capacity of up to 60% of their initial weight within 24 h, as indicated by the weight loss and swelling measurements. Cell viability study with the MTT technique showed that no cytotoxicity was observed at the recommended dosage, however, increasing the amount of omega-3 caused hemolysis, cell death, and inhibition of coagulation activity. An in vivo study in adult male rats with a full-thickness model showed greater than 91% improvement of the primary wound region after 2 weeks of treatment. Histological analysis demonstrated Omega-3 in hydrogels, which is a promising approach for topical skin treatment to prevent scar, and has shown efficacy as wound dressing by improving the repair process at the defect site.

A highly stretchable smart dressing for wound infection monitoring and treatment.

Smart dressings integrated with bioelectronics have attracted considerable attention and become promising solutions for skin wound management. However, due to the mechanical distinction between human body and the interface of electronics, previous smart dressings often suffered obvious degradation in electrical performance when attached to the soft and curvilinear wound sites. Here, we report a stretchable dressing integrated with temperature and pH sensor for wound status monitoring, as well as an electrically controlled drug delivery system for infection treatment. The wound dressing was featured with the deployment of liquid metal for seamless connection between rigid electrical components and gold particle-based electrodes, achieving a stretchable soft-hard interface. Stretching tests showed that both the sensing system and drug delivery system exhibited good stretchability and long-term stable conductivity with the resistance change rate less than 6 % under 50 % strain. Animal experiments demonstrated that the smart dressing was capable of detecting bacterial infection via the biomarkers of temperature and pH value and the infection factors of wound were significantly improved with therapy through electrically controlled antibiotics releasing. This proof-of-concept prototype has potential to significantly improve management of the wound, especially those with dynamic strain.

The effect of MgO nanoparticle on PVA/PEG-based membranes for potential application in wound healing.

The interest in wound dressings increased ten years ago. Wound care practitioners can now use interactive/bioactive dressings and tissue-engineered skin substitutes. Several bandages can heal burns, but none can treat all chronic wounds. This study formulates a composite material from 70% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and 30% polyethylene glycol (PEG) with 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 wt% magnesium oxide nanoparticles. This study aims to create a biodegradable wound dressing. A Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) study shows that PVA, PEG, and MgO create hydrogen bonding interactions. Hydrophilic characteristics are shown by the polymeric blend's 56.289° contact angle. MgO also lowers the contact angle, making the film more hydrophilic. Hydrophilicity improves film biocompatibility, live cell adhesion, wound healing, and wound dressing degradability. Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) findings suggest the PVA/PEG combination melted at 53.16 °C. However, adding different weight fractions of MgO nanoparticles increased the nanocomposite's melting temperature (Tm). These nanoparticles improve the film's thermal stability, increasing Tm. In addition, MgO nanoparticles in the polymer blend increased tensile strength and elastic modulus. This is due to the blend's strong adherence to the reinforcing phase and MgO nanoparticles' ceramic material which has a great mechanical strength. The combination of 70% PVA + 30% PEG exhibited good antibacterial spatially at 0.2% MgO, according to antibacterial test results.

Loading of bacterial cellulose dressing with frutalin, a lectin from Artocarpus incisa L.

Bacterial cellulose (BC), produced by bacterial fermentation, is a high-purity material. BC can be oxidized (BCOXI), providing aldehyde groups for covalent bonds with drugs. Frutalin (FTL) is a lectin capable of modulating cell proliferation and remodeling, which accelerates wound healing. This study aimed to develop an FTL-incorporated dressing based on BC, and to evaluate its physicochemical properties and biological activity in vitro. An experimental design was employed to maximize FTL loading yield onto the BC and BCOXI, where independent variables were FTL concentration, temperature and immobilization time. BCOXI-FTL 1 (44.96 % ± 1.34) had the highest incorporation yield (IY) at the experimental conditions: 6 h, 5 °C, 20 µg mL-1. The second highest yield was BCOXI-FTL 6 (23.28 % ± 1.43) using 24 h, 5 °C, 100 µg mL-1. Similarly, the same reaction parameters provided higher immobilization yields for native bacterial cellulose: BC-FTL 6 (16.91 % ± 1.05) and BC-FTL 1 (21.71 % ± 1.57). Purified FTL displayed no cytotoxicity to fibroblast cells (<50 µg mL-1 concentration) during 24 h. Furthermore, BCOXI-FTL and BC-FTL were non-cytotoxic during 24 h and stimulated fibroblast migration. BCOXI-FTL demonstrated neutrophil activation in vitro similar to FTL. These promising results indicate that the bacterial cellulose matrices containing FTL at low concentrations, could be used as an innovative biomaterial for developing wound dressings.

Early Post-Operative Water Exposure Does Not Increase Complications in Cutaneous Surgeries: A Randomized, Investigator-Blinded, Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients are often advised to keep the initial post-operative dressings dry and undisturbed for 24 to 72-hours. However, these requirements may result in significant disruption of patients' activities of daily living, such as bathing, leisure, and exercise. OBJECTIVE: Compare standard management of keeping wounds dry and covered (48-hours) with early (6-hours) post-operative water exposure METHODS: Investigator-blinded, randomized (1:1), controlled trial evaluating rate of infection and additional outcomes of interest. RESULTS: Overall, 437 patients randomized to either the early (6-hour) water exposure (n = 218) intervention group or the standard cohort (n = 219). The incidence of culture-proven infection in the intervention group (1.8%) was similar to the standard group (1.4%) (p>0.99). There was also no difference in rates of bleeding or bruising. Scar assessment using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) revealed similar scar outcomes. LIMITATIONS: Single site, academic center. CONCLUSION: Surgical wounds can be allowed to get wet in the immediate post-operative period with no increased incidence of infection or other complications and with similar cosmesis.

Fabrication and evaluation of a bi-layered electrospun PCL/PVA patch for wound healing: Release of vitamins and silver nanoparticle.

There is still little research on the co-delivery of vitamins and AgNPs to accelerate wound healing. In this study, a bi-layered electrospun PCL/PVA patch loaded with Vitamin C, Vitamin B12, and AgNPs was fabricated using a co-spinning technique. SEM, FTIR, degradation, swelling, tensile strength, disk diffusion, and MTT assay were studied. Nine rats were placed in three groups (control: no treatment, G1: without agents, and G2: with agents) for 14 days in an in-vivo study. H&E and Masson Trichrome staining were employed for histological analysis. Results showed that the final electrospun wound dressings depicted nanofibers with diameters ranging from 100 to 500 nm. The presence of AgNP enhanced the mechanical strength (40-50 MPs). An appropriate swelling (100 %) and degradation (50 %) rate was observed for groups with no significant difference (P > 0.05). G1 and G2 did not show a significant difference in terms of porosity (65 % vs. 69 %). Regarding WVTR, G2 demonstrated higher WVTR (88 vs. 95 g/m2. h). G2 showed a vitamin release of more than 90 % after 48 h. Compared to G1, G2 demonstrated good antibacterial activity (>3 cm) against E. Coli and S. aureous (P < 0.01), with cell viability of more than 93 % (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the in-vivo study approved that G2 accelerated wound healing in full-thickness wounds, compared to the control groups, with notable wound size reduction (8 mm), epithelialization, and collagen formation. The findings support the use of this simple but potent electrospun wound dressing for the healing of full-thickness wounds.

Relaxation intervention to improve diabetic foot ulcer healing: protocol for a pilot study with a nested qualitative study.

OBJECTIVE: A mixed-methods approach nested in a pilot three-arm randomised controlled trial (RCT) was conducted to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of an intervention of progressive muscle relaxation with guided imagery (experimental group) compared to a neutral guided imagery placebo (active control group) and a group that did not receive any psychological intervention (passive control group). The purpose was to inform a future definitive RCT that will test its effectiveness. Qualitatively, this study examined patients and health professionals' perspectives regarding the relaxation intervention, in order to assess the acceptability and applicability of relaxation as an adjuvant therapy. METHOD: Participants must have had a diagnosis of diabetes and diabetic foot disease; one or two active hard-to-heal ulcers at the time of the assessment; and clinical levels of stress or anxiety or depression. Participants were randomised and assessed at three timepoints after the first hospital consultation for hard-to-heal diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). RESULTS: Rates of eligibility, recruitment, refusal, adherence to study protocol, participation in follow-up and dropout, and patients' satisfaction with the relaxation intervention were assessed as primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes were DFU healing; patients' DFU-related quality of life; physical and mental quality of life; perceived stress; emotional distress; adherence to DFU care; perceptions of DFU; as well as arterial systolic/diastolic pressure and heart rate. CONCLUSION: The results of this pilot study contributed to clarification and better elucidation of the benefits of relaxation techniques regarding patients' HRQoL and DFU healing. DECLARATION OF INTEREST: Funding: This study was conducted at the Psychology Research Centre (CIPsi/UM) School of Psychology, University of Minho, Portugal and supported by the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through the Portuguese State Budget (UIDB/01662/2020) and by a PhD fellowship from FCT assigned to GF (SFRH/BD/131780/2017) and an FCT grant (PTDC/PSI-GER/28163/2017) assigned to MGP. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

A Highly Stable, Multifunctional Janus Dressing for Treating Infected Wounds.

The limited and unstable absorption of excess exudate is a major challenge during the healing of infected wounds. In this study, a highly stable, multifunctional Janus dressing with unidirectional exudate transfer capacity is fabricated based on a single poly(lactide caprolactone) (PLCL). The success of this method relies on an acid hydrolysis reaction that transforms PLCL fibers from hydrophobic to hydrophilic in situ. The resulting interfacial affinity between the hydrophilic/phobic PLCL fibers endows the Janus structure with excellent unidirectional liquid transfer and high structural stability against repeated stretching, bending, and twisting. Various other functions, including wound status detection, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, are also integrated into the dressing by incorporating phenol red and epigallocatechin gallate. An in vivo methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected wound model confirms that the Janus dressing, with the capability to remove exudate from the infected site, not only facilitates epithelialization and collagen deposition, but also ensures low inflammation and high angiogenesis, thus reaching an ideal closure rate up to 98.4% on day 14. The simple structure, multiple functions, and easy fabrication of the dressing may offer a promising strategy for treating chronic wounds, rooted in the challenges of bacterial infection, excessive exudate, and persistent inflammation.

Use of SPY angiography in tissue assessment for wound healing outcomes after breast reconstruction.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether a systematic image assessment protocol using SPY Elite images (LifeCell Corp., US) of viable tissue at the periphery of the surgical field was associated with positive wound healing outcomes following mastectomy and breast reconstruction. METHOD: Patients undergoing mastectomy and subsequent breast reconstruction surgery at a single tertiary medical centre were included. SPY images were prospectively analysed using a systematic image assessment protocol, and an absolute value of mean fluorescence was calculated by measuring peripheral, in-situ tissue from each image. Patient medical records were retrospectively reviewed for demographics, surgical characteristics and postoperative outcomes. These variables were statistically tested for associations with mean fluorescence. RESULTS: A total of 63 patients were included in the final analysis. We found that objectively determined mean fluorescence values were not statistically significantly associated with postoperative complications. CONCLUSION: In this study, objectively measured mean fluorescence values representing breast tissue remaining after dissection showed little utility in the assessment of postoperative wound healing outcomes as they did not identify patients who would later have complications of wound healing. DECLARATION OF INTEREST: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Dehydrated Amnion Chorion Membrane versus standard of care for diabetic foot ulcers: a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) continue to challenge wound care practitioners. This prospective, multicentre, randomised controlled trial (RCT) evaluated the effectiveness of a dehydrated Amnion Chorion Membrane (dACM) (Organogenesis Inc., US) versus standard of care (SoC) alone in complex DFUs in a challenging patient population. METHOD: Subjects with a DFU extending into dermis, subcutaneous tissue, tendon, capsule, bone or joint were enrolled in a 12-week trial. They were allocated equally to two treatment groups: dACM (plus SoC); or SoC alone. The primary endpoint was frequency of wound closure determined by a Cox analysis that adjusted for duration and wound area. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to determine median time to complete wound closure (CWC). RESULTS: The cohort comprised 218 patients, and these were split equally between the two treatment groups with 109 patients in each. A Cox analysis showed that the estimated frequency of wound closure for the dACM plus SoC group was statistically superior to the SoC alone group at week 4 (12% versus 8%), week 6 (22% versus 11%), week 8 (31% versus 21%), week 10 (42% versus 27%) and week 12 (50% versus 35%), respectively (p=0.04). The computed hazard ratio (1.48 (confidence interval: 0.95, 2.29) showed a 48% greater probability of wound closure in favour of the dACM group. Median time to wound closure for dACM-treated ulcers was 84 days compared to 'not achieved' in the SoC-treated group (i.e., ≥50% of SoC-treated DFUs failed to heal by week 12; p=0.04). CONCLUSION: In an adequately powered DFU RCT, dACM increased the frequency, decreased the median time, and improved the probability of CWC when compared with SoC alone. dACM demonstrated beneficial effects in DFUs in a complex patient population. DECLARATION OF INTEREST: This study was funded by Organogenesis Inc., US. JC serves as a consultant and speaker for Organogenesis. RDD serves as a speaker for Organogenesis. OMA and MLS serve as consultants for Organogenesis. The authors have no other conflicts of interest to declare.

A brown recluse spider bite wound: a case report and literature review.

DECLARATION OF INTEREST: The authors have no conflicts of interest.

An antifouling electrochemical biosensor based on oxidized bacterial cellulose and quaternized chitosan for reliable detection of involucrin in wound exudate.

The monitoring of biomarkers in wound exudate is of great importance for wound care and treatment, and electrochemical biosensors with high sensitivity are potentially useful for this purpose. However, conventional electrochemical biosensors always suffer from severe biofouling when performed in the complex wound exudate. Herein, an antifouling electrochemical biosensor for the detection of involucrin in wound exudate was developed based on a wound dressing, oxidized bacterial cellulose (OxBC) and quaternized chitosan (QCS) composite hydrogel. The OxBC/QCS hydrogel was prepared using an in-situ chemical oxidation and physical blending method, and the proportion of OxBC and QCS was optimized to achieve electrical neutrality and enhanced hydrophilicity, therefore endowing the hydrogel with exceptional antifouling and antimicrobial properties. The involucrin antibody SY5 was covalently bound to the OxBC/QCS hydrogel to construct the biosensor, and it demonstrated a low limit of detection down to 0.45 pg mL-1 and a linear detection range from 1.0 pg mL-1 to 1.0 µg mL-1, and it was capable of detecting targets in wound exudate. Crucially, the unique antifouling and antimicrobial capability of the OxBC/QCS hydrogel not only extends its effective lifespan but also guarantees the sensing performance of the biosensor. The successful application of this wound dressing, OxBC/QCS hydrogel for involucrin detection in wound exudate demonstrates its promising potential in wound healing monitoring.

Chitosan microflower-embedded gelatin sponges for advanced wound management and hemostatic applications.

The study explored the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and hemostatic properties of chitosan microflowers (CMF) in sponge form. The main objective was to enhance the preparation of CMF by employing varying quantities of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and tripolyphosphate (TPP). CMF was then combined with gelatin (GE) in different proportions to produce three sponge samples: CMF0@GE, CMF1@GE, and CMF2@GE. The CMF had a morphology like that of a flower and produced surfaces with a porous sponge-like structure. The antibacterial activity, as determined by the zone of inhibition (ZOI), increased with greater doses of CMF. Among the tested samples, CMF2@GE had the greatest activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecium. CMF2@GE successfully suppressed biofilm formation, decreased clotting time to an average of 212.67 s, and exhibited excellent biocompatibility by preserving over 90 % viability of human skin fibroblast cells at dosages below 100 µg/mL. The results indicated that gelatin sponges filled with CMF have considerable promise as flexible medical instruments for wound healing and infection control.

Effectiveness and safety of an innovative silicone extender in suture reinforcement or dermatotraction: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: Multiple techniques are available for closing skin defects, such as skin grafts, flaps and tissue expansion. The tissue extender MID SEW (MID, France) was developed to achieve dermatotraction or suture reinforcement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of this innovative silicone extender for large surgical wounds. METHOD: A single-centre retrospective and observational study on an unselected consecutive cohort of patients treated with a tissue extender was conducted. Indications, initial and final wound surfaces, and adverse events (AEs) were retrieved from electronic medical records. The main outcome measure was the time to complete wound closure. RESULTS: We identified 50 patients from July 2017 to December 2018. Patients underwent cutaneous tumour-wide excision (n=44), or pilonidal disease surgical treatment (n=6). The average initial wound area was 53.3±42.4cm2. Healing was complete, without secondary dehiscence, within the first seven days after device withdrawal for 41 patients (82%). At least one AE was experienced by eight patients (16%) during the study period: five inflammation; five wound dehiscence; two skin necrosis; and one pain. CONCLUSION: This case series suggests that the tissue extender may be effective and safe in its dermatotraction and suture reinforcement indications in the treatment of large wounds after wide excision of skin cancer or treatment of pilonidal disease. DECLARATION OF INTEREST: This work was supported in part by the Hospices Civils de Lyon, France and in part by the University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France. OB co-owns the patent on the MID SEW system. The authors have no other conflicts of interest to declare.

Fabrication and Evaluation of a Soy Protein Isolate/Collagen/Sodium Alginate Multifunctional Bilayered Wound Dressing: Release of Cinnamaldehyde, Artemisia absinthium, and Oxygen.

Chronic wounds, such as diabetic ulcers and pressure sores, pose significant challenges in modern healthcare due to their prolonged healing times and susceptibility to infections. This study aims to engineer a bilayered wound dressing (BLWD) composed of soy protein isolate/collagen with the ability to release Cinnamaldehyde, Artemisia absinthium (AA), and oxygen. Cinnamaldehyde, magnesium peroxide (MgO2), and AA extract were encapsulated. Nanoparticles were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering, and ZETA potential tests. Swelling, degradation, water vapor penetration, tensile, MTT, SEM, oxygen release, AA extract release, and antibacterial properties were performed. An in vivo study was carried out to assess the final wound dressing under Hematoxiline&Eosin and Masson trichrome staining analysis and compared to a commercial product. According to the results, the synthesized nanoparticles had an average diameter of about 20 nm with a zeta potential in the range of -20 to -30 mV. The layers had uniform and dense surfaces. The maximum swelling and degradation of the dressing was about 130 and 13% respectively. Generally, better mechanical properties were observed in BLWD than in the single-layer case. More than 90% biocompatibility for the wound dressing was reported. The BLWD could inhibit the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Histopathological analysis showed an acceptable wound-healing property. To sum up, the engineered wound dressing can be a good candidate for more clinical trials.

Structural and optical properties of alginate-based antibacterial dressing with calcium phosphate and zinc oxide for biodegradable wound painting applications.

The skin is the outermost part of the body. Although susceptible to damage, the skin is in direct contact with the external environment. Wound dressing is a clinical method that plays a vital role in wound healing. Herein, we developed an antibacterial wound dressing using alginate as the basic material. The dressing was prepared using the solvent casting method, which was used to analyze the effects of adding CaP and ZnO on its structural, optical, and antibacterial properties. Adding CaP exhibited strong but stiff mechanical properties, unlike the CaP/ZnO, which possessed high strength and elasticity. The optical properties of sample S2 did not have a considerable impact. By contrast, the addition of ZnO to sample S3 notably increases the wavelength and absorption value. The diameter of the inhibition zone for S. aureus bacteria exhibited a successive increase in its antibacterial properties, and sample S3 exhibited the highest value. Thus, sample S3 is the most promising wound dressing concerning speeding up the wound healing process because it possesses the most optimal mechanical, optical, and antibacterial properties. The main limitation to be addressed is that sample S3 cannot be easily digested in the environment.